Effects of Maternal Resveratrol on Maternal High-Fat Diet/Obesity with or without Postnatal High-Fat Diet

Interplay between maternal nutrition and epigenetic programming on offspring hypertension

Recent human and animal studies have delineated hypertension can develop in the earliest stage of life. A lack or excess of particular nutrients in the maternal diet may impact the expression of genes associated with BP, leading to an increased risk of hypertension in adulthood. Modulations in gene expression could be caused by epigenetic mechanisms through aberrant DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNAs (miRNAs). Several molecular mechanisms for the developmental programming of hypertension, including oxidative stress, dysregulated nutrient-sensing signal, aberrant renin-angiotensin system, and dysbiotic gut microbiota have been associated with epigenetic programming. Conversely, maternal nutritional interventions such as amino acids, melatonin, polyphenols, resveratrol or short chain fatty acids may work as epigenetic modifiers to trigger protective epigenetic modifications and prevent offspring hypertension. We present a current perspective of maternal malnutrition that can cause fetal programming and the potential of epigenetic mechanisms lead to offspring hypertension. We also discuss the opportunities of dietary nutrients or nutraceuticals as epigenetic modifiers to counteract those adverse programming actions for hypertension prevention. The extent to which aberrant epigenetic changes can be reprogrammed or reversed by maternal dietary interventions in order to prevent human hypertension remains to be established. Continued research is necessary to evaluate the interaction between maternal malnutrition and epigenetic programming, as well as a greater focus on nutritional interventions for hypertension prevention towards their use in clinical translation.

Long-Term Effects of Maternal Fat Consumption on the Brain Transcriptome of Obesogenic Diet-Fed Young Adult Mice Offspring

BACKGROUND

Substantial evidence has demonstrated that maternal high-fat (HF) consumption during gestation and lactation plays as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental alterations and subsequent neurological disorders.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the regulatory mechanisms of maternal fat consumption on brain development and function in offspring at different ages.

METHODS

Mouse dams were fed either a control diet [low-fat (LF)] or an HF diet for 3 wk before mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Offspring were killed at postnatal day (PD) 21 (LF21 and HF21), and the rest were fed an HF diet for 12 wk until the killing at PD 105 (LF105 and HF105). The expression levels of genes and proteins in the brains of offspring were analyzed by microarray and immunoblotting, respectively.

RESULTS

Maternal dietary fat content, offspring age, and their interaction affected the expression levels of 1215, 10,453, and 2105 genes, respectively. The 67 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the HF21 and LF21 groups were enriched in several Gene Ontology terms related to nervous system development. Among 45 DEGs of the HF105/LF105 comparison, several genes associated with neurotransmitter action are detected. In addition, we observed increased activation of the AMP-dependent protein kinase-cAMP response element binding protein signaling pathway in HF105/LF105 comparison. However, maternal fat content did not change the protein levels of amyloid-β and tau hyperphosphorylation, the markers of neuropathogenesis.

CONCLUSIONS

Maternal HF feeding altered the expression of genes involved in the development and neurotransmitter system in the brains of PD 21 and HF diet-fed PD 105 offspring, respectively. Especially, the absence of overlap between DEGs at each comparison highlights the dynamic nature of alterations in gene expression in offspring of dams fed an HF diet. Further investigation on older adult offspring is necessary to elucidate the effects of maternal fat intake on the brain pathophysiology of offspring.

Nutritional Approaches Targeting Gut Microbiota in Oxidative-Stress-Associated Metabolic Syndrome: Focus on Early Life Programming

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) denotes a constellation of risk factors associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, with its roots potentially traced back to early life. Given the pivotal role of oxidative stress and dysbiotic gut microbiota in MetS pathogenesis, comprehending their influence on MetS programming is crucial. Targeting these mechanisms during the early stages of life presents a promising avenue for preventing MetS later in life. This article begins by examining detrimental insults during early life that impact fetal programming, ultimately contributing to MetS in adulthood. Following that, we explore the role of oxidative stress and the dysregulation of gut microbiota in the initiation of MetS programming. The review also consolidates existing evidence on how gut-microbiota-targeted interventions can thwart oxidative-stress-associated MetS programming, encompassing approaches such as probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and the modulation of bacterial metabolites. While animal studies demonstrate the favorable effects of gut-microbiota-targeted therapy in mitigating MetS programming, further clinical investigations are imperative to enhance our understanding of manipulating gut microbiota and oxidative stress for the prevention of MetS.

