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Li J, Gu C, Yuan Y, Gao Z, Qin Z, Xin M. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that auxin and cell wall biosynthesis play important roles in the formation of hollow hearts in cucumber. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:36. [PMID: 38182984 PMCID: PMC10768234 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-09957-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hollow heart is a kind of physiological defect that seriously affects the yield, quality, and economic value of cucumber. However, the formation of hollow hearts may relate to multiple factors in cucumber, and it is necessary to conduct analysis. RESULTS In this study, hollow and non-hollow fruits of cucumber K07 were used for comparative transcriptome sequencing and analysis. 253 differentially expressed genes and 139 transcription factors were identified as being associated with the formation of hollow hearts. Hormone (auxin) signaling and cell wall biosynthesis were mainly enriched in GO and KEGG pathways. Expression levels of key genes involved in indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis in carpel were lower in the hollow fruits than non-hollow fruits, while there was no difference in the flesh. The concentration of indole-3-acetic also showed lower in the carpel than flesh. The biosynthetic pathway and content analysis of the main components of the cell wall found that lignin biosynthesis had obvious regularity with hollow heart, followed by hemicellulose and cellulose. Correlation analysis showed that there may be an interaction between auxin and cell wall biosynthesis, and they collectively participate in the formation of hollow hearts in cucumber. Among the differentially expressed transcription factors, MYB members were the most abundant, followed by NAC, ERF, and bHLH. CONCLUSIONS The results and analyses showed that the low content of auxin in the carpel affected the activity of enzymes related to cell wall biosynthesis at the early stage of fruit development, resulting in incomplete development of carpel cells, thus forming a hollow heart in cucumber. Some transcription factors may play regulatory roles in this progress. The results may enrich the theory of the formation of hollow hearts and provide a basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chenran Gu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanwen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zeyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ming Xin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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Guo S, Ji Y, Zheng Y, Watkins CB, Ma L, Wang Q, Liang H, Bai C, Fu A, Li L, Meng D, Liu M, Zuo J. Transcriptomic, metabolomic, and ATAC-seq analysis reveal the regulatory mechanism of senescence of post-harvest tomato fruit. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1142913. [PMID: 36968400 PMCID: PMC10032333 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1142913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Several physiological changes occur during fruit storage, which include the regulation of genes, metabolisms and transcription factors. In this study, we compared 'JF308' (a normal tomato cultivar) and 'YS006' (a storable tomato cultivar) to determine the difference in accumulated metabolites, gene expression, and accessible chromatin regions through metabolome, transcriptome, and ATAC-seq analysis. A total of 1006 metabolites were identified in two cultivars. During storage time, sugars, alcohols and flavonoids were found to be more abundant in 'YS006' compared to 'JF308' on day 7, 14, and 21, respectively. Differentially expressed genes, which involved in starch and sucrose biosynthesis were observed higher in 'YS006'. 'YS006' had lower expression levels of CesA (cellulose synthase), PL (pectate lyase), EXPA (expansin) and XTH (xyglucan endoglutransglucosylase/hydrolase) than 'JF308'. The results showed that phenylpropanoid pathway, carbohydrate metabolism and cell wall metabolism play important roles in prolonging the shelf life of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. The ATAC-seq analysis revealed that the most significantly up-regulated transcription factors during storage were TCP 2,3,4,5, and 24 in 'YS006' compared to 'JF308' on day 21. This information on the molecular regulatory mechanisms and metabolic pathways of post-harvest quality changes in tomato fruit provides a theoretical foundation for slowing post-harvest decay and loss, and has theoretical importance and application value in breeding for longer shelf life cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhai Ji
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Christopher B. Watkins
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Horticulture Section, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Cornell University, NY, Ithaca, United States
| | - Lili Ma
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Bai
