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Huang Z, Braunstein Z, Chen J, Wei Y, Rao X, Dong L, Zhong J. Precision Medicine in Rheumatic Diseases: Unlocking the Potential of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:579-598. [PMID: 38622001 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the era of precision medicine, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a cutting-edge therapeutic strategy. These innovative compounds combine the precision of monoclonal antibodies with the potent cell-killing or immune-modulating abilities of attached drug payloads. This unique strategy not only reduces off-target toxicity but also enhances the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs. Beyond their well established role in oncology, ADCs are now showing promising potential in addressing the unmet needs in the therapeutics of rheumatic diseases. Rheumatic diseases, a diverse group of chronic autoimmune diseases with varying etiologies, clinical presentations, and prognoses, often demand prolonged pharmacological interventions, creating a pressing need for novel, efficient, and low-risk treatment options. ADCs, with their ability to precisely target the immune components, have emerged as a novel therapeutic strategy in this context. This review will provide an overview of the core components and mechanisms behind ADCs, a summary of the latest clinical trials of ADCs for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, and a discussion of the challenges and future prospects faced by the development of next-generation ADCs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: There is a lack of efficient and low-risk targeted therapeutics for rheumatic diseases. Antibody-drug conjugates, a class of cutting-edge therapeutic drugs, have emerged as a promising targeted therapeutic strategy for rheumatic disease. Although there is limited literature summarizing the progress of antibody-drug conjugates in the field of rheumatic disease, updating the advancements in this area provides novel insights into the development of novel antirheumatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Huang
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Zachary Braunstein
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Jun Chen
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Yingying Wei
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Lingli Dong
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Departments of Rheumatology and Immunology (Z.H., Y.W., L.D., J.Z.) and Cardiology (X.R.), Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (Z.B.); Sinopharm Dongfeng General Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China (J.C.); Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging (HUST), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China (J.Z.); and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (J.Z.)
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Ning D, Xue J, Lou X, Shao R, Liu Y, Chen G. Transforming toxins into treatments: the revolutionary role of α-amanitin in cancer therapy. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1705-1716. [PMID: 38555326 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Amanita phalloides is the primary species responsible for fatal mushroom poisoning, as its main toxin, α-amanitin, irreversibly and potently inhibits eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), leading to cell death. There is no specific antidote for α-amanitin, which hinders its clinical application. However, with the advancement of precision medicine in oncology, including the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), the potential value of various toxic small molecules has been explored. These ADCs ingeniously combine the targeting precision of antibodies with the cytotoxicity of small-molecule payloads to precisely kill tumor cells. We searched PubMed for studies in this area using these MeSH terms "Amanitins, Alpha-Amanitin, Therapeutic use, Immunotherapy, Immunoconjugates, Antibodies" and did not limit the time interval. Recent studies have conducted preclinical experiments on ADCs based on α-amanitin, showing promising therapeutic effects and good tolerance in primates. The current challenges include the not fully understood toxicological mechanism of α-amanitin and the lack of clinical studies to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of ADCs developed based on α-amanitin. In this article, we will discuss the role and therapeutic efficacy of α-amanitin as an effective payload in ADCs for the treatment of various cancers, providing background information for the research and application strategies of current and future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyuan Ning
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jinfang Xue
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiran Lou
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ruifei Shao
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Guobing Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, No 157 Jinbi Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650032, China.
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Yu Y, Tian W, Grauffel C, Lin W, Hsieh M, Wu P, Lee H, Peng C, Lin P, Chu H, Lim C, Chang TW. An Antibody-Drug Conjugate for Multiple Myeloma Prepared by Multi-Arm Linkers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307852. [PMID: 38477561 PMCID: PMC11132082 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
First-line treatment of multiple myeloma, a prevalent blood cancer lacking a cure, using anti-CD38 daratumumab antibody and lenalidomide is often inadequate due to relapse and severe side effects. To enhance drug safety and efficacy, an antibody-drug conjugate, TE-1146, comprising six lenalidomide drug molecules site-specifically conjugated to a reconfigured daratumumab to deliver cytotoxic lenalidomide to tumor cells is developed. TE-1146 is prepared using the HighDAR platform, which employs i) a maleimide-containing "multi-arm linker" to conjugate multiple drug molecules creating a drug bundle, and ii) a designed peptide with a Zn2+-binding cysteine at the C-termini of a reconfigured daratumumab for site-specific drug bundle conjugation. It is shown that TE-1146 remains intact and effectively enters CD38-expressing tumor cells, releasing lenalidomide, leading to enhanced cell-killing effects compared to lenalidomide/daratumumab alone or their combination. This reveals the remarkable potency of lenalidomide once internalized by myeloma cells. TE-1146 precisely delivers lenalidomide to target CD38-overexpressing tumor cells. In contrast, lenalidomide without daratumumab cannot easily enter cells, whereas daratumumab without lenalidomide relies on Fc-dependent effector functions to kill tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh‐Hsiang Yu
- Immunwork, Inc.Academia Rd., Sec. 1, NangangTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Ting Tian
- Immunwork, Inc.Academia Rd., Sec. 1, NangangTaipei115Taiwan
| | | | - Wei‐Chen Lin
- Immunwork, Inc.Academia Rd., Sec. 1, NangangTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Yu Hsieh
- Immunwork, Inc.Academia Rd., Sec. 1, NangangTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Wen Wu
- Immunwork, Inc.Academia Rd., Sec. 1, NangangTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Hui‐Ju Lee
- Immunwork, Inc.Academia Rd., Sec. 1, NangangTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Jiun Peng
- Immunwork, Inc.Academia Rd., Sec. 1, NangangTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Hsuan Lin
- Immunwork, Inc.Academia Rd., Sec. 1, NangangTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Hsing‐Mao Chu
- Immunwork, Inc.Academia Rd., Sec. 1, NangangTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Carmay Lim
- Institute of Biomedical SciencesAcademia SinicaAcademia Rd.Taipei115Taiwan
| | - Tse Wen Chang
- Immunwork, Inc.Academia Rd., Sec. 1, NangangTaipei115Taiwan
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Wu B, Li Q, Wang L, Chen F, Jiang J. Development and validation of bioanalytical methods to support clinical study of disitamab vedotin. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:385-400. [PMID: 38530234 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Disitamab vedotin (RC48), a humanized anti-HER2 antibody conjugated with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), is the first antibody-drug conjugate in China with an approved biological license application. A bioanalytical method was established for three analytes (total antibody, conjugate antibody and free payload) to help characterize their pharmacokinetic behavior in clinical settings. The bioanalytical methods were validated according to M10 guidance. Electrochemiluminescence assay methods were used for the quantitative measurement of total antibody and conjugated antibody in human serum. A LC-MS/MS method was used to quantify the concentration of MMAE in human serum. The method had high specificity and sensitivity with a quantitative range of 19.531-1250.000 ng/ml (total antibody), 39.063-5000.000 ng/ml (conjugated antibody) and 0.04-10.0 ng/ml (MMAE), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyang Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaoning Li
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Ling Wang
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Chen
- United-Power Pharma Tech Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
- RemeGen Co., Ltd, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
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Choi Y, Choi Y, Hong S. Recent Technological and Intellectual Property Trends in Antibody-Drug Conjugate Research. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:221. [PMID: 38399275 PMCID: PMC10892729 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) therapy, an advanced therapeutic technology comprising antibodies, chemical linkers, and cytotoxic payloads, addresses the limitations of traditional chemotherapy. This study explores key elements of ADC therapy, focusing on antibody development, linker design, and cytotoxic payload delivery. The global rise in cancer incidence has driven increased investment in anticancer agents, resulting in significant growth in the ADC therapy market. Over the past two decades, notable progress has been made, with approvals for 14 ADC treatments targeting various cancers by 2022. Diverse ADC therapies for hematologic malignancies and solid tumors have emerged, with numerous candidates currently undergoing clinical trials. Recent years have seen a noteworthy increase in ADC therapy clinical trials, marked by the initiation of numerous new therapies in 2022. Research and development, coupled with patent applications, have intensified, notably from major companies like Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY, USA), AbbVie Pharmaceuticals Inc. (USA), Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Tarrytown, NY, USA), and Seagen Inc. (Bothell, WA, USA). While ADC therapy holds great promise in anticancer treatment, challenges persist, including premature payload release and immune-related side effects. Ongoing research and innovation are crucial for advancing ADC therapy. Future developments may include novel conjugation methods, stable linker designs, efficient payload delivery technologies, and integration with nanotechnology, driving the evolution of ADC therapy in anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngbo Choi
- Department of Safety Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea;
- Department of BigData, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Youbeen Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea;
| | - Surin Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea;
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Wang S, Zhang R, Zhong K, Guo W, Tong A. An Anti-CD7 Antibody-Drug Conjugate Target Showing Potent Antitumor Activity for T-Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL). Biomolecules 2024; 14:106. [PMID: 38254706 PMCID: PMC10813019 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a type of leukemia that can occur in both pediatric and adult populations. Compared to acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), patients with T-cell T-ALL have a poorer therapeutic efficacy. In this study, a novel anti-CD7 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC, J87-Dxd) was successfully generated and used for T-ALL treatment. Firstly, to obtain anti-CD7 mAbs, we expressed and purified the CD7 protein extracellular domain. Utilizing hybridoma technology, we obtained three anti-CD7 mAbs (J87, G73 and A15) with a high affinity for CD7. Both the results of immunofluorescence and Biacore assay indicated that J87 (KD = 1.54 × 10-10 M) had the highest affinity among the three anti-CD7 mAbs. In addition, an internalization assay showed the internalization level of J87 to be higher than that of the other two mAbs. Next, we successfully generated the anti-CD7 ADC (J87-Dxd) by conjugating DXd to J87 via a cleavable maleimide-GGFG peptide linker. J87-Dxd also possessed the ability to recognize and bind CD7. Using J87-Dxd to treat T-ALL cells (Jurkat and CCRF-CEM), we observed that J87-Dxd bound to CD7 was internalized into T-ALL cells. Moreover, J87-Dxd treatment significantly induced the apoptosis of Jurkat and CCRF-CEM cells. The IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value of J87-Dxd against CCRF-CEM obtained by CCK-8 assay was 6.3 nM. Finally, to assess the antitumor efficacy of a J87-Dxd in vivo, we established T-ALL mouse models and treated mice with J87-Dxd or J87. The results showed that on day 24 after tumor inoculation, all mice treated with J87 or PBS died, whereas the survival rate of mice treated with J87-Dxd was 80%. H&E staining showed no significant organic changes in the heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys of all mice. In summary, we demonstrated that the novel anti-CD7 ADC (J87-Dxd) had a potent and selective effect against CD7-expressing T-All cells both in vitro and in vivo, and could thus be expected to be further developed as a new drug for the treatment of T-ALL or other CD7-expression tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (R.Z.)
| | - Ruyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (R.Z.)
| | - Kunhong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Wenhao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (R.Z.)
| | - Aiping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.W.); (R.Z.)
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Kumari S, Raj S, Babu MA, Bhatti GK, Bhatti JS. Antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy: innovations, challenges, and future directions. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:40-65. [PMID: 38153656 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01479-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as a potential therapeutic avenue in cancer treatment has garnered significant attention. By combining the selective specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the cytotoxicity of drug molecules, ADCs aim to increase the therapeutic index, selectively targeting cancer cells while minimizing systemic toxicity. Various ADCs have been licensed for clinical usage, with ongoing research paving the way for additional options. However, the manufacture of ADCs faces several challenges. These include identifying suitable target antigens, enhancing antibodies, linkers, and payloads, and managing resistance mechanisms and side effects. This review focuses on the strategies to overcome these hurdles, such as site-specific conjugation techniques, novel antibody formats, and combination therapy. Our focus lies on current advancements in antibody engineering, linker technology, and cytotoxic payloads while addressing the challenges associated with ADC development. Furthermore, we explore the future potential of personalized medicine, leveraging individual patients' molecular profiles, to propel ADC treatments forward. As our understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving cancer progression continues to expand, we anticipate the development of new ADCs that offer more effective and personalized therapeutic options for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Kumari
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sonam Raj
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - M Arockia Babu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, U.P., India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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Yuan Y, Wang W, Luo J, Tang C, Zheng Y, Yu J, Xu H, Zhu M, Hang T, Wang H, Diao X. Metabolite characterisation of the peptide-drug conjugate LN005 in liver S9s by UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:1-9. [PMID: 38044881 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2289635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
LN005 is a peptide-drug conjugate (PDC) targeting glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) to treat several types of cancer, such as breast, colon, and prostate cancer.As a new drug modality, understanding its metabolism and elimination pathways will help us to have a whole picture of it. Currently, there are no metabolic studies on LN005; therefore, this study aimed to investigate the metabolism of LN005, clarify its metabolic profile in the liver S9s of different species, and identify the major metabolic pathways and differences between species.The incubation samples were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS).The results showed that LN005 was metabolised by liver S9s, and four metabolites were identified. The main metabolic pathway of LN005 in liver S9s was oxidative deamination to ketone or hydrolysis. Similar metabolic profiles were observed in mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human liver S9s, indicating no differences between these four animal species and humans.This study provides information for the structural modification and optimisation of LN005 and affords a reference for subsequent animal experiments and human metabolism of other PDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yuan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Preparation, Shanghai Whittlong Pharmaceutical Institute Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongzhuang Tang
- Department of Biotransformation, XenoFinder Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuandong Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghua Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Honghong Xu
- Department of Preparation, Shanghai Whittlong Pharmaceutical Institute Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingshe Zhu
- Department of Biotransformation, XenoFinder Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China
| | - Taijun Hang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Wang
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingxing Diao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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9
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Hsu R, Benjamin DJ. A narrative review of antibody-drug conjugates in EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1252652. [PMID: 38107063 PMCID: PMC10722249 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1252652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past 15 years, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment has changed with the discovery of mutations and the development of new targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was the first mutation in NSCLC to have a drug that was FDA-approved in 2013. Osimertinib, a third-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is approved as first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC and in the adjuvant setting for Stage IB-IIIA resected NSCLC. However, resistance to osimertinib is inevitably an issue, and thus patterns of resistance to EGFR-mutated NSCLC have been studied, including MET amplification, EGFR C797X-acquired mutation, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) amplification, and transformation to small cell and squamous cell lung cancer. Current management for EGFR-mutated NSCLC upon progression of EGFR TKI is limited at this time to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, sometimes in combination with the continuation of osimertinib. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are made up of a monoclonal antibody linked to a cytotoxic drug and are an increasingly popular class of drug being studied in NSCLC. Trastuzumab deruxtecan has received accelerated FDA approval in HER2-mutated NSCLC. ADCs offer a possible solution to finding a new treatment that could bypass the intracellular resistance mechanism. In this review article, we summarize the mechanism of ADCs and investigational ADCs for EGFR-mutated NSCLC, which include targets to MET amplification, HER3, Trop2, and EGFR, along with other ADC targets being investigated in NSCLC, and discuss future directions that may arise with ADCs in EGFR-mutated NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Hospital, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Mou P, Ge QH, Sheng R, Zhu TF, Liu Y, Ding K. Research progress on the immune microenvironment and immunotherapy in gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1291117. [PMID: 38077373 PMCID: PMC10701536 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1291117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment, particularly the immune microenvironment, plays an indispensable role in the malignant progression and metastasis of gastric cancer (GC). As our understanding of the GC microenvironment continues to evolve, we are gaining deeper insights into the biological mechanisms at the single-cell level. This, in turn, has offered fresh perspectives on GC therapy. Encouragingly, there are various monotherapy and combination therapies in use, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell transfer therapy, chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy, antibody-drug conjugates, and cancer vaccines. In this paper, we review the current research progress regarding the GC microenvironment and summarize promising immunotherapy research and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Mou
- Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-hua Ge
- Department of Otolaryngology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Sheng
- Department of Outpatient, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng-fei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changzheng Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Trevisi G, Mangiola A. Current Knowledge about the Peritumoral Microenvironment in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5460. [PMID: 38001721 PMCID: PMC10670229 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15225460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a deadly disease, with a mean overall survival of less than 2 years from diagnosis. Recurrence after gross total surgical resection and adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy almost invariably occurs within the so-called peritumoral brain zone (PBZ). The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the most relevant findings about the biological characteristics of the PBZ currently available in the medical literature. The PBZ presents several peculiar biological characteristics. The cellular landscape of this area is different from that of healthy brain tissue and is characterized by a mixture of cell types, including tumor cells (seen in about 30% of cases), angiogenesis-related endothelial cells, reactive astrocytes, glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) with anti-inflammatory polarization, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with an "exhausted" phenotype, and glioma-associated stromal cells (GASCs). From a genomic and transcriptomic point of view, compared with the tumor core and healthy brain tissue, the PBZ presents a "half-way" pattern with upregulation of genes related to angiogenesis, the extracellular matrix, and cellular senescence and with stemness features and downregulation in tumor suppressor genes. This review illustrates that the PBZ is a transition zone with a pre-malignant microenvironment that constitutes the base for GBM progression/recurrence. Understanding of the PBZ could be relevant to developing more effective treatments to prevent GBM development and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Trevisi
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. D’Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- Neurosurgical Unit, Ospedale Spirito Santo, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Annunziato Mangiola
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, G. D’Annunzio University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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12
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Yuan Y, Chen Q, Mao J, Li G, Pan X. DG-Affinity: predicting antigen-antibody affinity with language models from sequences. BMC Bioinformatics 2023; 24:430. [PMID: 37957563 PMCID: PMC10644518 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-023-05562-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated immune responses play a crucial role in the immune defense of human body. The evolution of bioengineering has led the progress of antibody-derived drugs, showing promising efficacy in cancer and autoimmune disease therapy. A critical step of this development process is obtaining the affinity between antibodies and their binding antigens. RESULTS In this study, we introduce a novel sequence-based antigen-antibody affinity prediction method, named DG-Affinity. DG-Affinity uses deep neural networks to efficiently and accurately predict the affinity between antibodies and antigens from sequences, without the need for structural information. The sequences of both the antigen and the antibody are first transformed into embedding vectors by two pre-trained language models, then these embeddings are concatenated into an ConvNeXt framework with a regression task. The results demonstrate the superiority of DG-Affinity over the existing structure-based prediction methods and the sequence-based tools, achieving a Pearson's correlation of over 0.65 on an independent test dataset. CONCLUSIONS Compared to the baseline methods, DG-Affinity achieves the best performance and can advance the development of antibody design. It is freely available as an easy-to-use web server at https://www.digitalgeneai.tech/solution/affinity .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | | | - Jun Mao
- DigitalGene, Ltd, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guipeng Li
- DigitalGene, Ltd, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaoyong Pan
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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13
