1
|
Pittalà MGG, Reina S, Cucina A, Cunsolo V, Guarino F, Di Francesco A, Foti S, De Pinto V, Saletti R. Intramolecular Disulfide Bridges in Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel 2 (VDAC2) Protein from Rattus norvegicus Revealed by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1422-1433. [PMID: 38832804 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel isoforms (VDAC1, VDAC2, and VDAC3) are relevant components of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and play a crucial role in regulation of metabolism and in survival pathways. As major players in the regulation of cellular metabolism and apoptosis, VDACs can be considered at the crossroads between two broad families of pathologies, namely, cancer and neurodegeneration, the former being associated with elevated glycolytic rate and suppression of apoptosis in cancer cells, the latter characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and increased cell death. Recently, we reported the characterization of the oxidation pattern of methionine and cysteines in rat and human VDACs showing that each cysteine in these proteins is present with a preferred oxidation state, ranging from the reduced to the trioxidized form, and such an oxidation state is remarkably conserved between rat and human VDACs. However, the presence and localization of disulfide bonds in VDACs, a key point for their structural characterization, have so far remained undetermined. Herein we have investigated by nanoUHPLC/High-Resolution nanoESI-MS/MS the position of intramolecular disulfide bonds in rat VDAC2 (rVDAC2), a protein that contains 11 cysteines. To this purpose, extraction, purification, and enzymatic digestions were carried out at slightly acidic or neutral pH in order to minimize disulfide bond interchange. The presence of six disulfide bridges was unequivocally determined, including a disulfide bridge linking the two adjacent cysteines 4 and 5, a disulfide bridge linking cysteines 9 and 14, and the alternative disulfide bridges between cysteines 48, 77, and 104. A disulfide bond, which is very resistant to reduction, between cysteines 134 and 139 was also detected. In addition to the previous findings, these results significantly extend the characterization of the oxidation state of cysteines in rVDAC2 and show that it is highly complex and presents unusual features. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD044041.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaetana Giovanna Pittalà
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Reina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cucina
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Guarino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Francesco
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Foti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Catania, via S. Sofia, 97, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosaria Saletti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Park JW, Tyl MD, Cristea IM. Orchestration of Mitochondrial Function and Remodeling by Post-Translational Modifications Provide Insight into Mechanisms of Viral Infection. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050869. [PMID: 37238738 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of mitochondria structure and function is at the core of numerous viral infections. Acting in support of the host or of virus replication, mitochondria regulation facilitates control of energy metabolism, apoptosis, and immune signaling. Accumulating studies have pointed to post-translational modification (PTM) of mitochondrial proteins as a critical component of such regulatory mechanisms. Mitochondrial PTMs have been implicated in the pathology of several diseases and emerging evidence is starting to highlight essential roles in the context of viral infections. Here, we provide an overview of the growing arsenal of PTMs decorating mitochondrial proteins and their possible contribution to the infection-induced modulation of bioenergetics, apoptosis, and immune responses. We further consider links between PTM changes and mitochondrial structure remodeling, as well as the enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms underlying mitochondrial PTM regulation. Finally, we highlight some of the methods, including mass spectrometry-based analyses, available for the identification, prioritization, and mechanistic interrogation of PTMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Woo Park
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Matthew D Tyl
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu Z, Zhou X, Du H, Cloer EW, Zhang J, Mei L, Wang Y, Tan X, Hepperla AJ, Simon JM, Cook JG, Major MB, Dotti G, Liu P. STING Suppresses Mitochondrial VDAC2 to Govern RCC Growth Independent of Innate Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2203718. [PMID: 36445063 PMCID: PMC9875608 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
STING is an innate immune sensor for immune surveillance of viral/bacterial infection and maintenance of an immune-friendly microenvironment to prevent tumorigenesis. However, if and how STING exerts innate immunity-independent function remains elusive. Here, the authors report that STING expression is increased in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients and governs tumor growth through non-canonical innate immune signaling involving mitochondrial ROS maintenance and calcium homeostasis. Mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel VDAC2 is identified as a new STING binding partner. STING depletion potentiates VDAC2/GRP75-mediated MERC (mitochondria-ER contact) formation to increase mitochondrial ROS/calcium levels, impairs mitochondria function, and suppresses mTORC1/S6K signaling leading to RCC growth retardation. STING interaction with VDAC2 occurs through STING-C88/C91 palmitoylation and inhibiting STING palmitoyl-transferases ZDHHCs by 2-BP significantly impedes RCC cell growth alone or in combination with sorafenib. Together, these studies reveal an innate immunity-independent function of STING in regulating mitochondrial function and growth in RCC, providing a rationale to target the STING/VDAC2 interaction in treating RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichuan Zhu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Hongwei Du