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anzhen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Demei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingchi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhua Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Vegetable Postharvest Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Storage and Processing, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China) of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Institute of Agri-Products Processing and Food Nutrition, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Mokshina N, Panina A, Galinousky D, Sautkina O, Mikshina P. Transcriptome profiling of celery petiole tissues reveals peculiarities of the collenchyma cell wall formation. PLANTA 2022; 257:18. [PMID: 36538078 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptome and biochemical analyses are applied to individual plant cell types to reveal potential players involved in the molecular machinery of cell wall formation in specialized cells such as collenchyma. Plant collenchyma is a mechanical tissue characterized by an irregular, thickened cell wall and the ability to support cell elongation. The composition of the collenchyma cell wall resembles that of the primary cell wall and includes cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectin; lignin is absent. Thus, the processes associated with the formation of the primary cell wall in the collenchyma can be more pronounced compared to other tissues due to its thickening. Primary cell walls intrinsic to different tissues may differ in structure and composition, which should be reflected at the transcriptomic level. For the first time, we conducted transcriptome profiling of collenchyma strands isolated from young celery petioles and compared them with other tissues, such as parenchyma and vascular bundles. Genes encoding proteins involved in the primary cell wall formation during cell elongation, such as xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases, expansins, and leucine-rich repeat proteins, were significantly activated in the collenchyma. As the key players in the transcriptome orchestra of collenchyma, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase transcripts were characterized in more detail, including phylogeny and expression patterns. The comprehensive approach that included transcriptome and biochemical analyses allowed us to reveal peculiarities of collenchyma cell wall formation and modification, matching the abundance of upregulated transcripts and their potential substrates for revealed gene products. As a result, specific isoforms of multigene families were determined for further functional investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mokshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Panina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Dmitry Galinousky
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576, CNRS, Université de Lille, 59655, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Olga Sautkina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
| | - Polina Mikshina
- Laboratory of Plant Glycobiology, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111, Kazan, Russia
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Comparison of Trichoderma longibrachiatum Xyloglucanase Production Using Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril) Seeds: Factorial Design and Immobilization on Ionic Supports. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XG) is the predominant hemicellulose in the primary cell wall of superior plants. It has a fundamental role in controlling the stretching and expansion of the plant cell wall. There are five types of enzymes known to cleave the linear chain of xyloglucan, and the most well-known is xyloglucanase (XEG). The immobilization process can be used to solve problems related to stability, besides the economic benefits brought by the possibility of its repeated use and recovery. Therefore, this study aims at the optimization of the xyloglucanase production of Trichoderma longibrachiatum using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with tamarind and jatoba seeds as carbon sources, as well as XEG immobilization on ionic supports, such as MANAE (monoamine-N-aminoethyl), DEAE (diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose, CM (carboxymethyl)-cellulose, and PEI (polyethyleneimine). High concentrations of carbon sources (1.705%), at a temperature of 30 °C and under agitation for 72 h, were the most favorable conditions for the XEG activity from T. longibrachiatum with respect to both carbon sources. However, the tamarind seeds showed 23.5% higher activity compared to the jatoba seeds. Therefore, this carbon source was chosen to continue the experiments. The scaling up from Erlenmeyer flasks to the bioreactor increased the XEG activity 1.27-fold (1.040 ± 0.088 U/mL). Regarding the biochemical characterization of the crude extract, the optimal temperature range was 50–55 °C, and the optimal pH was 5.0. Regarding the stabilities with respect to pH and temperature, XEG was not stable for prolonged periods, which was crucial to immobilizing it on ionic resins. XEG showed the best immobilization efficiency on CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose, with activities of 1.16 and 0.89 U/g of the derivative (enzyme plus support), respectively. This study describes, for the first time in the literature, the immobilization of a fungal xyloglucanase using these supports.
