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Jia R, Solé-Guardia G, Kiliaan AJ. Blood-brain barrier pathology in cerebral small vessel disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1233-1240. [PMID: 37905869 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cerebral small vessel disease is a neurological disease that affects the brain microvasculature and which is commonly observed among the elderly. Although at first it was considered innocuous, small vessel disease is nowadays regarded as one of the major vascular causes of dementia. Radiological signs of small vessel disease include small subcortical infarcts, white matter magnetic resonance imaging hyperintensities, lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces, cerebral microbleeds, and brain atrophy; however, great heterogeneity in clinical symptoms is observed in small vessel disease patients. The pathophysiology of these lesions has been linked to multiple processes, such as hypoperfusion, defective cerebrovascular reactivity, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Notably, studies on small vessel disease suggest that blood-brain barrier dysfunction is among the earliest mechanisms in small vessel disease and might contribute to the development of the hallmarks of small vessel disease. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a new foundation in the study of small vessel disease pathology. First, we discuss the main structural domains and functions of the blood-brain barrier. Secondly, we review the most recent evidence on blood-brain barrier dysfunction linked to small vessel disease. Finally, we conclude with a discussion on future perspectives and propose potential treatment targets and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxue Jia
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behavior, Center for Medical Neuroscience, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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2
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Silbert LC, Roese NE, Krajbich V, Hurworth J, Lahna D, Schwartz DL, Dodge HH, Woltjer RL. White matter hyperintensities and the surrounding normal appearing white matter are associated with water channel disruption in the oldest old. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:3839-3851. [PMID: 38629888 PMCID: PMC11180942 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are common and associated with neurological decline. We investigated the histopathological underpinnings of MRI WMH and surrounding normal appearing white matter (NAWM), with a focus on astroglial phenotypes. METHODS Brain samples from 51 oldest old Oregon Alzheimer's Disease Research Center participants who came to autopsy underwent post mortem (PM) 7 tesla MRI with targeted histopathological sampling of WMHs and NAWM. Stained slides were digitized and quantified. Mixed-effects models determined differences in molecular characteristics between WMHs and the NAWM and across NAWM. RESULTS PM MRI-targeted WMHs are characterized by demyelination, microglial activation, and prominent astrocytic alterations, including disrupted aquaporin (AQP) expression. Similar changes occur within the surrounding NAWM in a pattern of decreasing severity with increased distance from WMHs. DISCUSSION Decreased AQP expression within WMH and proximal NAWM suggest an overwhelmed system wherein water homeostasis is no longer maintained, contributing to WM damage in older individuals. HIGHLIGHTS Post mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to characterize the pathology of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) and surrounding normal appearing white matter (NAWM). Stained immunohistochemical (IHC) slides from targeted WMH and NAWM samples were digitized and quantified. WMHs and NAWM were associated with inflammation, demyelination, and gliosis. WMHs and NAWM astrocytic changes included decreased AQP1 and AQP4 expression. Abnormal NAWM pathology diminished in severity with increasing distance from WMH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. Silbert
- National Institute on Aging, Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterDepartment of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Department of NeurologyPortland Veterans Affairs Health Care SystemPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Natalie E. Roese
- National Institute on Aging, Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterDepartment of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Victoria Krajbich
- Department of PathologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Justin Hurworth
- National Institute on Aging, Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterDepartment of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - David Lahna
- National Institute on Aging, Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterDepartment of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Daniel L. Schwartz
- National Institute on Aging, Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterDepartment of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Advanced Imaging Research CenterOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Hiroko H. Dodge
- Department of NeurologyMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Randall L. Woltjer
- National Institute on Aging, Layton Aging & Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterDepartment of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Department of PathologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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Lapshina KV, Ekimova IV. Aquaporin-4 and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1672. [PMID: 38338949 PMCID: PMC10855351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The water-selective channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is implicated in water homeostasis and the functioning of the glymphatic system, which eliminates various metabolites from the brain tissue, including amyloidogenic proteins. Misfolding of the α-synuclein protein and its post-translational modifications play a crucial role in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleopathies, leading to the formation of cytotoxic oligomers and aggregates that cause neurodegeneration. Human and animal studies have shown an interconnection between AQP4 dysfunction and α-synuclein accumulation; however, the specific role of AQP4 in these mechanisms remains unclear. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of AQP4 dysfunction in the progression of α-synuclein pathology, considering the possible effects of AQP4 dysregulation on brain molecular mechanisms that can impact α-synuclein modification, accumulation and aggregation. It also highlights future directions that can help study the role of AQP4 in the functioning of the protective mechanisms of the brain during the development of PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia V. Lapshina