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Erica W. Cloer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Department of Oral MedicineInfection and ImmunityHarvard School of Dental MedicineBostonMA02115USA
| | - Liu Mei
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Xianming Tan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Department of BiostatisticsThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Austin J. Hepperla
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental DisabilitiesThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- UNC Neuroscience CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Jeremy M. Simon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Carolina Institute for Developmental DisabilitiesThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- UNC Neuroscience CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Department of GeneticsThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Jeanette Gowen Cook
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Michael B. Major
- Department of Cell Biology and PhysiologyDepartment of OtolaryngologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer CenterThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsThe University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC27599USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pittalà MGG, Reina S, Nibali SC, Cucina A, Cubisino SAM, Cunsolo V, Amodeo GF, Foti S, De Pinto V, Saletti R, Messina A. Specific Post-Translational Modifications of VDAC3 in ALS-SOD1 Model Cells Identified by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415853. [PMID: 36555496 PMCID: PMC9784795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage induced by oxidative stress is a key driver of the selective motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mitochondria are among the main producers of ROS, but they also suffer particularly from their harmful effects. Voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDACs) are the most represented proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane where they form pores controlling the permeation of metabolites responsible for mitochondrial functions. For these reasons, VDACs contribute to mitochondrial quality control and the entire energy metabolism of the cell. In this work we assessed in an ALS cell model whether disease-related oxidative stress induces post-translational modifications (PTMs) in VDAC3, a member of the VDAC family of outer mitochondrial membrane channel proteins, known for its role in redox signaling. At this end, protein samples enriched in VDACs were prepared from mitochondria of an ALS model cell line, NSC34 expressing human SOD1G93A, and analyzed by nUHPLC/High-Resolution nESI-MS/MS. Specific over-oxidation, deamidation, succination events were found in VDAC3 from ALS-related NSC34-SOD1G93A but not in non-ALS cell lines. Additionally, we report evidence that some PTMs may affect VDAC3 functionality. In particular, deamidation of Asn215 alone alters single channel behavior in artificial membranes. Overall, our results suggest modifications of VDAC3 that can impact its protective role against ROS, which is particularly important in the ALS context. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD036728.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaetana Giovanna Pittalà
- Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Reina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Conti Nibali
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cucina
- Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Foti
- Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosaria Saletti
- Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-095-738-5026
| | - Angela Messina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Voltage Dependent Anion Channel 3 (VDAC3) protects mitochondria from oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2022; 51:102264. [PMID: 35180474 PMCID: PMC8857518 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the role of VDAC3 within living cells is challenging and still requires a definitive answer. Unlike VDAC1 and VDAC2, the outer mitochondrial membrane porin 3 exhibits unique biophysical features that suggest unknown cellular functions. Electrophysiological studies on VDAC3 carrying selective cysteine mutations and mass spectrometry data about the redox state of such sulfur containing amino acids are consistent with a putative involvement of isoform 3 in mitochondrial ROS homeostasis. Here, we thoroughly examined this issue and provided for the first time direct evidence of the role of VDAC3 in cellular response to oxidative stress. Depletion of isoform 3 but not isoform 1 significantly exacerbated the cytotoxicity of redox cyclers such as menadione and paraquat, and respiratory complex I inhibitors like rotenone, promoting uncontrolled accumulation of mitochondrial free radicals. High-resolution respirometry of transiently transfected HAP1-ΔVDAC3 cells expressing the wild type or the cysteine-null mutant VDAC3 protein, unequivocally confirmed that VDAC3 cysteines are indispensable for protein ability to counteract ROS-induced oxidative stress.
