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Torres A, Bernardo L, Sánchez C, Morato E, Solana JC, Carrillo E. Comparing the Proteomic Profiles of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated using Different Methods from Long-term Stored Plasma Samples. Biol Proced Online 2024; 26:18. [PMID: 38898416 PMCID: PMC11188224 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-024-00243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of standardized protocols for isolating extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially from biobank-stored blood plasma, translates to limitations for the study of new biomarkers. This study examines whether a combination of current isolation methods could enhance the specificity and purity of isolated EVs for diagnosis and personalized medicine purposes. RESULTS EVs were isolated from healthy human plasma stored for one year by ultracentrifugation (UC), size exclusion chromatography (SEC), or SEC and UC combined (SEC + UC). The EV isolates were then characterized by transmission electron microscopy imaging, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and western blotting. Proteomic procedures were used to analyze protein contents. The presence of EV markers in all isolates was confirmed by western blotting yet this analysis revealed higher albumin expression in EVs-UC, suggesting plasma protein contamination. Proteomic analysis identified 542 proteins, SEC + UC yielding the most complex proteome at 364 proteins. Through gene ontology enrichment, we observed differences in the cellular components of EVs and plasma in that SEC + UC isolates featured higher proportions of EV proteins than those derived from the other two methods. Analysis of proteins unique to each isolation method served to identify 181 unique proteins for the combined approach, including those normally appearing in low concentrations in plasma. This indicates that with this combined method, it is possible to detect less abundant plasma proteins by proteomics in the resultant isolates. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that the SEC + UC approach yields highly pure and diverse EVs suitable for comprehensive proteomic analysis with applications for the detection of new biomarkers in biobank-stored plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Torres
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Bernardo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Sánchez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Morato
- Proteomics Facility, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Solana
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Spanish National Centre for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Dai J, Jiang Y, Hu H, Zhang S, Chen Y. Extracellular vesicles as modulators of glioblastoma progression and tumor microenvironment. Pathol Oncol Res 2024; 30:1611549. [PMID: 38379858 PMCID: PMC10876843 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2024.1611549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor with extremely poor prognosis in adults. Routine treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy; however, these may lead to rapid relapse and development of therapy-resistant tumor. Glioblastoma cells are known to communicate with macrophages, microglia, endothelial cells, astrocytes, and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote tumor preservation. It was recently demonstrated that Glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in bidirectional intercellular communication in the TME. Apart from promoting glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, EVs and their cargos (primarily proteins and miRNAs) can act as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, they can be used as therapeutic tools. In this review, the mechanisms of Glioblastoma-EVs biogenesis and intercellular communication with TME have been summarized. Moreover, there is discussion surrounding EVs as novel diagnostic structures and therapeutic tools for glioblastoma. Finally, unclear questions that require future investigation have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dai
- Department of Pathology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoyue Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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3
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Keysberg C, Schneider H, Otte K. Production cell analysis and compound-based boosting of small extracellular vesicle secretion using a generic and scalable production platform. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:987-999. [PMID: 36577715 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a novel format of advanced therapeutical medicinal products (ATMPs). They can act regenerative or immune-modulatory as cell therapy substitutes or as a platform for designer exosomes. The biotechnological production of therapeutic EVs is still very much uncharted territory so standardized host cells, production setups, and isolation methods are not yet implemented. In this work, we present a tangential flow filtration (TFF) and fast-performance liquid chromatography (FPLC)-based size exclusion chromatography (SEC) purification setup that is compatible for industry applications. Moreover, we evaluated a series of potential host cell lines regarding their EV productivity, characteristics, and biological functionality. It was found that telomerase-immortalized Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (WJ-MSC/TERT273) secrete high amounts of EVs per cell with regenerative capabilities. On the other hand, Cevec's amniocyte producer cells® (CAP®) and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) suspension cells are suitable platforms for designer EVs with high yields. Finally, we aimed to boost the EV secretion of HEK293 cells via chemical adjuvants and verified four compounds that heighten cellular EV secretion in a presumably cAMP-dependent manner. A combination of fenoterol, iodoacetamide, and dinitrophenol increased the EV yield in HEK293 cells threefold and cellular secretion rate fivefold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Keysberg
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
- International Graduate School for Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Helga Schneider
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Institute for Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Biberach, Biberach, Germany
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4
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Wang H, Yang Z, Ai S, Xiao J. Updated Methods of Extracellular Vesicles Isolation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1418:3-14. [PMID: 37603269 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1443-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered as cargo and mediate intercellular communication. As natural biological nanoparticles, EVs can be secreted by almost all kinds of cells and exist in biofluids such as milk, urine, blood, etc. In the past decades, several methods have been utilized to isolate EVs from cell culture medium, biofluids, and tissues. Here in this chapter, we summarized conventional and novel methods and fundamental procedures of EVs extraction and purification from different biofluids (plasma, urine, milk, and saliva) and tissues (brain, intestinal tissue, muscles, and heart). The present section also discusses how to choose appropriate methods to extract EVs from tissues based on downstream analysis. This chapter will expand the horizons of EVs isolation and purification from different mediums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Wang
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zijiang Yang
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Songwei Ai