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Huet S, Zeisser Labouebe M, Castro R, Jacquot P, Pedrault J, Viollet S, Van Simaeys G, Doumont G, Larbanoix L, Zindy E, Cunha AE, Scapozza L, Cinier M. Targeted Nanofitin-drug Conjugates Achieve Efficient Tumor Delivery and Therapeutic Effect in an EGFRpos Mouse Xenograft Model. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1343-1351. [PMID: 37578807 PMCID: PMC10618730 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Adjusting the molecular size, the valency and the pharmacokinetics of drug conjugates are as many leverages to improve their therapeutic window, notably by affecting tumor penetration, renal clearance, and short systemic exposure. In that regard, small tumor-targeting ligands are gaining attention. In this study, we demonstrate the benefits of the small Nanofitin alternative scaffolds (7 kDa) as selective tumor-targeting modules for the generation of drug conjugates, focusing on Nanofitins B10 and D8 directed against the EGFR. Owing to their small size and monovalent format, the two Nanofitins displayed a fast and deep tumor penetration in EGFR-positive A431 xenografts in BALB/c nude mice after intravenous administration, yielding to a targeting of respectively 67.9% ± 14.1 and 98.9% ± 0.7 of the tumor cells as demonstrated by IHC. Conjugation with the monomethyl auristatin E toxin provided homogeneous Nanofitin-drug conjugates, with an overall yield of ≥97%, for in vivo assessment in a curative xenograft model using bioluminescent, EGFR-positive, A431 cells in BALB/c nude mice. Internalization was found critical for efficient release of the toxin. Hence, the intravenous administration of the D8-based construct showed significant antitumor effect in vivo as determined by monitoring tumor volumes and bioluminescence levels over 2 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magali Zeisser Labouebe
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rute Castro
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Gaetan Van Simaeys
- CMMI, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi (Gosselies), Belgium
| | - Gilles Doumont
- CMMI, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi (Gosselies), Belgium
| | - Lionel Larbanoix
- CMMI, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université de Mons, Charleroi (Gosselies), Belgium
| | - Egor Zindy
- CMMI, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi (Gosselies), Belgium
| | - António E. Cunha
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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14
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Lovato G, Ciriolo L, Perrucci M, Federici L, Ippoliti R, Iacobelli S, Capone E, Locatelli M, Sala G. HPLC-DAD validated method for DM4 and its metabolite S-Me-DM4 quantification in biological matrix for clinical and pharmaceutical applications. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115642. [PMID: 37586307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the development and validation of an HPLC-DAD methodology for the detection of a potent chemotherapeutic agent, Maytansinoid Ravtansine (DM4), and its metabolite, S-methyl-DM4 (S-Me-DM4), in plasma samples. Methodologically, after a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile and after drying 1 mL of supernatant, the sample (suspended with N,N-Dimethylacetamide, DMA) was directly analyzed by HPLC under isocratic elution using a mobile phase comprising milliQ water and methanol (25:75, v:v), both acidified with 0.1 % v:v formic acid. Employing a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and a reversed-phase GraceSmart RP18 column thermostated at 40 °C, we achieved complete resolution and separation of DM4 and S-Me-DM4 within 13 min. The optimized injection volume of 20 μL and the wavelength set at 254 nm were utilized for quantitative analyses. Rigorous validation has not only ensured its reliability and reproducibility but has also addressed potential limitations associated with methodological inconsistency. The limit of detection and quantification of the method were 0.025 and 0.06 μg/mL for both the analytes, respectively. The calibration curve showed a good linearity in the range 0.06-20 μg/mL. For both analytes, the intraday precision and trueness were 2.3-8.2 % and -1.1 to 3.1 %, respectively, while the interday values were 0.7-10.1 % and -10.4 to 7.5 %, respectively. The developed methodology enables the concurrent determination and quantification of free DM4 and its metabolite, free S-Me-DM4, making it a valuable tool for assessing the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of DM4-based therapies. In addition, the procedure was successfully applied to analyse the presence of free DM4 or its metabolite, free S-Me-DM4, in human plasma samples spiked with the 1959-sss/DM4 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC). The utilization of the herein validated methodology allowed to confirm the presence of these analytes, thereby providing insights into their potential release from the ADC structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Lovato
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Luigi Ciriolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Miryam Perrucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 Coppito, Italy
| | | | - Emily Capone
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Sala
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
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15
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Wang Z, Li H, Gou L, Li W, Wang Y. Antibody-drug conjugates: Recent advances in payloads. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:4025-4059. [PMID: 37799390 PMCID: PMC10547921 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs), which combine the advantages of monoclonal antibodies with precise targeting and payloads with efficient killing, show great clinical therapeutic value. The ADCs' payloads play a key role in determining the efficacy of ADC drugs and thus have attracted great attention in the field. An ideal ADC payload should possess sufficient toxicity, low immunogenicity, high stability, and modifiable functional groups. Common ADC payloads include tubulin inhibitors and DNA damaging agents, with tubulin inhibitors accounting for more than half of the ADC drugs in clinical development. However, due to clinical limitations of traditional ADC payloads, such as inadequate efficacy and the development of acquired drug resistance, novel highly efficient payloads with diverse targets and reduced side effects are being developed. This perspective summarizes the recent research advances of traditional and novel ADC payloads with main focuses on the structure-activity relationship studies, co-crystal structures, and designing strategies, and further discusses the future research directions of ADC payloads. This review also aims to provide valuable references and future directions for the development of novel ADC payloads that will have high efficacy, low toxicity, adequate stability, and abilities to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
| | - Hanxuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Lantu Gou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
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16
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Zhang Z, Zhang R, Li D. Molecular Biology Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutics of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Biologics 2023; 17:113-128. [PMID: 37767463 PMCID: PMC10520847 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s426392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer that is conventionally characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), accounting for approximately 15-20% of all breast cancers. Compared to other molecular phenotypes, TNBC is typically associated with high malignancy and poor prognosis. Cytotoxic agents have been the mainstay of treatment for the past few decades due to the lack of definitive targets and limited therapeutic interventions. However, recent developments have demonstrated that TNBC has peculiar molecular classifications and biomarkers, which provide the possibility of evolving treatment from basic cytotoxic chemotherapy to an expanding domain of targeted therapies. This review presents a framework for understanding the current clinical experience surrounding molecular biology mechanisms in TNBC (Figure 1). Including immunotherapy, polymerase (PARP) and PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors, antibody-drug conjugates, and androgen receptor (AR) blockade. Additionally, the role of miRNA therapeutics targeting TNBC and potential strategies targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) are discussed and highlighted. As more and more treatments arise on the horizon, we believe that patients with TNBC will have a new sense of hope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, 010050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, 010050, People’s Republic of China
| | - Donghai Li
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Department of Thyroid Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, 010050, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Riccardi F, Dal Bo M, Macor P, Toffoli G. A comprehensive overview on antibody-drug conjugates: from the conceptualization to cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1274088. [PMID: 37790810 PMCID: PMC10544916 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1274088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) represent an innovative class of potent anti-cancer compounds that are widely used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. Unlike conventional chemotherapeutic drug-based therapies, that are mainly associated with modest specificity and therapeutic benefit, the three key components that form an ADC (a monoclonal antibody bound to a cytotoxic drug via a chemical linker moiety) achieve remarkable improvement in terms of targeted killing of cancer cells and, while sparing healthy tissues, a reduction in systemic side effects caused by off-tumor toxicity. Based on their beneficial mechanism of action, 15 ADCs have been approved to date by the market approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and/or other international governmental agencies for use in clinical oncology, and hundreds are undergoing evaluation in the preclinical and clinical phases. Here, our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the key features revolving around ADC therapeutic strategy including their structural and targeting properties, mechanism of action, the role of the tumor microenvironment and review the approved ADCs in clinical oncology, providing discussion regarding their toxicity profile, clinical manifestations and use in novel combination therapies. Finally, we briefly review ADCs in other pathological contexts and provide key information regarding ADC manufacturing and analytical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Riccardi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Paolo Macor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
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18
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Ogundipe OD, Olajubutu O, Adesina SK. Targeted drug conjugate systems for ovarian cancer chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115151. [PMID: 37473683 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a highly lethal disease that affects women. Early diagnosis and treatment of women with early-stage disease improve the probability of survival. Unfortunately, the majority of women with ovarian cancer are diagnosed at advanced stages 3 and 4 which makes treatment challenging. While the majority of the patients respond to first-line treatment, i.e. cytoreductive surgery integrated with platinum-based chemotherapy, the rate of disease recurrence is very high and the available treatment options for recurrent disease are not curative. Thus, there is a need for more effective treatment options for ovarian cancer. Targeted drug conjugate systems have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ovarian cancer. These systems provide the opportunity to selectively deliver highly potent chemotherapeutic drugs to ovarian cancer, sparing healthy normal cells. Thus, the effectiveness of the drugs is improved and systemic toxicity is greatly reduced. In this review, different targeted drug conjugate systems that have been or are being developed for the treatment of ovarian cancer will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omotola D Ogundipe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Simeon K Adesina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA.