Collapse
|
6
|
Reina S, Checchetto V. Voltage-Dependent Anion Selective Channel 3: Unraveling Structural and Functional Features of the Least Known Porin Isoform. Front Physiol 2022; 12:784867. [PMID: 35082690 PMCID: PMC8784847 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.784867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC) are pore-forming proteins located in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Three isoforms are encoded by separate genes in mammals (VDAC1-3). These proteins play a crucial role in the cell, forming the primary interface between mitochondrial and cellular metabolisms. Research on the role of VDACs in the cell is a rapidly growing field, but the function of VDAC3 remains elusive. The high-sequence similarity between isoforms suggests a similar pore-forming structure. Electrophysiological analyzes revealed that VDAC3 works as a channel; however, its gating and regulation remain debated. A comparison between VDAC3 and VDAC1-2 underlines the presence of a higher number of cysteines in both isoforms 2 and 3. Recent mass spectrometry data demonstrated that the redox state of VDAC3 cysteines is evolutionarily conserved. Accordingly, these residues were always detected as totally reduced or partially oxidized, thus susceptible to disulfide exchange. The deletion of selected cysteines significantly influences the function of the channel. Some cysteine mutants of VDAC3 exhibited distinct kinetic behavior, conductance values and voltage dependence, suggesting that channel activity can be modulated by cysteine reduction/oxidation. These properties point to VDAC3 as a possible marker of redox signaling in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Here, we summarize our current knowledge about VDAC3 predicted structure, physiological role and regulation, and possible future directions in this research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Reina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Karachitos A, Grabiński W, Baranek M, Kmita H. Redox-Sensitive VDAC: A Possible Function as an Environmental Stress Sensor Revealed by Bioinformatic Analysis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:750627. [PMID: 34966287 PMCID: PMC8710658 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.750627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) allows the exchange of small metabolites and inorganic ions across the mitochondrial outer membrane. It is involved in complex interactions that regulate mitochondrial and cellular functioning. Many organisms have several VDAC paralogs that play distinct but poorly understood roles in the life and death of cells. It is assumed that such a large diversity of VDAC-encoding genes might cause physiological plasticity to cope with abiotic and biotic stresses known to impact mitochondrial function. Moreover, cysteine residues in mammalian VDAC paralogs may contribute to the reduction-oxidation (redox) sensor function based on disulfide bond formation and elimination, resulting in redox-sensitive VDAC (rsVDAC). Therefore, we analyzed whether rsVDAC is possible when only one VDAC variant is present in mitochondria and whether all VDAC paralogs present in mitochondria could be rsVDAC, using representatives of currently available VDAC amino acid sequences. The obtained results indicate that rsVDAC can occur when only one VDAC variant is present in mitochondria; however, the possibility of all VDAC paralogs in mitochondria being rsVDAC is very low. Moreover, the presence of rsVDAC may correlate with habitat conditions as rsVDAC appears to be prevalent in parasites. Thus, the channel may mediate detection and adaptation to environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andonis Karachitos
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Grabiński
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Martyna Baranek
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hanna Kmita
- Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
VDACs Post-Translational Modifications Discovery by Mass Spectrometry: Impact on Their Hub Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312833. [PMID: 34884639 PMCID: PMC8657666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
VDAC (voltage-dependent anion selective channel) proteins, also known as mitochondrial porins, are the most abundant proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), where they play a vital role in various cellular processes, in the regulation of metabolism, and in survival pathways. There is increasing consensus about their function as a cellular hub, connecting bioenergetics functions to the rest of the cell. The structural characterization of VDACs presents challenging issues due to their very high hydrophobicity, low solubility, the difficulty to separate them from other mitochondrial proteins of similar hydrophobicity and the practical impossibility to isolate each single isoform. Consequently, it is necessary to analyze them as components of a relatively complex mixture. Due to the experimental difficulties in their structural characterization, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of VDAC proteins represent a little explored field. Only in recent years, the increasing number of tools aimed at identifying and quantifying PTMs has allowed to increase our knowledge in this field and in the mechanisms that regulate functions and interactions of mitochondrial porins. In particular, the development of nano-reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (nanoRP-UHPLC) and ultra-sensitive high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods has played a key role in this field. The findings obtained on VDAC PTMs using such methodologies, which permitted an in-depth characterization of these very hydrophobic trans-membrane pore proteins, are summarized in this review.