- Laboratory of Comparative Thermophysiology, Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
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Kim S. LncRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks in skin aging and therapeutic potentials. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1303151. [PMID: 37881693 PMCID: PMC10597623 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1303151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex process influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Although dermatology offers advanced interventions, molecular mechanisms in skin aging remain limited. Competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), a subset of coding or non-coding RNAs, regulate gene expression through miRNA competition. Several ceRNA networks investigated up to now offer insights into skin aging and wound healing. In skin aging, RP11-670E13.6-miR-663a-CDK4/CD6 delays senescence induced by UVB radiation. Meg3-miR-93-5p-epiregulin contributes to UVB-induced inflammatory skin damage. Predicted ceRNA networks reveal UVA-induced photoaging mechanisms. SPRR2C sequesters miRNAs in epidermal aging-associated alteration of calcium gradient. H19-miR-296-5p-IGF2 regulates dermal fibroblast senescence. PVT1-miR-551b-3p-AQP3 influences skin photoaging. And bioinformatics analyses identify critical genes and compounds for skin aging interventions. In skin wound healing, MALAT1-miR-124 aids wound healing by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Hair follicle MSC-derived H19 promotes wound healing by inhibiting pyroptosis. And the SAN-miR-143-3p-ADD3 network rejuvenates adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in wound healing. Thus, ceRNA networks provide valuable insights into the molecular underpinnings of skin aging and wound healing, offering potential therapeutic strategies for further investigation. This comprehensive review serves as a foundational platform for future research endeavors in these crucial areas of dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungchul Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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5
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Khaing ZZ, Chandrasekaran A, Katta A, Reed MJ. The Brain and Spinal Microvasculature in Normal Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:1309-1319. [PMID: 37093786 PMCID: PMC10395569 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the brain and spinal cord microvasculature during normal aging contribute to the "sensitive" nature of aged central nervous system tissue to ischemic insults. In this review, we will examine alterations in the central nervous system microvasculature during normal aging, which we define as aging without a dominant pathology such as neurodegenerative processes, vascular injury or disease, or trauma. We will also discuss newer technologies to improve the study of central nervous system microvascular structure and function. Microvasculature within the brain and spinal cord will be discussed separately as anatomy and physiology differ between these compartments. Lastly, we will identify critical areas for future studies as well as key unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin Z Khaing
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Anjali Katta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - May J Reed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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6
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Xiao X, Feng H, Liao Y, Tang H, Li L, Li K, Hu F. Identification of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network and Therapeutic Agents for Skin Aging by Bioinformatics Analysis. Biochem Genet 2023; 61:1606-1624. [PMID: 36719625 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10334-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Skin aging is the most intuitive manifestation of aging. Skin aging inevitably leads to cosmetic and psychological problems, and even diseases. The present study aims to research the pathological and molecular mechanisms underlying skin aging and identify the therapeutic agents for reversing skin aging. Two available gene expression datasets (GSE55118 and GSE72264) for skin aging were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus, followed by bioinformatic analyses performed on the datasets. Firstly, 169 crucial mRNAs, 27 crucial miRNAs and 50 crucial lncRNAs closely related to skin aging were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Then, function Enrichment Analysis performed by Metascape database showed that skin aging involves a variety of biological functions, such as detection of stimulus, response to steroid hormone and water channel activity, regulation of muscle contraction. Next, ten hub genes including AQP4, TRPM8, TBR1, NTSR2, MPPED1, BARHL2, PAX9, CPN1, CES3, and CHGB were screened out by the protein-protein interaction analysis. Next, the "lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA" network and the "lncRNA-miRNA-hub mRNA" network were constructed to explore the competing endogenous RNAs mechanism of skin aging. Finally, ten significant potential small molecules mitigating skin aging were screened using CMAP platform, including tretinoin, pifithrin, selamectin, entinostat, bretazenil, syringic-acid, BRD-K96475865, emedastine, abacavir, and rotenone, and their reliability was verified by molecular docking experiments. The present study provided basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of skin aging and identified the potential candidate drugs for mitigating skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yangying Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First-Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, Hunan, China