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19
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Zafar S, Armaghan M, Khan K, Hassan N, Sharifi-Rad J, Habtemariam S, Kieliszek M, Butnariu M, Bagiu IC, Bagiu RV, Cho WC. New insights into the anticancer therapeutic potential of maytansine and its derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115039. [PMID: 37364476 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maytansine is a pharmacologically active 19-membered ansamacrolide derived from various medicinal plants and microorganisms. Among the most studied pharmacological activities of maytansine over the past few decades are anticancer and anti-bacterial effects. The anticancer mechanism of action is primarily mediated through interaction with the tubulin thereby inhibiting the assembly of microtubules. This ultimately leads to decreased stability of microtubule dynamics and cause cell cycle arrest, resulting in apoptosis. Despite its potent pharmacological effects, the therapeutic applications of maytansine in clinical medicine are quite limited due to its non-selective cytotoxicity. To overcome these limitations, several derivatives have been designed and developed mostly by modifying the parent structural skeleton of maytansine. These structural derivatives exhibit improved pharmacological activities as compared to maytansine. The present review provides a valuable insight into maytansine and its synthetic derivatives as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameen Zafar
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Armaghan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Nazia Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research & Herbal Analysis Services UK, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham-Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.
| | - Marek Kieliszek
- Department of Food Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159 C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Monica Butnariu
- University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara, 300645, Calea Aradului 119, Timis, Romania.
| | - Iulia-Cristina Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania; Multidisciplinary Research Center on Antimicrobial Resistance, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Radu Vasile Bagiu
- Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Timisoara, Department of Microbiology, Timisoara, Romania; Preventive Medicine Study Center, Timisoara, Romania
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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20
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Thevendran R, Maheswaran S. Recognizing CRISPR as the new age disease-modifying drug: Strategies to bioengineer CRISPR/Cas for direct in vivo delivery. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300077. [PMID: 37179485 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) have established itself as a frontier technology in genetic engineering. Researchers have successfully used the CRISPR/Cas system as precise gene editing tools and have further expanded their scope beyond both imaging and diagnostic applications. The most prominent utility of CRISPR is its capacity for gene therapy, serving as the contemporary, disease-modifying drug at the genetic level of human medical disorders. Correcting these diseases using CRISPR-based gene editing has developed to the extent of preclinical trials and possible patient treatments. A major impediment in actualizing this is the complications associated with in vivo delivery of the CRISPR/Cas complex. Currently, only the viral vectors (e.g., lentivirus) and non-viral encapsulation (e.g., lipid particles, polymer-based, and gold nanoparticles) techniques have been extensively reviewed, neglecting the efficiency of direct delivery. However, the direct delivery of CRISPR/Cas for in vivo gene editing therapies is an intricate process with numerous drawbacks. Hence, this paper discusses in detail both the need and the strategies that can potentially improve the direct delivery aspects of CRISPR/Cas biomolecules for gene therapy of human diseases. Here, we focus on enhancing the molecular and functional features of the CRISPR/Cas system for targeted in vivo delivery such as on-site localization, internalization, reduced immunogenicity, and better in vivo stability. We additionally emphasize the CRISPR/Cas complex as a multifaceted, biomolecular vehicle for co-delivery with therapeutic agents in targeted disease treatments. The delivery formats of efficient CRISPR/Cas systems for human gene editing are also briefly elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Thevendran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Solayappan Maheswaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Science, AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (CoExNano), AIMST University, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
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21
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Alameddine R, Mallea P, Shahab F, Zakharia Y. Antibody Drug Conjugates in Bladder Cancer: Current Milestones and Future Perspectives. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2023; 24:1167-1182. [PMID: 37403009 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-023-01114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Over the last several years, the treatment landscape of urothelial carcinoma has witnessed an unprecedented expansion of therapeutic options including checkpoint inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and antibody drug conjugates (ADC). Early trial data has shown that ADCs are safer and potentially effective treatment options in advanced bladder cancer as well as in the early disease. In particular, enfortumab-vedotin (EV) has shown promising results with a recent cohort of a clinical trial demonstrating that EV is effective as neoadjuvant monotherapy as well as in combination with pembrolizumab in metastatic setting. Similar promising results have been shown by other classes of ADC in other trials including sacituzumab-govitecan (SG) and oportuzumab monatox (OM). ADCs are likely to become a mainstay treatment option in the urothelial carcinoma playbook as either a monotherapy or combination therapy. The cost of the drug presents a real challenge, but further trial data may justify the use of the drug as mainstay treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raafat Alameddine
- Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Patrick Mallea
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Farhan Shahab
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Yousef Zakharia
- Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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22
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Mckertish CM, Kayser V. A Novel Dual-Payload ADC for the Treatment of HER2+ Breast and Colon Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2020. [PMID: 37631234 PMCID: PMC10459570 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have demonstrated a great therapeutic potential against cancer due to their target specificity and cytotoxicity. To exert a maximum therapeutic effect on cancerous cells, we have conjugated two different payloads to different amino acids, cysteines (cys) and lysines (lys), on trastuzumab, which is a humanised anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody. First, trastuzumab was conjugated with monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an antimitotic agent, through a cleavable linker (Val-Cit) to prepare ADC (Tmab-VcMMAE). Then, the ADC (Tmab-VcMMAE) was conjugated with a second antimitotic agent, Mertansine (DM1), via a non-cleavable linker Succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) to form a dual conjugate (Tmab-VcMMAE-SMCC-DM1). Our results indicated that the dual-payload conjugate, Tmab-VcMMAE-SMCC-DM1, had a synergistic and superior cytotoxic effect compared to trastuzumab alone. Ultimately employing a dual conjugation approach has the potential to overcome treatment-resistance and tumour recurrences and could pave the way to employ other payloads to construct dual (or multiple) payload complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veysel Kayser
- Sydney School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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23
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Egorova VS, Kolesova EP, Lopus M, Yan N, Parodi A, Zamyatnin AA. Smart Delivery Systems Responsive to Cathepsin B Activity for Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1848. [PMID: 37514035 PMCID: PMC10386206 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine protease, contributing to vital cellular homeostatic processes including protein turnover, macroautophagy of damaged organelles, antigen presentation, and in the extracellular space, it takes part in tissue remodeling, prohormone processing, and activation. However, aberrant overexpression of cathepsin B and its enzymatic activity is associated with different pathological conditions, including cancer. Cathepsin B overexpression in tumor tissues makes this enzyme an important target for smart delivery systems, responsive to the activity of this enzyme. The generation of technologies which therapeutic effect is activated as a result of cathepsin B cleavage provides an opportunity for tumor-targeted therapy and controlled drug release. In this review, we summarized different technologies designed to improve current cancer treatments responsive to the activity of this enzyme that were shown to play a key role in disease progression and response to the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera S Egorova
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
| | - Ekaterina P Kolesova
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
| | - Manu Lopus
- School of Biological Sciences, UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai Kalina Campus, Vidyanagari, Mumbai 400098, India
| | - Neng Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Alessandro Parodi
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Scientific Center for Translation Medicine, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 354340, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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24
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Sun T, Niu X, He Q, Liu M, Qiao S, Qi RQ. Development, efficacy and side effects of antibody‑drug conjugates for cancer therapy (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2023; 18:47. [PMID: 37206431 PMCID: PMC10189422 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2023.2643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are anticancer drugs that combine cytotoxic small-molecule drugs (payloads) with monoclonal antibodies through a chemical linker and that transfer toxic payloads to tumor cells expressing target antigens. All ADCs are based on human IgG. In 2009, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved gemtuzumab ozogamicin as the initial first-generation ADC. Since then, at least 100 ADC-related projects have been initiated, and 14 ADCs are currently being tested in clinical trials. The limited success of gemtuzumab ozogamicin has led to the development of optimization strategies for the next generation of drugs. Subsequently, experts have improved the first-generation ADCs and have developed second-generation ADCs such as ado-trastuzumab emtansine. Second-generation ADCs have higher specific antigen levels, more stable linkers and longer half-lives and show great potential to transform cancer treatment models. Since the first two generations of ADCs have served as a good foundation, the development of ADCs is accelerating, and third-generation ADCs, represented by trastuzumab deruxtecan, are ready for wide application. Third-generation ADCs are characterized by strong pharmacokinetics and high pharmaceutical activity, and their drug-to-antibody ratio mainly ranges from 2 to 4. In the past decade, the research prospects of ADCs have broadened, and an increasing number of specific antigen targets and mechanisms of cytotoxic drug release have been discovered and studied. To date, seven ADCs have been approved by the FDA for lymphoma, and three have been approved to treat breast cancer. The present review explores the function and development of ADCs and their clinical use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Xueli Niu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Qiao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Rui-Qun Qi or Mrs. Shuai Qiao, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, National Joint Engineering Research Center for Theranostics of Immunological Skin Diseases, Ministry of Education and NHC, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Rui-Qun Qi or Mrs. Shuai Qiao, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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25
