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Chen Q, Zhao X, Xu Z, Liu Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mechanisms and exercise intervention in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117122. [PMID: 38991302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease primarily characterized by insulin resistance (IR) and insufficient insulin secretion. The unfolded protein response (UPR) overactivation induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) appears to play a key role in this process, although the exact pathogenesis of T2DM is not fully understood. Studies have demonstrated that appropriate exercise can regulate ERS in the heart, liver, pancreas, skeletal muscle, and other body tissues leading to an improvement in diabetes and its complications. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear. By analyzing the relationship between ERS, T2DM pathology, and exercise intervention, this review concludes that exercise can increase insulin sensitivity, inhibit IR, promote insulin secretion and alleviate T2DM by regulating ERS. This paper specifically reviews the signaling pathways by which ERS induces diabetes, the mechanisms of exercise regulation of ERS in diabetes, and the varying effects of different types of exercise on diabetes improvement through ERS mechanisms. Physical exercise is an effective non-pharmacological intervention for T2DM. Thus, further exploration of how exercise regulates ERS in diabetes could refine "precision exercise medicine" for diabetes and identify new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Chen
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
| | - Zujie Xu
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
| | - Yiyao Liu
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
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Imik A, Eren M, Can MB, Ozkanlar S, Omur AD, Aydin MA, Sunar S, Akarsu SA. Dietary composition influences sperm quality and testis damage via endoplasmic reticulum stress in lambs. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e1504. [PMID: 38879885 PMCID: PMC11180475 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic impacts of including soya meal, wheat gluten and corn gluten in the diet of male lambs could influence their reproductive performance. OBJECTIVES An experiment was carried out to assess the effects of corn gluten, wheat gluten and soya meal on the reproductive system of male lambs. METHODS Twenty-four male Morkaraman lambs, aged 9 months, were utilized in this study and were fed experimental diets for 56 days. The lambs were divided into a control group (soybean meal + safflower meal), a corn group (corn gluten) and a wheat group (wheat gluten). RESULTS The serum follicle-stimulating hormone level of the control group was significantly higher and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level was lower than the wheat and corn gluten groups (p < 0.05). The lowest malondialdehyde level in testicular tissue was observed in the control group, whereas the highest was in the wheat gluten group (p < 0.05). The glutathione level in the control group was significantly higher than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The corn gluten group showed the highest CHOP and IRE1 levels; the lowest Bcl-2 levels and the highest IL-1B and P2 × 7R levels were found in the wheat group; and the lowest TNF-α levels were in the control group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the study revealed that diet had a significant impact on spermatological parameters of the testis such as diameter, volume and weight (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results concluded that the inclusion of different protein sources in the diet of reproductive male lambs affects the metabolism of testicular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aybuke Imik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Institute of Health Sciences, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Murat Eren
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Institute of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mazhar Burak Can
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Institute of Health Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Seckin Ozkanlar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ali Dogan Omur
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Institute of Health Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Aydin
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Institute of Health Sciences, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Serhat Sunar
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Institute of Health Sciences, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkey
| | - Serkan Ali Akarsu
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Institute of Health Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Yu Y, Yang A, Yu G, Wang H. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Mechanisms and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1637. [PMID: 36358987 PMCID: PMC9687722 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an integral organelle for maintaining protein homeostasis. Multiple factors can disrupt protein folding in the lumen of the ER, triggering ER stress and activating the unfolded protein response (UPR), which interrelates with various damage mechanisms, such as inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Numerous studies have linked ER stress and UPR to the progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This review focuses on the mechanisms of other cellular processes triggered by UPR and summarizes drug intervention strategies targeting the UPR pathway in COPD to explore new therapeutic approaches and preventive measures for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ganggang Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Haoyan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Yasmeen N, Datta M, Kumar V, Alshehri FS, Almalki AH, Haque S. Deciphering the Link Between ERUPR Signaling and MicroRNA in Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:880167. [PMID: 35615589 PMCID: PMC9126300 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.880167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative proteinopathic disease. The deposits of misfolded Amyloid β and Tau proteins in the brain of patients with AD suggest an imbalance in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis. ER stress is due to accumulation of aberrant proteins in the ER lumen, which then leads to activation of three sensor protein pathways that ultimately evokes the adaptive mechanism of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR mechanism operates via adaptive UPR and the apoptotic UPR. Adaptive UPR tries to restore imbalance in ER hemostasis by decreasing protein production, enhanced chaperone involvement to restore protein folding, misfolded protein decay by proteasome, and suppression of ribosomal translation ultimately relieving the excessive protein load in the ER. Subsequently, apoptotic UPR activated under severe ER stress conditions triggers cell death. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding protein causing dysregulated translational of mRNAs in a sequential manner. They are considered to be critical elements in the maintenance of numerous cellular activities, hemostasis, and developmental processes. Therefore, upregulation or downregulation of miRNA expression is implicated in several pathogenic processes. Evidence from scientific studies suggest a strong correlation between ERUPR signaling and miRNA dysregulation but the research done is still dormant. In this review, we summarized the cross-talk between ER stress, and the UPR signaling processes and their role in AD pathology by scrutinizing and collecting information from original research and review articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrath Yasmeen