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Inoue Y, Shue F, Bu G, Kanekiyo T. Pathophysiology and probable etiology of cerebral small vessel disease in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:46. [PMID: 37434208 PMCID: PMC10334598 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is commonly caused by vascular injuries in cerebral large and small vessels and is a key driver of age-related cognitive decline. Severe VCID includes post-stroke dementia, subcortical ischemic vascular dementia, multi-infarct dementia, and mixed dementia. While VCID is acknowledged as the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD) accounting for 20% of dementia cases, VCID and AD frequently coexist. In VCID, cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) often affects arterioles, capillaries, and venules, where arteriolosclerosis and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) are major pathologies. White matter hyperintensities, recent small subcortical infarcts, lacunes of presumed vascular origin, enlarged perivascular space, microbleeds, and brain atrophy are neuroimaging hallmarks of cSVD. The current primary approach to cSVD treatment is to control vascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and smoking. However, causal therapeutic strategies have not been established partly due to the heterogeneous pathogenesis of cSVD. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiology of cSVD and discuss the probable etiological pathways by focusing on hypoperfusion/hypoxia, blood-brain barriers (BBB) dysregulation, brain fluid drainage disturbances, and vascular inflammation to define potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for cSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuteru Inoue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- SciNeuro Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, MD 20850 USA
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
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Abstract
Astrocyte endfeet enwrap the entire vascular tree within the central nervous system, where they perform important functions in regulating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), cerebral blood flow, nutrient uptake, and waste clearance. Accordingly, astrocyte endfeet contain specialized organelles and proteins, including local protein translation machinery and highly organized scaffold proteins, which anchor channels, transporters, receptors, and enzymes critical for astrocyte-vascular interactions. Many neurological diseases are characterized by the loss of polarization of specific endfoot proteins, vascular dysregulation, BBB disruption, altered waste clearance, or, in extreme cases, loss of endfoot coverage. A role for astrocyte endfeet has been demonstrated or postulated in many of these conditions. This review provides an overview of the development, composition, function, and pathological changes of astrocyte endfeet and highlights the gaps in our knowledge that future research should address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Díaz-Castro
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK;
| | - Stefanie Robel
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA;
| | - Anusha Mishra
- Department of Neurology Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA;
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Sepehrinezhad A, Stolze Larsen F, Ashayeri Ahmadabad R, Shahbazi A, Sahab Negah S. The Glymphatic System May Play a Vital Role in the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070979. [PMID: 37048052 PMCID: PMC10093707 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication of liver disease resulting in cognitive, psychiatric, and motor symptoms. Although hyperammonemia is a key factor in the pathogenesis of HE, several other factors have recently been discovered. Among these, the impairment of a highly organized perivascular network known as the glymphatic pathway seems to be involved in the progression of some neurological complications due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins and waste substances in the brain interstitial fluids (ISF). The glymphatic system plays an important role in the clearance of brain metabolic derivatives and prevents aggregation of neurotoxic agents in the brain ISF. Impairment of it will result in aggravated accumulation of neurotoxic agents in the brain ISF. This could also be the case in patients with liver failure complicated by HE. Indeed, accumulation of some metabolic by-products and agents such as ammonia, glutamine, glutamate, and aromatic amino acids has been reported in the human brain ISF using microdialysis technique is attributed to worsening of HE and correlates with brain edema. Furthermore, it has been reported that the glymphatic system is impaired in the olfactory bulb, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus in an experimental model of HE. In this review, we discuss different factors that may affect the function of the glymphatic pathways and how these changes may be involved in HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Sepehrinezhad
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
| | - Fin Stolze Larsen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 999017 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ali Shahbazi
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Sajad Sahab Negah
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9919191778, Iran
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