Anti-obesity Properties of Phytochemicals: Highlighting their Molecular Mechanisms against Obesity

Obesity is a complex, chronic and inflammatory disease that affects more than one-third of the world's population, leading to a higher incidence of diabetes, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and some types of cancer. Several phytochemicals are used as flavoring and aromatic compounds, also exerting many benefits for public health. This study aims to summarize and scrutinize the beneficial effects of the most important phytochemicals against obesity. Systematic research of the current international literature was carried out in the most accurate scientific databases, e.g., Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using a set of critical and representative keywords, such as phytochemicals, obesity, metabolism, metabolic syndrome, etc. Several studies unraveled the potential positive effects of phytochemicals such as berberine, carvacrol, curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol, thymol, etc., against obesity and metabolic disorders. Mechanisms of action include inhibition of adipocyte differentiation, browning of the white adipose tissue, inhibition of enzymes such as lipase and amylase, suppression of inflammation, improvement of the gut microbiota, and downregulation of obesity-inducing genes. In conclusion, multiple bioactive compounds-phytochemicals exert many beneficial effects against obesity. Future molecular and clinical studies must be performed to unravel the multiple molecular mechanisms and anti-obesity activities of these naturally occurring bioactive compounds.

The effect of resveratrol in cardio-metabolic disorders during pregnancy and offspring outcomes: a review

Resveratrol supplementation during pregnancy and lactation has been associated with a reduced risk of maternal obesity, gestational diabetes mellitus , and preeclampsia. In addition, emerging evidence has shown that maternal resveratrol supplementation diminishes cardio-metabolic disorders in offspring, highlighting its role in modulating adaptative responses involving phenotypical plasticity. Therefore, it is reasonable to infer that administration of resveratrol during pregnancy and lactation periods could be considered an important nutritional intervention to decrease the risk of maternal and offspring cardio-metabolic disorders. To highlight these new insights, this literature review will summarize the understanding emerging from experimental and clinical studies about resveratrol supplementation and its capacity to prevent or minimize maternal and offspring cardio-metabolic disorders.

High-fat diet consumption by male rat offspring of obese mothers exacerbates adipose tissue hypertrophy and metabolic alterations in adult life

Obese mothers' offspring develop obesity and metabolic alterations in adulthood. Poor postnatal dietary patterns also contribute to obesity and its comorbidities. We aimed to determine whether in obese mothers' offspring an adverse postnatal environment, such as high-fat diet (HFD) consumption (second hit) exacerbates body fat accumulation, metabolic alterations and adipocyte size distribution. Female Wistar rats ate chow (C-5 %-fat) or HFD (maternal obesity (MO)-25 %-fat) from weaning until the end of lactation. Male offspring were weaned on either control (C/C and MO/C, maternal diet/offspring diet) or HFD (C/HF and MO/HF) diet. At 110 postnatal days, offspring were killed. Fat depots were excised to estimate adiposity index (AI). Serum glucose, triglyceride, leptin, insulin, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), corticosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were determined. Adipocyte size distribution was evaluated in retroperitoneal fat. Body weight was similar in C/C and MO/C but higher in C/HF and MO/HF. AI, leptin, insulin and HOMA-IR were higher in MO/C and C/HF v. C/C but lower than MO/HF. Glucose increased in MO/HF v. MO/C. C/HF and MO/C had higher triglyceride and corticosterone than C/C, but lower corticosterone than MO/HF. DHEA and the DHEA/corticosterone ratio were lower in C/HF and MO/C v. C/C, but higher than MO/HF. Small adipocyte proportion decreased while large adipocyte proportions increased in MO/C and C/HF v. C/C and exacerbated in MO/HF v. C/HF. Postnatal consumption of a HFD by the offspring of obese mothers exacerbates body fat accumulation as well as the decrease of small and the increase of large adipocytes, which leads to larger metabolic abnormalities.