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Gabriele F, Palerma M, Ippoliti R, Angelucci F, Pitari G, Ardini M. Recent Advances on Affibody- and DARPin-Conjugated Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108680. [PMID: 37240041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Affibodies and designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) are synthetic proteins originally derived from the Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor protein A and the human ankyrin repeat proteins, respectively. The use of these molecules in healthcare has been recently proposed as they are endowed with biochemical and biophysical features heavily demanded to target and fight diseases, as they have a strong binding affinity, solubility, small size, multiple functionalization sites, biocompatibility, and are easy to produce; furthermore, impressive chemical and thermal stability can be achieved. especially when using affibodies. In this sense, several examples reporting on affibodies and DARPins conjugated to nanomaterials have been published, demonstrating their suitability and feasibility in nanomedicine for cancer therapy. This minireview provides a survey of the most recent studies describing affibody- and DARPin-conjugated zero-dimensional nanomaterials, including inorganic, organic, and biological nanoparticles, nanorods, quantum dots, liposomes, and protein- and DNA-based assemblies for targeted cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gabriele
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marta Palerma
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Ippoliti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Pitari
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Matteo Ardini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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26
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Conjugation site characterization of antibody-drug conjugates using electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD). Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1251:340978. [PMID: 36925279 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are formed by binding of cytotoxic drugs to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) through chemical linkers. A comprehensive evaluation of the critical quality attributes (CQAs) of ADCs is vital for drug development but remains challenging owing to ADC structural heterogeneity than mAbs. Drug conjugation sites can considerably affect ADC properties, such as stability and pharmacokinetics, however, few studies have focused on method development in this area owing to technical challenges. Hybrid electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) produces more fragment ions than conventional higher-energy collision dissociation (HCD) fragmentation, which aids in identifying and localizing post-translational modifications. Herein, we systematically employ EThcD to assess the fragmentation mode impact on conjugation site characterization for randomly conjugated and site-specific ADCs. EThcD generates more fragment ions in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra compared with HCD. Additional ions aid in pinpointing the correct conjugation sites that bear complex linker payload structures. Our study may contribute to the quality control of various preclinical and clinical ADCs.
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27
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Rasic P, Jeremic M, Jeremic R, Dusanovic Pjevic M, Rasic M, Djuricic SM, Milickovic M, Vukadin M, Mijovic T, Savic D. Targeting B7-H3-A Novel Strategy for the Design of Anticancer Agents for Extracranial Pediatric Solid Tumors Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083356. [PMID: 37110590 PMCID: PMC10145344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent scientific data recognize the B7-H3 checkpoint molecule as a potential target for immunotherapy of pediatric solid tumors (PSTs). B7-H3 is highly expressed in extracranial PSTs such as neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, nephroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma, whereas its expression is absent or very low in normal tissues and organs. The influence of B7-H3 on the biological behavior of malignant solid neoplasms of childhood is expressed through different molecular mechanisms, including stimulation of immune evasion and tumor invasion, and cell-cycle disruption. It has been shown that B7-H3 knockdown decreased tumor cell proliferation and migration, suppressed tumor growth, and enhanced anti-tumor immune response in some pediatric solid cancers. Antibody-drug conjugates targeting B7-H3 exhibited profound anti-tumor effects against preclinical models of pediatric solid malignancies. Moreover, B7-H3-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells demonstrated significant in vivo activity against different xenograft models of neuroblastoma, Ewing sarcoma, and osteosarcoma. Finally, clinical studies demonstrated the potent anti-tumor activity of B7-H3-targeting antibody-radioimmunoconjugates in metastatic neuroblastoma. This review summarizes the established data from various PST-related studies, including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research, and explains all the benefits and potential obstacles of targeting B7-H3 by novel immunotherapeutic agents designed to treat malignant extracranial solid tumors of childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Rasic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Jeremic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Rada Jeremic
- Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian", Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Dusanovic Pjevic
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Rasic
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavisa M Djuricic
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maja Milickovic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Vukadin
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Mijovic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Djordje Savic
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr. Vukan Cupic", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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28
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Huysamen A, Fadeyi OE, Mayuni G, Dogbey DM, Mungra N, Biteghe FAN, Hardcastle N, Ramamurthy D, Akinrinmade OA, Naran K, Cooper S, Lang D, Richter W, Hunter R, Barth S. Click Chemistry-Generated Auristatin F-Linker-Benzylguanine for a SNAP-Tag-Based Recombinant Antibody-Drug Conjugate Demonstrating Selective Cytotoxicity toward EGFR-Overexpressing Tumor Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4026-4037. [PMID: 36743041 PMCID: PMC9893251 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are bifunctional molecules combining the targeting potential of monoclonal antibodies with the cancer-killing ability of cytotoxic drugs. This simple yet intelligently designed system directly addresses the lack of specificity encountered with conventional anti-cancer treatment regimes. However, despite their initial success, the generation of clinically sustainable and effective ADCs has been plagued by poor tumor penetration, undefined chemical linkages, unpredictable pharmacokinetic profiles, and heterogeneous mixtures of products. To this end, we generated a SNAP-tag-based fusion protein targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-a biomarker of aggressive and drug-resistant cancers. Here, we demonstrate the use of a novel click coupling strategy to engineer a benzylguanine (BG)-linker-auristatin F (AuriF) piece that can be covalently tethered to the EGFR-targeting SNAP-tag-based fusion protein in an irreversible 1:1 stoichiometric reaction to form a homogeneous product. Furthermore, using these recombinant ADCs to target EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells, we provide a proof-of-principle for generating biologically active antimitotic therapeutic proteins capable of inducing cell death in a dose-dependent manner, thus alleviating some of the challenges of early ADC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan
M. Huysamen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, PD Hahn Building, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Olaolu E. Fadeyi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, PD Hahn Building, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Grace Mayuni
- Medical
Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious
Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Dennis M. Dogbey
- Medical
Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious
Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Neelakshi Mungra
- Medical
Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious
Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- Centre
for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle
Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Fleury A. N. Biteghe
- Department
of Radiation Oncology and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Natasha Hardcastle
- Medical
Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious
Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Dharanidharan Ramamurthy
- Medical
Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious
Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Olusiji A. Akinrinmade
- Medical
Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious
Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- Department
of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein
College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Krupa Naran
- Medical
Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious
Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Susan Cooper
- Division
of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Dirk Lang
- Division
of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | | | - Roger Hunter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, PD Hahn Building, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Stefan Barth
- Medical
Biotechnology and Immunotherapy Research Unit, Institute of Infectious
Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- South
African Research Chair in Cancer Biotechnology, Department of Integrative
Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape
Town 7700, South Africa
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29
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Antibody-drug conjugates in lung cancer: dawn of a new era? NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:5. [PMID: 36631624 PMCID: PMC9834242 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-022-00338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are one of fastest growing classes of oncology drugs in modern drug development. By harnessing the powers of both cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy, ADCs are unique in offering the potential to deliver highly potent cytotoxic agents to cancer cells which express a pre-defined cell surface target. In lung cancer, the treatment paradigm has shifted dramatically in recent years, and now ADCs are now joining the list as potential options for lung cancer patients. Since 2020, the first ADC for NSCLC patients has been FDA-approved (trastuzumab deruxtecan) and two ADCs have been granted FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation, currently under evaluation (patritumab deruxtecan, telisotuzumab vedotin). Furthermore, several early-phase trials are assessing various novel ADCs, either as monotherapy or in combinations with advanced lung cancer, and more selective and potent ADCs are expected to become therapeutic options in clinic soon. In this review, we discuss the structure and mechanism of action of ADCs, including insights from pre-clinical work; we summarize the ADCs' recent progress in lung cancer, describe toxicity profiles of ADCs, and explore strategies designed to enhance ADC potency and overcome resistance. In addition, we discuss novel ADC strategies of interest in lung cancer, including non-cytotoxic payloads, such as immunomodulatory and anti-apoptotic agents.