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Amro Z, Ryan M, Collins-Praino LE, Yool AJ. Unexpected Classes of Aquaporin Channels Detected by Transcriptomic Analysis in Human Brain Are Associated with Both Patient Age and Alzheimer’s Disease Status. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030770. [PMID: 36979749 PMCID: PMC10045580 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The altered expression of known brain Aquaporin (AQP) channels 1, 4 and 9 has been correlated with neuropathological AD progression, but possible roles of other AQP classes in neurological disease remain understudied. The levels of transcripts of all thirteen human AQP subtypes were compared in healthy and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains by statistical analyses of microarray RNAseq expression data from the Allen Brain Atlas database. Previously unreported, AQPs 0, 6 and 10, are present in human brains at the transcript level. Three AD-affected brain regions, hippocampus (HIP), parietal cortex (PCx) and temporal cortex (TCx), were assessed in three subgroups: young controls (n = 6, aged 24–57); aged controls (n = 26, aged 78–99); and an AD cohort (n = 12, aged 79–99). A significant positive correlation (p < 10−10) was seen for AQP transcript levels as a function of the subject’s age in years. Differential expressions correlated with brain region, age, and AD diagnosis, particularly between the HIP and cortical regions. Interestingly, three classes of AQPs (0, 6 and 8) upregulated in AD compared to young controls are permeable to H2O2. Of these, AQPs 0 and 8 were increased in TCx and AQP6 in HIP, suggesting a role of AQPs in AD-related oxidative stress. The outcomes here are the first to demonstrate that the expression profile of AQP channels in the human brain is more diverse than previously thought, and transcript levels are influenced by both age and AD status. Associations between reactive oxygen stress and neurodegenerative disease risk highlight AQPs 0, 6, 8 and 10 as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zein Amro
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Matthew Ryan
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | - Andrea J. Yool
- School of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Daoutsali E, Pepers BA, Stamatakis S, van der Graaf LM, Terwindt GM, Parfitt DA, Buijsen RAM, van Roon-Mom WMC. Amyloid beta accumulations and enhanced neuronal differentiation in cerebral organoids of Dutch-type cerebral amyloid angiopathy patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1048584. [PMID: 36733499 PMCID: PMC9887998 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1048584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction ADutch-type cerebral amyloid angiopathy (D-CAA) is a hereditary brain disorder caused by a point mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene. The mutation is located within the amyloid beta (Aβ) domain of APP and leads to Aβ peptide accumulation in and around the cerebral vasculature. There lack of disease models to study the cellular and molecular pathological mechanisms of D-CAA together with the absence of a disease phenotype in vitro in overexpression cell models, as well as the limited availability of D-CAA animal models indicates the need for a D-CAA patient-derived model. Methods We generated cerebral organoids from four D-CAA patients and four controls, cultured them up to 110 days and performed immunofluorescent and targeted gene expression analyses at two time points (D52 and D110). Results D-CAA cerebral organoids exhibited Aβ accumulations, showed enhanced neuronal and astrocytic gene expression and TGFβ pathway de-regulation. Conclusions These results illustrate the potential of cerebral organoids as in vitro disease model of D-CAA that can be used to understand disease mechanisms of D-CAA and can serve as therapeutic intervention platform for various Aβ-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Daoutsali
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Willeke M. C. van Roon-Mom, ; Elena Daoutsali,
| | - Barry A. Pepers
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Stavros Stamatakis
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Gisela M. Terwindt
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - David A. Parfitt
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ronald A. M. Buijsen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Willeke M. C. van Roon-Mom
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Willeke M. C. van Roon-Mom, ; Elena Daoutsali,
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Xu JQ, Liu QQ, Huang SY, Duan CY, Lu HB, Cao Y, Hu JZ. The lymphatic system: a therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1249-1256. [PMID: 36453401 PMCID: PMC9838139 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature forms an organized network that covers the whole body and is involved in fluid homeostasis, metabolite clearance, and immune surveillance. The recent identification of functional lymphatic vessels in the meninges of the brain and the spinal cord has provided novel insights into neurophysiology. They emerge as major pathways for fluid exchange. The abundance of immune cells in lymphatic vessels and meninges also suggests that lymphatic vessels are actively involved in neuroimmunity. The lymphatic system, through its role in the clearance of neurotoxic proteins, autoimmune cell infiltration, and the transmission of pro-inflammatory signals, participates in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases and traumatic injury. Vascular endothelial growth factor C is the master regulator of lymphangiogenesis, a process that is critical for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and recent advances relating to the anatomical features and immunological functions of the lymphatic system of the central nervous system and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders and central nervous system repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qian-Qi Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chun-Yue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong-Bin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Correspondence to: Yong Cao, or ; Hong-Bin Lu, ; Jian-Zhong Hu, .