Maternal Supplementation of Probiotics, Prebiotics or Postbiotics to Prevent Offspring Metabolic Syndrome: The Gap between Preclinical Results and Clinical Translation

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an extremely prevalent complex trait and it can originate in early life. This concept is now being termed the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD). Increasing evidence supports that disturbance of gut microbiota influences various risk factors of MetS. The DOHaD theory provides an innovative strategy to prevent MetS through early intervention (i.e., reprogramming). In this review, we summarize the existing literature that supports how environmental cues induced MetS of developmental origins and the interplay between gut microbiota and other fundamental underlying mechanisms. We also present an overview of experimental animal models addressing implementation of gut microbiota-targeted reprogramming interventions to avert the programming of MetS. Even with growing evidence from animal studies supporting the uses of gut microbiota-targeted therapies start before birth to protect against MetS of developmental origins, their effects on pregnant women are still unknown and these results require further clinical translation.

Combined exposure of lead and high-fat diet enhanced cognitive decline via interacting with CREB-BDNF signaling in male rats

The health risks to populations induced by lead (Pb) and high-fat diets (HFD) have become a global public health problem. Pb and HFD often co-exist and are co-occurring risk factors for cognitive impairment. This study investigates effect of combined Pb and HFD on cognitive function, and explores the underlying mechanisms in terms of regulatory components of synaptic plasticity and insulin signaling pathway. We showed that the co-exposure of Pb and HFD further increased blood Pb levels, caused body weight loss and dyslipidemia. The results from Morris water maze (MWM) test and Nissl staining disclosed that Pb and HFD each contributed to cognitive deficits and neuronal damage and combined exposure enhanced this toxic injury. Pb and HFD decreased the levels of synapsin-1, GAP-43 and PSD-95 protein related to synaptic properties and SIRT1, NMDARs, phosphorylated CREB and BDNF related to synaptic plasticity regulatory, and these decreases was greater when combined exposure. Additionally, we revealed that Pb and HFD promoted IRS-1 phosphorylation and subsequently reduced downstream PI3K-Akt kinases phosphorylation in hippocampus and cortex of rats, and this process was aggravated when co-exposure. Collectively, our data suggested that combined exposure of Pb and HFD enhanced cognitive deficits, pointing to additive effects in rats than the individual stress effects related to multiple signaling pathways with CREB-BDNF signaling as the hub. This study emphasizes the need to evaluate the effects of mixed exposures on brain function in realistic environment and to better inform prevention of neurological disorders via modulating central pathway, such as CREB/BDNF signaling.

Novel Insights on Dietary Polyphenols for Prevention in Early-Life Origins of Hypertension: A Review Focusing on Preclinical Animal Models

Polyphenols are the largest group of phytochemicals with health benefits. Early life appears to offer a critical window of opportunity for launching interventions focused on preventing hypertension, as increasing evidence supports the supposition that hypertension can originate in early life. Although polyphenols have antihypertensive actions, knowledge of the potential beneficial action of the early use of polyphenols to avert the development of hypertension is limited. Thus, in this review, we first provide a brief summary of the chemistry and biological function of polyphenols. Then, we present the current epidemiological and experimental evidence supporting the early-life origins of hypertension. We also document animal data on the use of specific polyphenols as an early-life intervention to protect offspring against hypertension in adulthood and discuss underlying mechanisms. Continued research into the use of polyphenols to prevent hypertension from starting early in life will have far-reaching implications for future health.

Efficacy of Resveratrol Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Background

Lipids are ubiquitous metabolites with diverse functions. Excessive lipid accumulation can trigger lipid redistribution among metabolic organs such as adipose, liver and muscle, thus altering the lipid metabolism. It has been revealed that disturbed lipid metabolism would cause multiple disease complications and is highly correlated with human morbidity. Resveratrol (RSV), a phytoestrogen with antioxidant, can modulate insulin resistance and lipid profile. Recently, research on RSV supplementation to improve glucose and lipid metabolism has been controversial. A meta-analysis may provide a scientific reference for the relationship between lipid metabolism and RSV supplementation.