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30
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Yao P, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Wei X, Liu Y, Du C, Hu M, Feng C, Li J, Zhao F, Li C, Li Z, Du L. Knowledge atlas of antibody-drug conjugates on CiteSpace and clinical trial visualization analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1039882. [PMID: 36686767 PMCID: PMC9850101 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1039882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Antibody-drugs conjugates (ADCs) are novel drugs with highly targeted and tumor-killing abilities and developing rapidly. This study aimed to evaluate drug discovery and clinical trials of and explore the hotspots and frontiers from 2012 to 2022 using bibliometric methods. Methods Publications on ADCs were retrieved between 2012 and 2022 from Web of Science (WoS) and analyzed with CiteSpace 6.1.R2 software for the time, region, journals, institutions, etc. Clinical trials were downloaded from clinical trial.org and visualized with Excel software. Results A total of 696 publications were obtained and 187 drug trials were retrieved. Since 2012, research on ADCs has increased year by year. Since 2020, ADC-related research has increased dramatically, with the number of relevant annual publications exceeding 100 for the first time. The United States is the most authoritative and superior country and region in the field of ADCs. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center is the most authoritative institution in this field. Research on ADCs includes two clinical trials and one review, which are the most influential references. Clinical trials of ADCs are currently focused on phase I and phase II. Comprehensive statistics and analysis of the published literature and clinical trials in the field of ADCs, have shown that the most studied drug is brentuximab vedotin (BV), the most popular target is human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and breast cancer may become the main trend and hotspot for ADCs indications in recent years. Conclusion Antibody-drug conjugates have become the focus of targeted therapies in the field of oncology. The innovation of technology and combination application strategy will become the main trend and hotspots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhuo Yao
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yinbin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Yinbin Zhang, ; Shuqun Zhang,
| | - Shuqun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Yinbin Zhang, ; Shuqun Zhang,
| | - Xinyu Wei
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yanbin Liu
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chong Du
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Mingyou Hu
- School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Cong Feng
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chaofan Li
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lisha Du
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Xue J, Lou X, Ning D, Shao R, Chen G. Mechanism and treatment of α-amanitin poisoning. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:121-131. [PMID: 36271256 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03396-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Abstract
Amanita poisoning has a high mortality rate. The α-amanitin toxin in Amanita is the main lethal toxin. There is no specific detoxification drug for α-amanitin, and the clinical treatment mainly focuses on symptomatic and supportive therapy. The pathogenesis of α-amanitin mainly includes: α-amanitin can inhibit the activity of RNA polymeraseII in the nucleus, including the inhibition of the largest subunit of RNA polymeraseII, RNApb1, bridge helix, and trigger loop. In addition, α-amanitin acts in vivo through the enterohepatic circulation and transport system. α-Amanitin can cause the cell death. The existing mechanisms of cell damage mainly focus on apoptosis, oxidative stress, and autophagy. In addition to the pathogenic mechanism, α-amanitin also has a role in cancer treatment, which is the focus of current research. The mechanism of action of α-amanitin on the body is still being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfang Xue
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiran Lou
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyuan Ning
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifei Shao
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobing Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, No. 157 Jinbi Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650032, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Yamazaki S, Matsuda Y. Tag‐Free Enzymatic Modification for Antibody−Drug Conjugate Production. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yutaka Matsuda
- Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services 11040 Roselle Street San Diego CA 92121 United States
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Barreca M, Lang N, Tarantelli C, Spriano F, Barraja P, Bertoni F. Antibody-drug conjugates for lymphoma patients: preclinical and clinical evidences. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2022; 3:763-794. [PMID: 36654819 PMCID: PMC9834635 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2022.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a recent, revolutionary approach for malignancies treatment, designed to provide superior efficacy and specific targeting of tumor cells, compared to systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy. Their structure combines highly potent anti-cancer drugs (payloads or warheads) and monoclonal antibodies (Abs), specific for a tumor-associated antigen, via a chemical linker. Because the sensitive targeting capabilities of monoclonal Abs allow the direct delivery of cytotoxic payloads to tumor cells, these agents leave healthy cells unharmed, reducing toxicity. Different ADCs have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of a wide range of malignant conditions, both as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy, including for lymphoma patients. Over 100 ADCs are under preclinical and clinical investigation worldwide. This paper it provides an overview of approved and promising ADCs in clinical development for the treatment of lymphoma. Each component of the ADC design, their mechanism of action, and the highlights of their clinical development progress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Barreca
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Noémie Lang
- Division of Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Tarantelli
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Filippo Spriano
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Bertoni
- Institute of Oncology Research, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, USI, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Fontes MS, Vargas Pivato de Almeida D, Cavalin C, Tagawa ST. Targeted Therapy for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer (mUC): Therapeutic Potential of Sacituzumab Govitecan. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1531-1542. [PMID: 36575731 PMCID: PMC9790156 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s339348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is the second most frequent genitourinary malignancy. Despite the poor prognosis, new treatment options have emerged and have expanded the therapeutic landscape for the disease. Although major improvements have been achieved, many patients experience rapid disease progression and low responses in subsequent lines of therapy. Sacituzumab govitecan is an ADC that targets Trop-2, which is highly expressed in urothelial cancers. Promising results in early clinical trials have led to further drug development which confirmed encouraging efficacy. Sacituzumab govitecan has been given accelerated approval in 2021 for patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial cancer who previously received a platinum containing chemotherapy and either a programmed death receptor-1 or programmed death ligand inhibitor. The results are promising, with encouraging efficacy and safety, however responses are not universal. There is a growing comprehension of mechanisms of resistance and predictive biomarkers that are crucial to improving outcomes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on antibody-drug conjugates and the clinical findings that led to the approval of Sacituzumab govitecan and discuss the therapeutic potential of new combinations, mechanisms of resistance and predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane S Fontes
- Oncology Department, Oncoclinicas Group, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,LACOG, Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group, Brazil
| | | | | | - Scott T Tagawa
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Correspondence: Scott T Tagawa, Email
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Unveiling the antibody-drug conjugates portfolio in battling Triple-negative breast cancer: Therapeutic trends and Future horizon. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:25. [PMID: 36456774 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01884-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) showcases a labyrinthine network exhibiting deficient expression of Estrogen receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR), and Human-epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). This restricts the conventional chemotherapeutic, hormonal, and few targeted regimens in showing efficient anti-tumor response. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are target-specific conjugates comprising a monoclonal antibody attached to the desired cytotoxic payload with the support of a stable linker. They are designated as one of the encouraging sets of targeted therapies that have unveiled affirmative outcomes owing to increased specificity in targeting the undetectable or deficiently expressed targets. Another virtue of ADCs lending superiority to this approach is the presence of inherent bystander effect which has a detrimental influence on the tumor microenvironment (TME) devoid of antigen expression. In the current scenario, FDA-approved Sacituzumab govitecan is widely being utilized to mitigate TNBC while many other ADCs are being studied in clinical trials. Additionally, a focus has been set on revelation of application of Trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-low metastatic breast cancer which widens the current therapeutic horizon dealing with such carcinomas. After making an effort towards sketching ADCs profile, we conclude that this novel approach deserves to be investigated through future campaigns owing to its remarkable bystander effect, ability to precisely recognize the antigen and spare the naïve cells from detrimental toxicity. Exploration of the remarkable potential of Sacituzumab govitecan in multiple indications including TNBC portrays the prominence of ADCs and prompts the bright future of this therapeutic approach. In this review, we present the basic foundation of ADCs alongside summarizing the building blocks of several ADCs used in TNBC. Furthermore, by shedding light on the therapeutic regimens and concomitant effects of various ADCs derived from the supportive backbone of clinical trials, we have attempted to convene several segments of ADCs and portray their potentialities time ahead.