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Correspondence to: Yong Cao, or ; Hong-Bin Lu, ; Jian-Zhong Hu, .
| | - Jian-Zhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Correspondence to: Yong Cao, or ; Hong-Bin Lu, ; Jian-Zhong Hu, .
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Schrader JM, Stanisavljevic A, Xu F, Van Nostrand WE. Distinct Brain Proteomic Signatures in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Rat Models of Hypertension and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:731-745. [PMID: 35856898 PMCID: PMC9803909 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel diseases (CSVDs) are prominent contributors to vascular cognitive impairment and dementia and can arise from a range of etiologies. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and hypertension (HTN), both prevalent in the elderly population, lead to cerebral microhemorrhages, macrohemorrhages, and white matter damage. However, their respective underlying mechanisms and molecular events are poorly understood. Here, we show that the transgenic rat model of CAA type 1 (rTg-DI) exhibits perivascular inflammation that is lacking in the spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHR-SP) rat model of HTN. Alternatively, SHR-SP rats display notable dilation of arteriolar perivascular spaces. Comparative proteomics analysis revealed few shared altered proteins, with key proteins such as ANXA3, H2A, and HTRA1 unique to rTg-DI rats, and Nt5e, Flot-1 and Flot-2 unique to SHR-SP rats. Immunolabeling confirmed that upregulation of ANXA3, HTRA1, and neutrophil extracellular trap proteins were distinctly associated with rTg-DI rats. Pathway analysis predicted activation of TGF-β1 and TNFα in rTg-DI rat brain, while insulin signaling was reduced in the SHR-SP rat brain. Thus, we report divergent protein signatures associated with distinct cerebral vessel pathologies in the SHR-SP and rTg-DI rat models and provide new mechanistic insight into these different forms of CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Schrader
- From the George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Aleksandra Stanisavljevic
- From the George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- From the George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- Send correspondence to: William E. Van Nostrand, PhD, George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 130 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; E-mail:
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14
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Handa T, Sasaki H, Takao M, Tano M, Uchida Y. Proteomics-based investigation of cerebrovascular molecular mechanisms in cerebral amyloid angiopathy by the FFPE-LMD-PCT-SWATH method. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:56. [PMID: 35778717 PMCID: PMC9250250 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) occurs in 80% of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is mainly caused by the abnormal deposition of Aβ in the walls of cerebral blood vessels. Cerebrovascular molecular mechanisms in CAA were investigated by using comprehensive and accurate quantitative proteomics. Methods Concerning the molecular mechanisms specific to CAA, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections were prepared from patients having AD neuropathologic change (ADNC) with severe cortical Aβ vascular deposition (ADNC +/CAA +), and from patients having ADNC without vascular deposition of Aβ (ADNC +/CAA −; so called, AD). Cerebral cortical vessels were isolated from FFPE sections using laser microdissection (LMD), processed by pressure cycling technology (PCT), and applied to SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra) proteomics. Results The protein expression levels of 17 proteins in ADNC +/CAA +/H donors (ADNC +/CAA + donors with highly abundant Aβ in capillaries) were significantly different from those in ADNC +/CAA − and ADNC −/CAA − donors. Furthermore, we identified 56 proteins showing more than a 1.5-fold difference in average expression levels between ADNC +/CAA + and ADNC −/CAA − donors, and were significantly correlated with the levels of Aβ or Collagen alpha-2(VI) chain (COL6A2) (CAA markers) in 11 donors (6 ADNC +/CAA + and 5 ADNC −/CAA −). Over 70% of the 56 proteins showed ADNC +/CAA + specific changes in protein expression. The comparative analysis with brain parenchyma showed that more than 90% of the 56 proteins were vascular-specific pathological changes. A literature-based pathway analysis showed that 42 proteins are associated with fibrosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis. This included the increased expression of Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha, CD44 antigen and Carbonic anhydrase 1 which are inhibited by potential drugs against CAA. Conclusions The combination of LMD-based isolation of vessels from FFPE sections, PCT-assisted sample processing and SWATH analysis (FFPE-LMD-PCT-SWATH method) revealed for the first time the changes in the expression of many proteins that are involved in fibrosis, ROS production and cell death in ADNC +/CAA + (CAA patients) vessels. The findings reported herein would be useful for developing a better understanding of the pathology of CAA and for promoting the discovery and development of drugs and biomarkers for CAA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-022-00351-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Handa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hayate Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Center Hospital, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tano