Methods and Analysis

We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase databases from inception to October 2021 using relevant keywords. A comprehensive search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed. For calculating pooled effects, continuous data were pooled by mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Adopting the method of inverse-variance with a random-effect, all related statistical analyses were performed using the Rev Man V.5.3 and STATA V.15 software.

Results

A total of 25 articles were incorporated into the final meta-analysis after removal of duplicates by checking titles and abstracts and excluding non-relevant articles. The selected articles had a total of 1,171 participants, including 578 in the placebo group and 593 in the intervention group. According to the current meta-analysis, which demonstrated that there was a significant decrease in waist circumference (SMD = –0.36; 95% CI: –0.59, –0.14; P = 0.002; I² = 88%), hemoglobin A1c (–0.48; –0.69, –0.27; P ≤ 0.001; I² = 94%), total cholesterol (–0.15; –0.3, –0.01; P = 0.003; I² = 94%), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (–0.42; –0.57, –0.27; P ≤ 0.001; I² = 92%), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.16; –0.31, –0.02; P = 0.03; I² = 81%) following resveratrol administration.

Conclusion

These results suggest that RSV has a dramatic impact on regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, and the major clinical value of resveratrol intake is for obese and diabetic patients. We hope that this study could provide more options for clinicians using RSV. Furthermore, in the future, large-scale and well-designed trials will be warranted to confirm these results.

Systematic Review Registration

Website [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails], identifier [CRD42021244904].

Diet-induced maternal obesity and overnutrition cause a decrease in the sperm quality of the offspring

The present work aimed to study the changes caused by maternal obesity and overnutrition in both the quality and function of spermatozoa of the offspring. To this end, female rats received either a standard (SD) or cafeteria (CD) diet from 22 days of age until the weaning of their offspring, and the male offspring (OSD and OCD respectively) were used. Different endpoints in the offspring, as body weight, weight gain and glycemia were recorded and the testes were removed at 60 days of age. Different spermatozoa parameters, such as mitochondrial function, functional integrity of the sperm plasma membrane, capacitation, and acrosome status, were evaluated. The OCD group was heavier than the OSD group and exhibited lower testis and epididymal indices. The OCD group also showed a decrease in the ability of the sperm tail to react in the presence of a hypoosmotic solution, deficiency in sperm mitochondrial function, a lower percentage of spermatozoa without acrosome when exposed to a capacitation medium, and a higher number of abnormal metaphases. In addition, compared with OSD, OCD rats had a higher number of TUNEL-positive cells in the histological sections of the testis, and greater presence of reactive oxygen species in the spermatozoa, evaluated by a fluorescent probe. However, the OCD group displayed lower protein levels of cytochrome c and caspase-3 in testis tissue than the control group. These results suggest that maternal obesity and overnutrition program the offspring to develop poor sperm quality and function, which may imply a condition of subfertility.

β-Glucan-Rich Extract of Gray Oyster Mushroom, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Improves Object Recognition Memory and Hippocampus Morphology in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Obesity may cause behavioral alterations, while maternal obesity can contribute to metabolic disorders in subsequent generations. The effect of β-glucan-rich Pleurotus pulmonarius (βgPp) was investigated on mouse neurobehavior and hippocampus and its offspring's hippocampus development. Female ICR mice were fed with normal diet (ND), ND with βgPp, high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD with βgPp for 3 months followed by behavioral test and mating. Immunohistochemistry for the expression of neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) in the hippocampus was carried out. βgPp significantly enhanced short-term object recognition memory in HFD-fed mice. βgPp also ameliorated the histological alterations and neuronal loss and increased Iba-1-positive microglia in the hippocampus regions of HFD-fed mice and their male offspring. These findings demonstrated that βgPp supplementation attenuated the effects of HFD on object recognition memory and the alterations on the hippocampal regions of maternal mice and their male offspring.