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Plant-Derived Type I Ribosome Inactivating Protein-Based Targeted Toxins: A Review of the Clinical Experience. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080563. [PMID: 36006226 PMCID: PMC9412999 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted toxins (TT) for cancer treatment are a class of hybrid biologic comprised of a targeting domain coupled chemically or genetically to a proteinaceous toxin payload. The targeting domain of the TT recognises and binds to a defined target molecule on the cancer cell surface, thereby delivering the toxin that is then required to internalise to an appropriate intracellular compartment in order to kill the target cancer cell. Toxins from several different sources have been investigated over the years, and the two TTs that have so far been licensed for clinical use in humans; both utilise bacterial toxins. Relatively few clinical studies have, however, been undertaken with TTs that utilise single-chain type I ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs). This paper reviews the clinical experience that has so far been obtained for a range of TTs based on five different type I RIPs and concludes that the majority studied in early phase trials show significant clinical activity that justifies further clinical investigation. A range of practical issues relating to the further clinical development of TT’s are also covered briefly together with some suggested solutions to outstanding problems.
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Singh S, Serwer L, DuPage A, Elkins K, Chauhan N, Ravn M, Buchanan F, Wang L, Krimm M, Wong K, Sagert J, Tipton K, Moore SJ, Huang Y, Jang A, Ureno E, Miller A, Patrick S, Duvur S, Liu S, Vasiljeva O, Li Y, Henriques T, Badagnani I, Jeffries S, Schleyer S, Leanna R, Krebber C, Viswanathan S, Desnoyers L, Terrett J, Belvin M, Morgan-Lappe S, Kavanaugh WM, Richardson J. Nonclinical Efficacy and Safety of CX-2029, an Anti-CD71 Probody-Drug Conjugate. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1326-1336. [PMID: 35666803 PMCID: PMC9662867 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Probody therapeutics (Pb-Txs) are conditionally activated antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) designed to remain inactive until proteolytically activated in the tumor microenvironment, enabling safer targeting of antigens expressed in both tumor and normal tissue. Previous attempts to target CD71, a highly expressed tumor antigen, have failed to establish an acceptable therapeutic window due to widespread normal tissue expression. This study evaluated whether a probody-drug conjugate targeting CD71 can demonstrate a favorable efficacy and tolerability profile in preclinical studies for the treatment of cancer. CX-2029, a Pb-Tx conjugated to maleimido-caproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl-monomethyl auristatin E, was developed as a novel cancer therapeutic targeting CD71. Preclinical studies were performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this anti-CD71 PDC in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models and cynomolgus monkeys, respectively. CD71 expression was detected at high levels by IHC across a broad range of tumor and normal tissues. In vitro, the masked Pb-Tx form of the anti-CD71 PDC displayed a >50-fold reduced affinity for binding to CD71 on cells compared with protease-activated, unmasked anti-CD71 PDC. Potent in vivo tumor growth inhibition (stasis or regression) was observed in >80% of PDX models (28/34) at 3 or 6 mg/kg. Anti-CD71 PDC remained mostly masked (>80%) in circulation throughout dosing in cynomolgus monkeys at 2, 6, and 12 mg/kg and displayed a 10-fold improvement in tolerability compared with an anti-CD71 ADC, which was lethal. Preclinically, anti-CD71 PDC exhibits a highly efficacious and acceptable safety profile that demonstrates the utility of the Pb-Tx platform to target CD71, an otherwise undruggable target. These data support further clinical development of the anti-CD71 PDC CX-2029 as a novel cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Laura Serwer
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Amy DuPage
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Kristi Elkins
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | - Leyu Wang
- AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Krimm
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Ken Wong
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jason Sagert
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Yuanhui Huang
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew Jang
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Ureno
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Adam Miller
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Sarah Patrick
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Shanti Duvur
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Shouchun Liu
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Olga Vasiljeva
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Siew Schleyer
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Claus Krebber
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Luc Desnoyers
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Marcia Belvin
- CytomX Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, California
- Corresponding Author: Marcia Belvin, CytomX Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080. Phone: (650)-892-9803; E-mail:
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Procopiou G, Jackson PJM, di Mascio D, Auer JL, Pepper C, Rahman KM, Fox KR, Thurston DE. DNA sequence-selective G-A cross-linking ADC payloads for use in solid tumour therapies. Commun Biol 2022; 5:741. [PMID: 35906376 PMCID: PMC9338023 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) are growing in importance for the treatment of both solid and haematological malignancies. There is a demand for new payloads with novel mechanisms of action that may offer enhanced therapeutic efficacy, especially in patients who develop resistance. We report here a class of Cyclopropabenzindole-Pyridinobenzodiazepine (CBI-PDD) DNA cross-linking payloads that simultaneously alkylate guanine (G) and adenine (A) bases in the DNA minor groove with a defined sequence selectivity. The lead payload, FGX8-46 (6), produces sequence-selective G-A cross-links and affords cytotoxicity in the low picomolar region across a panel of 11 human tumour cell lines. When conjugated to the antibody cetuximab at an average Drug-Antibody Ratio (DAR) of 2, an ADC is produced with significant antitumour activity at 1 mg/kg in a target-relevant human tumour xenograft mouse model with an unexpectedly high tolerability (i.e., no weight loss observed at doses as high as 45 mg/kg i.v., single dose). A class of Cyclopropabenzindole-Pyridinobenzodiazepine (CBI-PDD) DNA cross-linking payloads, used in Antibody-Drug Conjugates, alkylate guanine and adenine bases in the DNA minor groove with a defined sequence selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Procopiou
- Femtogenix, Lawes Open Innovation Hub, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Paul J M Jackson
- Femtogenix, Lawes Open Innovation Hub, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Daniella di Mascio
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building B85, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jennifer L Auer
- Femtogenix, Lawes Open Innovation Hub, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Chris Pepper
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Khondaker Miraz Rahman
- Femtogenix, Lawes Open Innovation Hub, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK.,School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Keith R Fox
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building B85, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David E Thurston
- Femtogenix, Lawes Open Innovation Hub, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK. .,School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK.
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Synthesis and Evaluation of Small Molecule Drug Conjugates Harnessing Thioester-Linked Maytansinoids. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071316. [PMID: 35890212 PMCID: PMC9323955 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-targeting drug conjugates are a class of clinically validated biopharmaceutical drugs constructed by conjugating cytotoxic drugs with specific disease antigen targeting ligands through appropriate linkers. The integrated linker-drug motif embedded within such a system can prevent the premature release during systemic circulation, thereby allowing the targeting ligand to engage with the disease antigen and selective accumulation. We have designed and synthesized new thioester-linked maytansinoid conjugates. By performing in vitro cytotoxicity, targeting ligand binding assay, and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, we investigated the utility of this new linker-drug moiety in the small molecule drug conjugate (SMDC) system. In particular, we conjugated the thioester-linked maytansinoids to the phosphatidylserine-targeting small molecule zinc dipicolylamine and showed that Zn8_DM1 induced tumor regression in the HCC1806 triple-negative breast cancer xenograft model. Moreover, in a spontaneous sorafenib-resistant liver cancer model, Zn8_DM1 exhibited potent antitumor growth efficacy. From quantitative mRNA analysis of Zn8_DM1 treated-tumor tissues, we observed the elevation of gene expressions associated with a “hot inflamed tumor” state. With the identification and validation of a plethora of cancer-associated antigens in the “omics” era, this work provided the insight that antibody- or small molecule-based targeting ligands can be conjugated similarly to generate new ligand-targeting drug conjugates.