- Institute of Geriatrics (Shanghai University), Affiliated Nantong Hospital of Shanghai University (The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong), School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Nantong, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Haghighitalab A, Dominici M, Matin MM, Shekari F, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Lim R, Ahmadiankia N, Mirahmadi M, Bahrami AR, Bidkhori HR. Extracellular vesicles and their cells of origin: Open issues in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1090416. [PMID: 36969255 PMCID: PMC10031021 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1090416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The conventional therapeutic approaches to treat autoimmune diseases through suppressing the immune system, such as steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are not adequately practical. Moreover, these regimens are associated with considerable complications. Designing tolerogenic therapeutic strategies based on stem cells, immune cells, and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) seems to open a promising path to managing autoimmune diseases' vast burden. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), dendritic cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the main cell types applied to restore a tolerogenic immune status; MSCs play a more beneficial role due to their amenable properties and extensive cross-talks with different immune cells. With existing concerns about the employment of cells, new cell-free therapeutic paradigms, such as EV-based therapies, are gaining attention in this field. Additionally, EVs' unique properties have made them to be known as smart immunomodulators and are considered as a potential substitute for cell therapy. This review provides an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of cell-based and EV-based methods for treating autoimmune diseases. The study also presents an outlook on the future of EVs to be implemented in clinics for autoimmune patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Haghighitalab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Maryam M. Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Shekari
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product Technology Development Center (ATMP-TDC), Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rebecca Lim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Naghmeh Ahmadiankia
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mirahmadi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bahrami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Industrial Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Reza Bahrami, ; Hamid Reza Bidkhori,
| | - Hamid Reza Bidkhori
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- *Correspondence: Ahmad Reza Bahrami, ; Hamid Reza Bidkhori,
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6
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Di Felice V, Barone R, Trovato E, D’Amico D, Macaluso F, Campanella C, Marino Gammazza A, Muccilli V, Cunsolo V, Cancemi P, Multhoff G, Coletti D, Adamo S, Farina F, Cappello F. Physiactisome: A New Nanovesicle Drug Containing Heat Shock Protein 60 for Treating Muscle Wasting and Cachexia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091406. [PMID: 35563712 PMCID: PMC9100106 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, no commercially available drugs have the ability to reverse cachexia or counteract muscle wasting and the loss of lean mass. Here, we report the methodology used to develop Physiactisome—a conditioned medium released by heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60)—overexpressing C2C12 cell lines enriched with small and large extracellular vesicles. We also present evidence supporting its use in the treatment of cachexia. Briefly, we obtain a nanovesicle-based secretion by genetically modifying C2C12 cell lines with an Hsp60-overexpressing plasmid. The secretion is used to treat naïve C2C12 cell lines. Physiactisome activates the expression of PGC-1α isoform 1, which is directly involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle atrophy suppression, in naïve C2C12 cell lines. Proteomic analyses show Hsp60 localisation inside isolated nanovesicles and the localisation of several apocrine and merocrine molecules, with potential benefits for severe forms of muscle atrophy. Considering that Physiactisome can be easily obtained following tissue biopsy and can be applied to autologous muscle stem cells, we propose a potential nanovesicle-based anti-cachexia drug that could mimic the beneficial effects of exercise. Thus, Physiactisome may improve patient survival and quality of life. Furthermore, the method used to add Hsp60 into nanovesicles can be used to deliver other drugs or active proteins to vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Felice
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rosario Barone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Eleonora Trovato
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Daniela D’Amico
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77573, USA
| | - Filippo Macaluso
- SMART Engineering Solutions & Technologies Research Center, eCampus University, 22160 Novedrate, Italy;
- Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology, 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Campanella
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95129 Catania, Italy; (V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Cunsolo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95129 Catania, Italy; (V.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Patrizia Cancemi
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, TranslaTUM, 80333 Munich, Germany;
| | - Dario Coletti
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.C.); (S.A.)
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sergio Adamo
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (D.C.); (S.A.)
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Felicia Farina
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (R.B.); (E.T.); (D.D.); (C.C.); (A.M.G.); (F.F.); (F.C.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology, 90139 Palermo, Italy
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7
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Definition of an Inflammatory Biomarker Signature in Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles of Glioblastoma Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010125. [PMID: 35052804 PMCID: PMC8773644 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is an aggressive type of tumour for which therapeutic options and biomarkers are limited. GB diagnosis mostly relies on symptomatic presentation of the tumour and, in turn, brain imaging and invasive biopsy that can delay its diagnosis. Description of easily accessible and effective biomarkers present in biofluids would thus prove invaluable in GB diagnosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from both GB and stromal cells are essential to intercellular crosstalk in the tumour bulk, and circulating EVs have been described as a potential reservoir of GB biomarkers. Therefore, EV-based liquid biopsies have been suggested as a promising tool for GB diagnosis and follow up. To identify GB specific proteins, sEVs were isolated from plasma samples of GB patients as well as healthy volunteers using differential ultracentrifugation, and their content was characterised through mass spectrometry. Our data indicate the presence of an inflammatory biomarker signature comprising members of the complement and regulators of inflammation and coagulation including VWF, FCGBP, C3, PROS1, and SERPINA1. Overall, this study is a step forward in the development of a non-invasive liquid biopsy approach for the identification of valuable biomarkers that could significantly improve GB diagnosis and, consequently, patients’ prognosis and quality of life.