- Department of Neurology and Brain Bank, Mihara Memorial Hospital, Isesaki, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. .,Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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15
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Ford JN, Zhang Q, Sweeney EM, Merkler AE, de Leon MJ, Gupta A, Nguyen TD, Ivanidze J. Quantitative Water Permeability Mapping of Blood-Brain-Barrier Dysfunction in Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:867452. [PMID: 35462701 PMCID: PMC9024318 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.867452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-brain-barrier (BBB) dysfunction is a hallmark of aging and aging-related disorders, including cerebral small vessel disease and Alzheimer's disease. An emerging biomarker of BBB dysfunction is BBB water exchange rate (kW) as measured by diffusion-weighted arterial spin labeling (DW-ASL) MRI. We developed an improved DW-ASL sequence for Quantitative Permeability Mapping and evaluated whole brain and region-specific kW in a cohort of 30 adults without dementia across the age spectrum. In this cross-sectional study, we found higher kW values in the cerebral cortex (mean = 81.51 min-1, SD = 15.54) compared to cerebral white matter (mean = 75.19 min-1, SD = 13.85) (p < 0.0001). We found a similar relationship for cerebral blood flow (CBF), concordant with previously published studies. Multiple linear regression analysis with kW as an outcome showed that age was statistically significant in the cerebral cortex (p = 0.013), cerebral white matter (p = 0.033), hippocampi (p = 0.043), orbitofrontal cortices (p = 0.042), and precunei cortices (p = 0.009), after adjusting for sex and number of vascular risk factors. With CBF as an outcome, age was statistically significant only in the cerebral cortex (p = 0.026) and precunei cortices (p = 0.020). We further found moderate negative correlations between white matter hyperintensity (WMH) kW and WMH volume (r = -0.51, p = 0.02), and normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and WMH volume (r = -0.44, p = 0.05). This work illuminates the relationship between BBB water exchange and aging and may serve as the basis for BBB-targeted therapies for aging-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy N. Ford
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Qihao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Sweeney
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Mony J. de Leon
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thanh D. Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jana Ivanidze
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States,*Correspondence: Jana Ivanidze,
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16
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TNF-α induces AQP4 overexpression in astrocytes through the NF-κB pathway causing cellular edema and apoptosis. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:230993. [PMID: 35260880 PMCID: PMC8935387 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is highly expressed on astrocytes and is critical for controlling brain water transport in neurological diseases. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a common cytokine found in disease microenvironment. The aim of this study was to determine whether TNF-α can regulate the expression of AQP4 in astrocytes. Primary astrocyte cultures were treated with different concentrations of TNF-α and the cell viability was assessed through cell counting kit-8 assay and AQP4 expression was detected by qPCR, western blots, and immunofluorescence assays. The activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway was detected by western blot. Further, dual-luciferase reporting system and chromatin immunoprecipitation were used to detect the transcriptional regulation of AQP4 by p65. These experiments demonstrated that treatment with TNF-α can lead to astrocyte edema and an increase in AQP4 expression. Following TNF-α treatment, the expression levels of P-IKKα/β-IκBα and P-p65 increased significantly over time. The results of the dual-luciferase reporter system and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that p65 protein and AQP4 promoter had a robust binding effect after TNF-α treatment, and the NF-κB pathway inhibitor, BAY 11-7082 could inhibit these effects of TNF-α. The expression level of AQP4 was significantly decreased upon p65 interference, while the astrocyte viability was significantly increased compared to that in the TNF-α only group. In conclusion, TNF-α activated NF-κB pathway, which promoted the binding of p65 to the AQP4 gene promoter region, and enhanced AQP4 expression, ultimately reducing astrocyte viability and causing cell edema.