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Rawoof A, Ahmad I, Islam K, Momo J, Kumar A, Jaiswal V, Ramchiary N. Integrated omics analysis identified genes and their splice variants involved in fruit development and metabolites production in Capsicum species. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:1189-1209. [PMID: 36173582 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00902-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
To date, several transcriptomic studies during fruit development have been reported; however, no comprehensive integrated study on expression diversity, alternative splicing, and metabolomic profiling was reported in Capsicum. This study analyzed RNA-seq data and untargeted metabolomic profiling from early green (EG), mature green (MG), and breaker (Br) fruit stages from two Capsicum species, i.e., C. annuum (Cann) and C. frutescens (Cfrut) from Northeast India. A total of 117,416 and 96,802 alternatively spliced events (AltSpli-events) were identified from Cann and Cfrut, respectively. Among AltSpli-events, intron retention (IR; 32.2% Cann and 25.75% Cfrut) followed by alternative acceptor (AA; 15.4% Cann and 18.9% Cfrut) were the most abundant in Capsicum. Around 7600 genes expressed in at least one fruit stage of Cann and Cfrut were AltSpli. The study identified spliced variants of genes including transcription factors (TFs) potentially involved in fruit development/ripening (Aux/IAA 16-like, ETR, SGR1, ARF, CaGLK2, ETR, CaAGL1, MADS-RIN, FUL1, SEPALLATA1), carotenoid (PDS, CA1, CCD4, NCED3, xanthoxin dehydrogenase, CaERF82, CabHLH100, CaMYB3R-1, SGR1, CaWRKY28, CaWRKY48, CaWRKY54), and capsaicinoids or flavonoid biosynthesis (CaMYB48, CaWRKY51), which were significantly differentially spliced (DS) between consecutive Capsicum fruit stages. Also, this study observed that differentially expressed isoforms (DEiso) from 38 genes with differentially spliced events (DSE) were significantly enriched in various metabolic pathways such as starch and sucrose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, cysteine cutin suberin and wax biosynthesis, and carotenoid biosynthesis. Furthermore, the metabolomic profiling revealed that metabolites from aforementioned pathways such as carbohydrates (mainly sugars such as D-fructose, D-galactose, maltose, and sucrose), organic acids (carboxylic acids), and peptide groups significantly altered during fruit development. Taken together, our findings could help in alternative splicing-based targeted studies of candidate genes involved in fruit development and ripening in Capsicum crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rawoof
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ilyas Ahmad
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Khushbu Islam
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - John Momo
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, 671316, Kerala, India
| | - Vandana Jaiswal
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- Translational and Evolutionary Genomics Lab, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Li Y, Zheng X, Wang C, Hou D, Li T, Li D, Ma C, Sun Z, Tian Y. Pear xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases PcBRU1 promotes stem growth through regulating cell wall elongation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111026. [PMID: 34620431 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play numerous important roles in plant growth and development. Previous studies reported that BRs could promote stem growth by regulating the expression of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs). However, the mechanism of XTHs involved in stem growth remains unclear. In this study, PcBRU1, which belonged to the XTH family, was upregulated by exogenous BL treatment in Pyrus communis. The expression of PcBRU1 was highest in stems and lowest in leaves. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that PcBRU1 was located in the plasma membrane. Furthermore, overexpressing PcBRU1 in tobaccos promoted the plant height and internode length. Electron microscopy and anatomical structure analysis showed that the cell wall was significantly thinner and the cells were slenderer in transgenic tobacco lines overexpressing PcBRU1 than in wild-type tobaccos. PcBRU1 promoted stem growth as it loosened the cell wall, leading to the change in cell morphology. In addition, overexpressing PcBRU1 altered the root development and leaf shape of transgenic tobaccos. Taken together, the results could provide a theoretical basis for the XTH family in regulating cell-wall elongation and stem growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dongliang Hou
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tingting Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dingli Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Changqing Ma
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Zhijuan Sun
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China; College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yike Tian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Quality of ‘Hayward’ Kiwifruit in Prolonged Cold Storage as Affected by the Stage of Maturity at Harvest. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effect of ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit maturity at harvest on fruit quality during long-term storage at −0.5 °C was evaluated by harvesting the fruit several times, at different stages of maturity. The progress of maturation on the vine was monitored weekly from 136 DAFB (days after full bloom). Fruit were harvested for storage at three points and stored for 3–6 months in regular air (RA), or for 6–10 months in a controlled atmosphere (CA), with or without prestorage exposure to 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). The softening rate under both storage regimes decreased with the advance in fruit maturation on the vine, as indicated by increasing soluble solids content (SSC), and declining firmness. As a result, the fruit from the first harvest (152 DAFB), which were the firmest at harvest, were the softest at the end of both storage regimes. Delaying harvest also decelerated the decline in acidity during storage, so that fruit picked last maintained the highest titratable acidity (TA) upon removal from storage. The overall fruit quality after shelf life, following prolonged storage in either RA or CA, was improved by delaying harvest to late November (ca. 200 DAFB). The harvest criteria for fruit with the best storage potential were dry matter (DM) > 17%, SSC > 7%, TA 2.0–2.6%, with more than 40% of the DM non soluble. From a commercial aspect the rule should therefore be ‘Last in, last out’ (LILO).