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ravi B, Kanwar P, Sanyal SK, Bheri M, Pandey GK. VDACs: An Outlook on Biochemical Regulation and Function in Animal and Plant Systems. Front Physiol 2021; 12:683920. [PMID: 34421635 PMCID: PMC8375762 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.683920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channels (VDACs) are the most abundant proteins present on the outer mitochondrial membrane. They serve a myriad of functions ranging from energy and metabolite exchange to highly debatable roles in apoptosis. Their role in molecular transport puts them on the center stage as communicators between cytoplasmic and mitochondrial signaling events. Beyond their general role as interchangeable pores, members of this family may exhibit specific functions. Even after nearly five decades of their discovery, their role in plant systems is still a new and rapidly emerging field. The information on biochemical regulation of VDACs is limited. Various interacting proteins and post-translational modifications (PTMs) modulate VDAC functions, amongst these, phosphorylation is quite noticeable. In this review, we have tried to give a glimpse of the recent advancements in the biochemical/interactional regulation of plant VDACs. We also cover a critical analysis on the importance of PTMs in the functional regulation of VDACs. Besides, the review also encompasses numerous studies which can identify VDACs as a connecting link between Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species signaling in special reference to the plant systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Di Rosa MC, Guarino F, Conti Nibali S, Magrì A, De Pinto V. Voltage-Dependent Anion Selective Channel Isoforms in Yeast: Expression, Structure, and Functions. Front Physiol 2021; 12:675708. [PMID: 34093236 PMCID: PMC8171188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.675708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial porins, also known as voltage-dependent anion selective channels (VDACs), are pore-forming molecules of the outer mitochondrial membranes, involved in the regulation of metabolic flux between cytosol and mitochondria. Playing such an essential role, VDAC proteins are evolutionary conserved and isoforms are present in numerous species. The quest for specific function(s) related to the raise of multiple isoforms is an intriguing theme. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome is endowed with two different VDAC genes encoding for two distinct porin isoforms, definitely less characterized in comparison to mammalian counterpart. While yVDAC1 has been extensively studied, the second isoform, yVDAC2, is much less expressed, and has a still misunderstood function. This review will recapitulate the known and poorly known information in the literature, in the light of the growing interest about the features of VDAC isoforms in the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmela Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Guarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano Conti Nibali
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Magrì
- we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., Catania, Italy.,Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,we.MitoBiotech S.R.L., Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Pinto V. Renaissance of VDAC: New Insights on a Protein Family at the Interface between Mitochondria and Cytosol. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010107. [PMID: 33467485 PMCID: PMC7831034 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become impossible to review all the existing literature on Voltage-Dependent Anion selective Channel (VDAC) in a single article. A real Renaissance of studies brings this protein to the center of decisive knowledge both for cell physiology and therapeutic application. This review, after highlighting the similarities between the cellular context and the study methods of the solute carriers present in the inner membrane and VDAC in the outer membrane of the mitochondria, will focus on the isoforms of VDAC and their biochemical characteristics. In particular, the possible reasons for their evolutionary onset will be discussed. The variations in their post-translational modifications and the differences between the regulatory regions of their genes, probably the key to understanding the current presence of these genes, will be described. Finally, the situation in the higher eukaryotes will be compared to that of yeast, a unicellular eukaryote, where there is only one active isoform and the role of VDAC in energy metabolism is better understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vito De Pinto
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; ; Tel.: +39-095-73842444
- we.MitoBiotech.srl, c.so Italia 172, 95129 Catania, Italy
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Section of Catania, 00136 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pittalà MGG, Reina S, Cubisino SAM, Cucina A, Formicola B, Cunsolo V, Foti S, Saletti R, Messina A. Post-Translational Modification Analysis of VDAC1 in ALS-SOD1 Model Cells Reveals Specific Asparagine and Glutamine Deamidation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1218. [PMID: 33276691 PMCID: PMC7761621 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria from affected tissues of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients show morphological and biochemical abnormalities. Mitochondrial dysfunction causes oxidative damage and the accumulation of ROS, and represents one of the major triggers of selective death of motor neurons in ALS. We aimed to assess whether oxidative stress in ALS induces post-translational modifications (PTMs) in VDAC1, the main protein of the outer mitochondrial membrane and known to interact with SOD1 mutants related to ALS. In this work, specific PTMs of the VDAC1 protein purified by hydroxyapatite from mitochondria of a NSC34 cell line expressing human SOD1G93A, a suitable ALS motor neuron model, were analyzed by tryptic and chymotryptic proteolysis and UHPLC/High-Resolution ESI-MS/MS. We found selective deamidations of asparagine and glutamine of VDAC1 in ALS-related NSC34-SOD1G93A cells but not in NSC34-SOD1WT or NSC34 cells. In addition, we identified differences in the over-oxidation of methionine and cysteines between VDAC1 purified from ALS model or non-ALS NSC34 cells. The specific range of PTMs identified exclusively in VDAC1 from NSC34-SOD1G93A cells but not from NSC34 control lines, suggests the appearance of important changes to the structure of the VDAC1 channel and therefore to the bioenergetics metabolism of ALS motor neurons. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gaetana Giovanna Pittalà
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.G.G.P.); (S.R.); (S.A.M.C.)