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8
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Extracellular Vesicles: Biology and Potentials in Cancer Therapeutics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179586. [PMID: 34502493 PMCID: PMC8430677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background [...].
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Zhang J, Nguyen LTH, Hickey R, Walters N, Wang X, Kwak KJ, Lee LJ, Palmer AF, Reátegui E. Immunomagnetic sequential ultrafiltration (iSUF) platform for enrichment and purification of extracellular vesicles from biofluids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8034. [PMID: 33850163 PMCID: PMC8044115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from tumor cells have the potential to provide a much-needed source of non-invasive molecular biomarkers for liquid biopsies. However, current methods for EV isolation have limited specificity towards tumor-derived EVs that limit their clinical use. Here, we present an approach called immunomagnetic sequential ultrafiltration (iSUF) that consists of sequential stages of purification and enrichment of EVs in approximately 2 h. In iSUF, EVs present in different volumes of biofluids (0.5-100 mL) can be significantly enriched (up to 1000 times), with up to 99% removal of contaminating proteins (e.g., albumin). The EV recovery rate by iSUF for cell culture media (CCM), serum, and urine corresponded to 98.0% ± 3.6%, 96.0% ± 2.0% and 94.0% ± 1.9%, respectively (p > 0.05). The final step of iSUF enables the separation of tumor-specific EVs by incorporating immunomagnetic beads to target EV subpopulations. Serum from a cohort of clinical samples from metastatic breast cancer (BC) patients and healthy donors were processed by the iSUF platform and the isolated EVs from patients showed significantly higher expression levels of BC biomarkers (i.e., HER2, CD24, and miR21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Luong T H Nguyen
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Richard Hickey
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nicole Walters
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xinyu Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kwang Joo Kwak
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - L James Lee
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andre F Palmer
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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10
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Sidhom K, Obi PO, Saleem A. A Review of Exosomal Isolation Methods: Is Size Exclusion Chromatography the Best Option? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6466. [PMID: 32899828 PMCID: PMC7556044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles secreted by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and play a vital role in intercellular communication. EVs are classified into several subtypes based on their origin, physical characteristics, and biomolecular makeup. Exosomes, a subtype of EVs, are released by the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) with the plasma membrane of the cell. Several methods have been described in literature to isolate exosomes from biofluids including blood, urine, milk, and cell culture media, among others. While differential ultracentrifugation (dUC) has been widely used to isolate exosomes, other techniques including ultrafiltration, precipitating agents such as poly-ethylene glycol (PEG), immunoaffinity capture, microfluidics, and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) have emerged as credible alternatives with pros and cons associated with each. In this review, we provide a summary of commonly used exosomal isolation techniques with a focus on SEC as an ideal methodology. We evaluate the efficacy of SEC to isolate exosomes from an array of biological fluids, with a particular focus on its application to adipose tissue-derived exosomes. We argue that exosomes isolated via SEC are relatively pure and functional, and that this methodology is reproducible, scalable, inexpensive, and does not require specialized equipment or user expertise. However, it must be noted that while SEC is a good candidate method to isolate exosomes, direct comparative studies are required to support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Sidhom
- Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada;
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Biology of Breathing Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Patience O. Obi
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Biology of Breathing Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ayesha Saleem
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Biology of Breathing Research Theme of CHRIM, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
- Applied Health Sciences, Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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11
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Simon T, Jackson E, Giamas G. Breaking through the glioblastoma micro-environment via extracellular vesicles. Oncogene 2020; 39:4477-4490. [PMID: 32366909 PMCID: PMC7269906 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive brain tumour. Prognosis remains poor, despite the combined treatment of radio- and chemotherapy following surgical removal. GBM cells coexist with normal non-neoplastic cells, including endothelial cells, astrocytes and immune cells, constituting a complex and dynamic tumour micro-environment (TME). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) provide a critical means of bidirectional inter-cellular communication in the TME. Through delivery of a diverse range of genomic, lipidomic and proteomic cargo to neighbouring and distant cells, EVs can alter the phenotype and function of the recipient cell. As such, EVs have demonstrated their role in promoting angiogenesis, immune suppression, invasion, migration, drug resistance and GBM recurrence. Moreover, EVs can reflect the phenotype of the cells within the TME. Thus, in conjunction with their accessibility in biofluids, they can potentially serve as a biomarker reservoir for patient prognosis, diagnosis and predictive therapeutic response as well as treatment follow-up. Furthermore, together with the ability of EVs to cross the blood-brain barrier undeterred and through the exploitation of their cargo, EVs may provide an effective mean of drug delivery to the target site. Unveiling the mechanisms by which EVs within the GBM TME are secreted and target recipient cells may offer an indispensable understanding of GBM that holds the potential to provide a better prognosis and overall quality of life for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Simon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Ellen Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
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