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17
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Sfera A, Osorio C, Rahman L, Zapata-Martín del Campo CM, Maldonado JC, Jafri N, Cummings MA, Maurer S, Kozlakidis Z. PTSD as an Endothelial Disease: Insights From COVID-19. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:770387. [PMID: 34776871 PMCID: PMC8586713 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.770387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, has affected almost every aspect of human life, precipitating stress-related pathology in vulnerable individuals. As the prevalence rate of posttraumatic stress disorder in pandemic survivors exceeds that of the general and special populations, the virus may predispose to this disorder by directly interfering with the stress-processing pathways. The SARS-CoV-2 interactome has identified several antigens that may disrupt the blood-brain-barrier by inducing premature senescence in many cell types, including the cerebral endothelial cells. This enables the stress molecules, including angiotensin II, endothelin-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, to aberrantly activate the amygdala, hippocampus, and medial prefrontal cortex, increasing the vulnerability to stress related disorders. This is supported by observing the beneficial effects of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in both posttraumatic stress disorder and SARS-CoV-2 critical illness. In this narrative review, we take a closer look at the virus-host dialog and its impact on the renin-angiotensin system, mitochondrial fitness, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. We discuss the role of furin cleaving site, the fibrinolytic system, and Sigma-1 receptor in the pathogenesis of psychological trauma. In other words, learning from the virus, clarify the molecular underpinnings of stress related disorders, and design better therapies for these conditions. In this context, we emphasize new potential treatments, including furin and bromodomains inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Carolina Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Leah Rahman
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | - Jose Campo Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
| | - Nyla Jafri
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | - Steve Maurer
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- International Agency For Research On Cancer (IARC), Lyon, France
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18
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Verkerke M, Hol EM, Middeldorp J. Physiological and Pathological Ageing of Astrocytes in the Human Brain. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2662-2675. [PMID: 33559106 PMCID: PMC8437874 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is the greatest risk factor for dementia, although physiological ageing by itself does not lead to cognitive decline. In addition to ageing, APOE ε4 is genetically the strongest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and is highly expressed in astrocytes. There are indications that human astrocytes change with age and upon expression of APOE4. As these glial cells maintain water and ion homeostasis in the brain and regulate neuronal transmission, it is likely that age- and APOE4-related changes in astrocytes have a major impact on brain functioning and play a role in age-related diseases. In this review, we will discuss the molecular and morphological changes of human astrocytes in ageing and the contribution of APOE4. We conclude this review with a discussion on technical issues, innovations, and future perspectives on how to gain more knowledge on astrocytes in the human ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Verkerke
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), P.O. Box 3306, 2280 GH, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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19
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Marazuela P, Bonaterra-Pastra A, Faura J, Penalba A, Pizarro J, Pancorbo O, Rodríguez-Luna D, Vert C, Rovira A, Pujadas F, Freijo MM, Tur S, Martínez-Zabaleta M, Cardona Portela P, Vera R, Lebrato-Hernández L, Arenillas JF, Pérez-Sánchez S, Montaner J, Delgado P, Hernández-Guillamon M. Circulating AQP4 Levels in Patients with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Associated Intracerebral Hemorrhage. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10050989. [PMID: 33801197 PMCID: PMC7957864 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10050989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a major cause of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in elderly patients. Growing evidence suggests a potential role of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in amyloid-beta-associated diseases, including CAA pathology. Our aim was to investigate the circulating levels of AQP4 in a cohort of patients who had suffered a lobar ICH with a clinical diagnosis of CAA. AQP4 levels were analyzed in the serum of 60 CAA-related ICH patients and 19 non-stroke subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The CAA–ICH cohort was divided according to the time point of the functional outcome evaluation: mid-term (12 ± 18.6 months) and long-term (38.5 ± 32.9 months) after the last ICH. Although no differences were found in AQP4 serum levels between cases and controls, lower levels were found in CAA patients presenting specific hemorrhagic features such as ≥2 lobar ICHs and ≥5 lobar microbleeds detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition, CAA-related ICH patients who presented a long-term good functional outcome had higher circulating AQP4 levels than subjects with a poor outcome or controls. Our data suggest that AQP4 could potentially predict a long-term functional outcome and may play a protective role after a lobar ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Marazuela
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Anna Bonaterra-Pastra
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Júlia Faura
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Anna Penalba
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Jesús Pizarro
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Olalla Pancorbo
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (O.P.); (D.R.-L.)
| | - David Rodríguez-Luna
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (O.P.); (D.R.-L.)
| | - Carla Vert
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Alex Rovira
- Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (C.V.); (A.R.)
| | - Francesc Pujadas
- Dementia Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - M. Mar Freijo
- Neurovascular Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain;
| | - Silvia Tur
- Neurology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Balearic Islands, Spain;
| | | | - Pere Cardona Portela
- Department of Neurology, Bellvitge University Hospital, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rocío Vera
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
| | | | - Juan F. Arenillas
- Stroke Program, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínico Universitario, 47003 Valladolid, Spain;
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
- Department of Neurology, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, 41009 Sevilla, Spain;
- Stroke Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, University of Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Pilar Delgado
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
| | - Mar Hernández-Guillamon
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (P.M.); (A.B.-P.); (J.F.); (A.P.); (J.P.); (J.M.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Álvarez P, Blasco E, Pumarola M, Wessmann A. Aquaporin-4 protein expression in normal canine brains. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:29. [PMID: 33455577 PMCID: PMC7812730 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02745-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is in growing recognition as potential marker for cancer progression, differentiation and therapeutic intervention. No information is available about AQP4 expression in the normal canine brain. The aim of this histopathological study is to confirm the presence of AQP4 by immunohistochemistry technique in a group of non-pathological canine brains and to describe its expression and distribution across the brain. RESULTS Twelve non-pathological canine brains of various ages (ranging from 21 days to 17 years) and breeds were included in the study. Immunohistochemical expression of AQP4 was analyzed using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain tissue sections. The findings were correlated between AQP4 expressing cells and astrocytes using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). AQP4 expression was more marked in the astrocyte foot processes of subpial, perivascular and periventricular surfaces in all specimens. The majority of the canine brain sections (9/12) presented with an AQP4 predilection for white matter tracts. Interestingly, the two youngest dogs (21 days and 3 months old) were characterized by diffuse AQP4 labelling in both grey and white matter tracts. This result may suggest that brain development and ageing may play a role in the AQP4 distribution throughout the canine brain. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to describe immunohistochemical distribution of AQP4 in normal canine brains. The AQP4 expression and distribution in non-pathological canine brains was comparable to other species. Larger studies are needed to substantiate the influence of breed and ageing on AQP4 expression in the normal canine brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Álvarez
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK
| | - Ester Blasco
- Unit of Murine and Comparative Pathology (UPMiC), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Unit of Murine and Comparative Pathology (UPMiC), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN) Networking Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annette Wessmann
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Service, Pride Veterinary Centre, Derby, UK.
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