| | - Simona Reina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.G.G.P.); (S.R.); (S.A.M.C.)
- we.MitoBiotech.srl, c.so Italia 172, 95129 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Antonio Maria Cubisino
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.G.G.P.); (S.R.); (S.A.M.C.)
| | - Annamaria Cucina
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Beatrice Formicola
- School of Medicine & Surgery, Nanomedicine Center NANOMIB, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Salvatore Foti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Rosaria Saletti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (V.C.); (S.F.)
| | - Angela Messina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 64, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.G.G.P.); (S.R.); (S.A.M.C.)
- we.MitoBiotech.srl, c.so Italia 172, 95129 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Shoshan-Barmatz V, Shteinfer-Kuzmine A, Verma A. VDAC1 at the Intersection of Cell Metabolism, Apoptosis, and Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1485. [PMID: 33114780 PMCID: PMC7693975 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) protein, is an important regulator of mitochondrial function, and serves as a mitochondrial gatekeeper, with responsibility for cellular fate. In addition to control over energy sources and metabolism, the protein also regulates epigenomic elements and apoptosis via mediating the release of apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria. Apoptotic and pathological conditions, as well as certain viruses, induce cell death by inducing VDAC1 overexpression leading to oligomerization, and the formation of a large channel within the VDAC1 homo-oligomer. This then permits the release of pro-apoptotic proteins from the mitochondria and subsequent apoptosis. Mitochondrial DNA can also be released through this channel, which triggers type-Ι interferon responses. VDAC1 also participates in endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondria cross-talk, and in the regulation of autophagy, and inflammation. Its location in the outer mitochondrial membrane, makes VDAC1 ideally placed to interact with over 100 proteins, and to orchestrate the interaction of mitochondrial and cellular activities through a number of signaling pathways. Here, we provide insights into the multiple functions of VDAC1 and describe its involvement in several diseases, which demonstrate the potential of this protein as a druggable target in a wide variety of pathologies, including cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shoshan-Barmatz
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (A.S.-K.); (A.V.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Reina S, Pittalà MGG, Guarino F, Messina A, De Pinto V, Foti S, Saletti R. Cysteine Oxidations in Mitochondrial Membrane Proteins: The Case of VDAC Isoforms in Mammals. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:397. [PMID: 32582695 PMCID: PMC7287182 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine residues are reactive amino acids that can undergo several modifications driven by redox reagents. Mitochondria are the source of an abundant production of radical species, and it is surprising that such a large availability of highly reactive chemicals is compatible with viable and active organelles, needed for the cell functions. In this work, we review the results highlighting the modifications of cysteines in the most abundant proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), that is, the voltage-dependent anion selective channel (VDAC) isoforms. This interesting protein family carries several cysteines exposed to the oxidative intermembrane space (IMS). Through mass spectrometry (MS) analysis, cysteine posttranslational modifications (PTMs) were precisely determined, and it was discovered that such cysteines can be subject to several oxidization degrees, ranging from the disulfide bridge to the most oxidized, the sulfonic acid, one. The large spectra of VDAC cysteine oxidations, which is unique for OMM proteins, indicate that they have both a regulative function and a buffering capacity able to counteract excess of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) load. The consequence of these peculiar cysteine PTMs is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Reina
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Gaetana Giovanna Pittalà
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Guarino
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Messina
- Section of Molecular Biology, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vito De Pinto
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Foti
- Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosaria Saletti
- Organic Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|