Early-Life Origins of Metabolic Syndrome: Mechanisms and Preventive Aspects

One of the leading global public-health burdens is metabolic syndrome (MetS), despite the many advances in pharmacotherapies. MetS, now known as "developmental origins of health and disease" (DOHaD), can have its origins in early life. Offspring MetS can be programmed by various adverse early-life conditions, such as nutrition imbalance, maternal conditions or diseases, maternal chemical exposure, and medication use. Conversely, early interventions have shown potential to revoke programming processes to prevent MetS of developmental origins, namely reprogramming. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about adverse environmental insults implicated in MetS of developmental origins, including the fundamental underlying mechanisms. We also describe animal models that have been developed to study the developmental programming of MetS. This review extends previous research reviews by addressing implementation of reprogramming strategies to prevent the programming of MetS. These mechanism-targeted strategies include antioxidants, melatonin, resveratrol, probiotics/prebiotics, and amino acids. Much work remains to be accomplished to determine the insults that could induce MetS, to identify the mechanisms behind MetS programming, and to develop potential reprogramming strategies for clinical translation.

Resveratrol prevented spatial deficits and rescued disarrayed hippocampus asymmetric dimethylarginine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in young rats with increased circulating asymmetric dimethylarginine

Increased plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine can be encountered in chronic inflammatory disease, liver damage, renal failure, and multiple organ failure. In addition, an association between circulating asymmetric dimethylarginine levels and all-cause mortality has been reported. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, postnatal day 17 ± 1, received continuous asymmetric dimethylarginine infusion via an intraperitoneal pump. Spatial performance and dorsal hippocampal asymmetric dimethylarginine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels were examined, and the effect of resveratrol was tested. A 4-week continuous asymmetric dimethylarginine infusion in young male rats caused spatial deficits, increased asymmetric dimethylarginine levels, and decreased BDNF expression in the dorsal hippocampus. Increased oxidative stress and altered molecules in the dorsal hippocampus linked to asymmetric dimethylarginine and BDNF functions were detected. Resveratrol protected against these effects, reversing spatial deficits, and reducing the changes in the dorsal hippocampal asymmetric dimethylarginine and BDNF levels.

Effect of Polyphenols Intake on Obesity-Induced Maternal Programming

Excess caloric intake and body fat accumulation lead to obesity, a complex chronic disease that represents a significant public health problem due to the health-related risk factors. There is growing evidence showing that maternal obesity can program the offspring, which influences neonatal phenotype and predispose offspring to metabolic disorders such as obesity. This increased risk may also be epigenetically transmitted across generations. Thus, there is an imperative need to find effective reprogramming approaches in order to resume normal fetal development. Polyphenols are bioactive compounds found in vegetables and fruits that exert its anti-obesity effect through its powerful anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Polyphenol supplementation has been proven to counteract the prejudicial effects of maternal obesity programming on progeny. Indeed, some polyphenols can cross the placenta and protect the fetal predisposition against obesity. The present review summarizes the effects of dietary polyphenols on obesity-induced maternal reprogramming as an offspring anti-obesity approach.

Preventive Aspects of Early Resveratrol Supplementation in Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease of Developmental Origins

The increase in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and kidney disease has stimulated research for strategies that could prevent, rather than just treat, both interconnected disorders. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound with pleiotropic biofunctions, has shown health benefits. Emerging epidemiological data supports that early life environmental insults are regarded as increased risks of developing CVDs and kidney disease in adulthood. Conversely, both disorders could be reversed or postponed by shifting interventions from adulthood to earlier stage by so-called reprogramming. The purpose of this review is first to highlight current epidemiological studies linking cardiovascular and renal programming to resulting CVD and kidney disease of developmental origins. This will be followed by a summary of how resveratrol could exert a positive influence on CVDs and kidney disease. This review also presents an overview of the evidence documenting resveratrol as a reprogramming agent to protect against CVD and kidney disease of developmental origins from animal studies and to outline the advances in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms. Overall, this review reveals the need for future research to further clarify the reprogramming effects of resveratrol before clinical translation.