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Manali Datta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Vikram Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
- *Correspondence: Vikram Kumar, ;
| | - Fahad S. Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atiah H. Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey
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Dutta N, Garcia G, Higuchi-Sanabria R. Hijacking Cellular Stress Responses to Promote Lifespan. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:860404. [PMID: 35821861 PMCID: PMC9261414 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.860404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are constantly exposed to stress both from the external environment and internally within the cell. To maintain cellular homeostasis under different environmental and physiological conditions, cell have adapted various stress response signaling pathways, such as the heat shock response (HSR), unfolded protein responses of the mitochondria (UPRMT), and the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER). As cells grow older, all cellular stress responses have been shown to deteriorate, which is a major cause for the physiological consequences of aging and the development of numerous age-associated diseases. In contrast, elevated stress responses are often associated with lifespan extension and amelioration of degenerative diseases in different model organisms, including C. elegans. Activating cellular stress response pathways could be considered as an effective intervention to alleviate the burden of aging by restoring function of essential damage-clearing machinery, including the ubiquitin-proteosome system, chaperones, and autophagy. Here, we provide an overview of newly emerging concepts of these stress response pathways in healthy aging and longevity with a focus on the model organism, C. elegans.
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Han L, Xu Y, Shi Y. Molecular Mechanism of the ATF6α/S1P/S2P Signaling Pathway in Hippocampal Neuronal Apoptosis in SPS Rats. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2487-2499. [PMID: 33738762 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of hippocampal neurons is one of the mechanisms of hippocampal atrophy in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and it is also an important cause of memory impairment in PTSD patients. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) mediated by activated transcription factor 6α (ATF6α)/site 1 protease (S1P)/S2P is involved in cell apoptosis, but it is not clear whether it is involved in hippocampal neuron apoptosis caused by PTSD. A PTSD rat model was constructed by the single prolonged stress (SPS) method. The study was divided into three parts. Experiment 1 included the control group, SPS 1 d group, SPS 7 d group, and SPS 14 d group. Experiment 2 included the control group, SPS 7 d group, SPS 7 d + AEBSF group, and control + AEBSF group. (4-(2-Aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF) is an ATF6α pathway inhibitor). Experiment 3 included the control group, SPS 4 d group, SPS 4 d + AEBSF group, and control + AEBSF group. The protein and mRNA expression levels of ATF6α, glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), S1P, S2P, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and caspase-12 in the hippocampus of PTSD rats were detected by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Apoptosis of hippocampal neurons was detected by TUNEL staining. In experiment 1, the protein and mRNA expression of ATF6α and GRP78 increased gradually in the SPS 1 d group and the SPS 7 d group but decreased in the SPS 14 d group (P < 0.01). In experiment 2, compared with that in the control group, the protein and mRNA expression of ATF6α, GRP78, S1P, S2P, CHOP, and caspase-12 and the apoptosis rate were significantly increased in the SPS 7 d group (P < 0.01). However, the protein and mRNA expression of ATF6α, GRP78, S1P, S2P, CHOP, and caspase-12 and the apoptosis rate were significantly decreased after AEBSF pretreatment (P < 0.01). In experiment 3, compared with that in the control group, the protein and mRNA expression of ATF6α, GRP78, S1P, S2P, CHOP, and caspase-12 and the apoptosis rate were increased in the SPS 14 d group (P < 0.05). However, the protein and mRNA expression of ATF6α, GRP78, S1P, S2P, CHOP, and caspase-12 and the apoptosis rate were decreased after AEBSF pretreatment (P < 0.05). SPS induced apoptosis of hippocampal neurons by activating ERS mediated by ATF6α, suggesting that ERS-induced apoptosis is involved in the occurrence of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Han
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yanhao Xu
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxiu Shi
- PTSD Laboratory, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Redox and Inflammatory Signaling, the Unfolded Protein Response, and the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1304:333-373. [PMID: 34019276 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-68748-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding overload and oxidative stress disrupt endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activating the unfolded protein response (UPR). The altered ER redox state induces further ROS production through UPR signaling that balances the cell fates of survival and apoptosis, contributing to pulmonary microvascular inflammation and dysfunction and driving the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). UPR-induced ROS production through ER calcium release along with NADPH oxidase activity results in endothelial injury and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. ROS and calcium signaling also promote endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) uncoupling, decreasing NO production and increasing vascular resistance through persistent vasoconstriction and SMC proliferation. C/EBP-homologous protein further inhibits eNOS, interfering with endothelial function. UPR-induced NF-κB activity regulates inflammatory processes in lung tissue and contributes to pulmonary vascular remodeling. Conversely, UPR-activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated antioxidant signaling through heme oxygenase 1 attenuates inflammatory cytokine levels and protects against vascular SMC proliferation. A mutation in the bone morphogenic protein type 2 receptor (BMPR2) gene causes misfolded BMPR2 protein accumulation in the ER, implicating the UPR in familial pulmonary arterial hypertension pathogenesis. Altogether, there is substantial evidence that redox and inflammatory signaling associated with UPR activation is critical in PH pathogenesis.