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Two Key Amino Acids Variant of α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus subtilis Str. 168 with Altered Activity for Selective Conversion Ginsenoside Rc to Rd. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061733. [PMID: 33808840 PMCID: PMC8003784 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
α-l-arabinofuranosidase is a subfamily of glycosidases involved in the hydrolysis of l-arabinofuranosidic bonds, especially in those of the terminal non-reducing arabinofuranosyl residues of glycosides, from which efficient glycoside hydrolases can be screened for the transformation of ginsenosides. In this study, the ginsenoside Rc-hydrolyzing α-l-arabinofuranosidase gene, BsAbfA, was cloned from Bacilus subtilis, and its codons were optimized for efficient expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant protein BsAbfA fused with an N-terminal His-tag was overexpressed and purified, and then subjected to enzymatic characterization. Site-directed mutagenesis of BsAbfA was performed to verify the catalytic site, and the molecular mechanism of BsAbfA catalyzing ginsenoside Rc was analyzed by molecular docking, using the homology model of sequence alignment with other β-glycosidases. The results show that the purified BsAbfA had a specific activity of 32.6 U/mg. Under optimal conditions (pH 5, 40 °C), the kinetic parameters Km of BsAbfA for pNP-α-Araf and ginsenoside Rc were 0.6 mM and 0.4 mM, while the Kcat/Km were 181.5 s-1 mM-1 and 197.8 s-1 mM-1, respectively. More than 90% of ginsenoside Rc could be transformed by 12 U/mL purified BsAbfA at 40 °C and pH 5 in 24 h. The results of molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the E173 and E292 variants for BsAbfA are important in recognizing ginsenoside Rc effectively, and to make it enter the active pocket to hydrolyze the outer arabinofuranosyl moieties at C20 position. These remarkable properties and the catalytic mechanism of BsAbfA provide a good alternative for the effective biotransformation of the major ginsenoside Rc into Rd.
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Guo DL, Wang ZG, Pei MS, Guo LL, Yu YH. Transcriptome analysis reveals mechanism of early ripening in Kyoho grape with hydrogen peroxide treatment. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:784. [PMID: 33176674 PMCID: PMC7657363 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a previous study, the early ripening of Kyoho grape following H2O2 treatment was explored at the physiological level, but the mechanism by which H2O2 promotes ripening at the molecular level is unclear. To reveal the molecular mechanism, RNA-sequencing analysis was conducted on the different developmental stages of Kyoho berry treated with H2O2. Results In the comparison of treatment and control groups, 406 genes were up-regulated and 683 were down-regulated. Time course sequencing (TCseq) analysis showed that the expression patterns of most of the genes were similar between the treatment and control, except for some genes related to chlorophyll binding and photosynthesis. Differential expression analysis and the weighted gene co-expression network were used to screen significantly differentially expressed genes and hub genes associated with oxidative stress (heat shock protein, HSP), cell wall deacetylation (GDSL esterase/lipase, GDSL), cell wall degradation (xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/ hydrolase, XTH), and photosynthesis (chlorophyll a-b binding protein, CAB1). Gene expression was verified with RT-qPCR, and the results were largely consistent with those of RNA sequencing. Conclusions The RNA-sequencing analysis indicated that H2O2 treatment promoted the early ripening of Kyoho berry by affecting the expression levels of HSP, GDSL, XTH, and CAB1 and- photosynthesis- pathways. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07180-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Long Guo
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China. .,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.
| | - Zhen-Guang Wang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Mao-Song Pei
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Li-Li Guo
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
| | - Yi-He Yu
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China.,Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang, 471023, Henan Province, China
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