Resveratrol Supplementation Attenuates Cognitive and Molecular Alterations under Maternal High-Fat Diet Intake: Epigenetic Inheritance over Generations

Environmental factors such as maternal high-fat diet (HFD) intake can increase the risk of age-related cognitive decline in adult offspring. Epigenetic mechanisms are a possible link between diet effect and neurodegeneration across generations. Here, we found a significant decrease in triglyceride levels in a high-fat diet with resveratrol (RSV) HFD + RSV group and the offspring. Firstly, we obtained better cognitive performance in HFD+RSV groups and their offspring. Molecularly, a significant increase in DNA methylation (5-mC) levels, as well as increased gene expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) and Dnmt3a in HFD + RSV F1 group, were found. Furthermore, a significant increase of N6-Methyladenosine methylation (m6A) levels in HFD+RSV F1, as well as changes in gene expression of its enzymes Methyltransferase like 3 (Mettl3) and FTO alpha-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase (Fto) were found. Moreover, we found a decrease in gene expression levels of pro-inflammatory markers such as Interleukin 1β (Il1-β), Interleukin 6 (Il-6), Tumor necrosis factor-α (Tnf-α), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (Cxcl-10), the pro-inflammatory factors monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (Mcp-1) and Tumor growth factor-β1 (Tgf-β1) in HFD+RSV and HFD+RSV F1 groups. Moreover, there was increased gene expression of neurotrophins such as Neural growth factor (Ngf), Neurotrophin-3 (Nt3), and its receptors Tropomyosin receptor kinase TrkA and TrkB. Likewise, an increase in protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phospho-protein kinase B (p-Akt) in HFD+RSV F1 was found. These results suggest that maternal RSV supplementation under HFD intake prevents cognitive decline in senescence-accelerated mice prone 8 (SAMP8) adult offspring, promoting a reduction in triglycerides and leptin plasma levels, changes in the pro-inflammatory profile, and restoring the epigenetic landscape as well as synaptic plasticity.

Resveratrol intake during pregnancy and lactation re-programs adiposity and ameliorates leptin resistance in male progeny induced by maternal high-fat/high sucrose plus postnatal high-fat/high sucrose diets via fat metabolism regulation

Background

Maternal obesity is an emerging problem in the modern world. Growing evidence suggests that intrauterine high-fat (HF) exposure may predispose progeny to subsequent metabolic challenges. Progeny born to mothers who ate an HF diet also tends to eat an HF diet when growing and aggravate metabolic issues. Thus, the generational transmission of obesity is cyclical. Developing a strategy to prevent the occurrence of metabolic syndrome related to prenatal and/or postnatal HF diet is important. In this study, the reprogramming effects of maternal resveratrol treatment for the progeny with maternal HF/postnatal HF diets were investigated.

Methods

Sprague-Dawley dams were fed either a control or a high-fat/high sucrose diet (HFHS) from mating to lactation. After weaning, the progeny was fed chow or an HF diet. Four experimental groups were yielded: CC (maternal/postnatal control diet), HC (maternal HF/postnatal control diet), CH (maternal control/postnatal HFHS diet), and HH (maternal/postnatal HFHS diet). A fifth group (HRH) received a maternal HFHS diet plus maternal resveratrol treatment and a postnatal chow diet to study the effects of maternal resveratrol therapy.

Results

Maternal resveratrol treatment lessened the weight and adiposity of progeny that were programmed by combined prenatal and postnatal HFHS diets. Maternal resveratrol therapy ameliorated the decreased abundance of the sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) enzyme in retroperitoneal tissue and the altered leptin/soluble leptin receptor ratio of progeny. Maternal resveratrol therapy also decreased lipogenesis and increased lipolysis for progeny.

Conclusions

Maternal resveratrol intervention can prevent adiposity programmed by maternal and postnatal HFHS diets by inducing lipid metabolic modulation. This study offers a novel reprogramming role for the effect of maternal resveratrol supplements against obesity.