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Hamazaki J, Murata S. ER-Resident Transcription Factor Nrf1 Regulates Proteasome Expression and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103683. [PMID: 32456207 PMCID: PMC7279161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein folding is a substantively error prone process, especially when it occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The highly exquisite machinery in the ER controls secretory protein folding, recognizes aberrant folding states, and retrotranslocates permanently misfolded proteins from the ER back to the cytosol; these misfolded proteins are then degraded by the ubiquitin–proteasome system termed as the ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The 26S proteasome is a multisubunit protease complex that recognizes and degrades ubiquitinated proteins in an ATP-dependent manner. The complex structure of the 26S proteasome requires exquisite regulation at the transcription, translation, and molecular assembly levels. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 1 (Nrf1; NFE2L1), an ER-resident transcription factor, has recently been shown to be responsible for the coordinated expression of all the proteasome subunit genes upon proteasome impairment in mammalian cells. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the transcriptional regulation of the proteasome, as well as recent findings concerning the regulation of Nrf1 transcription activity in ER homeostasis and metabolic processes.
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Arrieta A, Blackwood EA, Stauffer WT, Santo Domingo M, Bilal AS, Thuerauf DJ, Pentoney AN, Aivati C, Sarakki AV, Doroudgar S, Glembotski CC. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor is an ER-resident chaperone that protects against reductive stress in the heart. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7566-7583. [PMID: 32327487 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) impairs endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-based protein folding in the heart and thereby activates an unfolded protein response sensor and effector, activated transcription factor 6α (ATF6). ATF6 then induces mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), an ER-resident protein with no known structural homologs and unclear ER function. To determine MANF's function in the heart in vivo, here we developed a cardiomyocyte-specific MANF-knockdown mouse model. MANF knockdown increased cardiac damage after I/R, which was reversed by AAV9-mediated ectopic MANF expression. Mechanistically, MANF knockdown in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) impaired protein folding in the ER and cardiomyocyte viability during simulated I/R. However, this was not due to MANF-mediated protection from reactive oxygen species generated during reperfusion. Because I/R impairs oxygen-dependent ER protein disulfide formation and such impairment can be caused by reductive stress in the ER, we examined the effects of the reductive ER stressor DTT. MANF knockdown in NRVMs increased cell death from DTT-mediated reductive ER stress, but not from nonreductive ER stresses caused by thapsigargin-mediated ER Ca2+ depletion or tunicamycin-mediated inhibition of ER protein glycosylation. In vitro, recombinant MANF exhibited chaperone activity that depended on its conserved cysteine residues. Moreover, in cells, MANF bound to a model ER protein exhibiting improper disulfide bond formation during reductive ER stress but did not bind to this protein during nonreductive ER stress. We conclude that MANF is an ER chaperone that enhances protein folding and myocyte viability during reductive ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Arrieta
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Erik A Blackwood
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Winston T Stauffer
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Michelle Santo Domingo
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Alina S Bilal
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Donna J Thuerauf
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Amber N Pentoney
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Cathrine Aivati
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Anup V Sarakki
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Shirin Doroudgar
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Cardiology, Angiology, and Pneumology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Innere Medizin III, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher C Glembotski
- San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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