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Qi X, Li Y, Liu W, Wang Y, Chen Z, Lin L. Research Trend of Publications Concerning Antibody-Drug Conjugate in Solid Cancer: A Bibliometric Study. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:921385. [PMID: 35795565 PMCID: PMC9252465 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.921385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is a promising therapy for solid cancer that has raised global concern. Although several papers have reviewed the current state of ADCs in different solid cancers, a quantitative analysis of the publications in this field is scarce. Methods: Publications related to ADC in the field of solid cancer were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. Data analyses were performed with VOSviewer 1.6.9, HistCite 2.1, CiteSpace V and R package Bibliometrix. Results: A total of 3,482 records were obtained in the holistic field and 1,197 in the clinical field. Steady growth in the number of publications was observed. The United States was the leading contributor in this field. Krop IE was the most influential author. The most productive institution was Genentech Inc., while Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr was the most cited one. The most impactful journal was the Journal of Clinical Oncology. A total of 37 burst references and five burst references were identified between 2017–2022 in the holistic and clinical fields, respectively. Keywords analysis indicated that ADCs research mainly involved breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, ovarian cancer, small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer, gastric cancer, and urothelial carcinoma. ADC agents including trastuzumab emtansine, trastuzumab deruxtecan, sacituzumab govitecan, enfortumab vedotin, and rovalpituzumab tesirine were highly studied. Targets including HER2, trophoblast cell-surface antigen, mesothelin, delta-like ligand 3, and nectin-4 were the major concerns. Conclusion: This study analyzed publications concerning ADCs in the field of solid cancer with bibliometric analysis. Further clinical trials of ADCs and designs of the next generation of ADCs are the current focuses of the field. Acquired resistance of ADCs and biomarkers for ADC therapy efficacy monitoring are future concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Qi
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlong Li
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- School of Chinese Classics Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuangzhong Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhu Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lizhu Lin,
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Zaib S, Areeba BS, Nehal Rana BS, Wattoo JI, Alsaab HO, Alzhrani RM, Awwad NS, Ibrahium HA, Khan I. Nanomedicines Targeting Heat Shock Protein 90 Gene Expression in the Therapy of Breast Cancer. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences University of Central Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - B. S. Areeba
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences University of Central Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - B. S. Nehal Rana
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Life Sciences University of Central Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - Javed Iqbal Wattoo
- Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Life Sciences University of Central Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan
| | - Hashem O. Alsaab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Taif University, P.O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rami M. Alzhrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy College of Pharmacy Taif University, P.O. Box 11099 Taif 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser S. Awwad
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science King Khalid University P.O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala A. Ibrahium
- Biology Department Faculty of Science King Khalid University P.O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
- Department of Semi Pilot Plant Nuclear Materials Authority P.O. Box 530 El Maadi Egypt
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology The University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN United Kingdom
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Cavaco M, Castanho MARB, Neves V. The Use of Antibody-Antibiotic Conjugates to Fight Bacterial Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835677. [PMID: 35330773 PMCID: PMC8940529 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is rapidly increasing and it is one of the significant twenty-first century’s healthcare challenges. Unfortunately, the development of effective antimicrobial agents is a much slower and complex process compared to the spread of AMR. Consequently, the current options in the treatment of AMR are limited. One of the main alternatives to conventional antibiotics is the use of antibody-antibiotic conjugates (AACs). These innovative bioengineered agents take advantage of the selectivity, favorable pharmacokinetic (PK), and safety of antibodies, allowing the administration of more potent antibiotics with less off-target effects. Although AACs’ development is challenging due to the complexity of the three components, namely, the antibody, the antibiotic, and the linker, some successful examples are currently under clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cavaco
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel A R B Castanho
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vera Neves
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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Murali M, Kumar AR, Nair B, Pavithran K, Devan AR, Pradeep GK, Nath LR. Antibody-drug conjugate as targeted therapeutics against hepatocellular carcinoma: preclinical studies and clinical relevance. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:407-431. [PMID: 34595736 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-021-02707-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is an advanced chemotherapeutic option with immense promises in treating many tumor. They are designed to selectively attack and kill neoplastic cells with minimal toxicity to normal tissues. ADCs are complex engineered immunoconjugates that comprise a monoclonal antibody for site-directed delivery and cytotoxic payload for targeted destruction of malignant cells. Therefore, it enables the reduction of off-target toxicities and enhances the therapeutic index of the drug. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a solid tumor that shows high heterogeneity of molecular phenotypes and is considered the second most common cause of cancer-related death. Studies show enormous potential for ADCs targeting GPC3 and CD24 and other tumor-associated antigens in HCC with their high, selective expression and show potential outputs in preclinical evaluations. The review mainly highlights the preclinical evaluation of different antigen-targeted ADCs such as MetFab-DOX, Anti-c-Met IgG-OXA, Anti CD 24, ANC-HN-01, G7mab-DOX, hYP7-DCand hYP7-PC, Anti-CD147 ILs-DOX and AC133-vcMMAF against hepatocellular carcinoma and its future relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Murali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - A R Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - B Nair
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - K Pavithran
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, 682041, India
| | - A R Devan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - G K Pradeep
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India
| | - L R Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Science Campus, Ponekkara P. O., Kochi, Kerala, 682041, India.
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Tsai CH, Chiu TY, Chen CT, Hsu CY, Tsai YR, Yeh TK, Huang KH, Tsou LK. Click Chemistry and Multicomponent Reaction for Linker Diversification of Zinc Dipicolylamine-Based Drug Conjugates. Front Chem 2022; 9:822587. [PMID: 35242746 PMCID: PMC8886374 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.822587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient Ugi multicomponent reaction with strain promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition protocol has been utilized in concert or independently to prepare a small family of bioactive zinc(II) dipicolylamine (ZnDPA)-based SN-38 conjugates. With sequential click chemistry coupling between the cytotoxic payload and phosphatidylserine-targeting ZnDPA ligand derived from structurally diverse carboxylic acids, aldehyde or ketones, and isocyanides, we demonstrated that this convergent synthetic strategy could furnish conjugates harnessing diversified linkers that exhibited different pharmacokinetic profiles in systemic circulation in vivo. Among the eight new conjugates, comparative studies on in vitro cytotoxicities, plasma stabilities, in vivo pharmacokinetic properties, and maximum tolerated doses were then carried out to identify a potent ZnDPA-based SN-38 conjugate that resulted in pancreatic cancer growth regression with an 80% reduction of cytotoxic payload used when compared to that of the marketed irinotecan. Our work provided the roadmap to construct a variety of theranostic agents in a similar manner for cancer treatment.
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Davis TK, Jennings ME. Site-Specific Conjugation Quantitation of a Cysteine-Conjugated Antibody-Drug Conjugate Using Stable Isotope Labeling Peptide Mapping LC-MS/MS Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2772-2778. [PMID: 35100801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug-load (DL) characterization of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is an important analytical task due to its designation as a critical quality attribute (CQA) affecting potency and stability. Intact and subunit liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses can determine global drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs) that correlate well with other orthogonal analytical methods; however, peptide mapping liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis has struggled to provide complementary site-specific quantitation of drug conjugation sites. The peptide mapping method described herein utilizes stable isotope labeling to accurately quantitate the site-specific conjugation levels of a cysteine-conjugated ADC to provide "bottom-up" DAR characterization in parallel with protein sequence and post-translational modification (PTM) characterization in one multi-attribute analytical method (MAM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K Davis
- AbbVie, Analytical Research and Development, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Mark E Jennings
- GlaxoSmithKline, CMC Analytical, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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Zhang H, Jin C, Zhang L, Peng B, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li L, Ye M, Xiong W, Tan W. CD71-Specific Aptamer Conjugated with Monomethyl Auristatin E for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32-40. [PMID: 34928139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy among adults. Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, the general mortality of UM remains alarmingly high. This calls for the development of new approaches for the treatment of UM, such as targeted cancer therapy. CD71, also known as transferrin receptor 1, is overexpressed in UM cell lines and tissues. Herein, we report the development of a CD71-specific aptamer targeting the XQ-2d-MMAE conjugate that can distinguish UM cells from normal human uveal melanocytes. The cytotoxic drug monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) could be easily coupled onto XQ-2d, a DNA aptamer that specifically targets CD71, to achieve efficiently targeted cancer growth inhibition in a mouse xenograft model, thus implying that XQ-2d-MMAE might be developed into a promising novel anti-tumor agent for the treatment of UM. Collectively, our results demonstrated that CD71 is a reliable target for drug delivery in UM and could be utilized as a model to explore aptamer-mediated targeted UM treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yibin Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Ling Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
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Lu J, Ding J, Liu Z, Chen T. Retrospective analysis of the preparation and application of immunotherapy in cancer treatment (Review). Int J Oncol 2022; 60:12. [PMID: 34981814 PMCID: PMC8759346 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody technology plays a vital role in biomedical and immunotherapy, which greatly promotes the study of the structure and function of genes and proteins. To date, monoclonal antibodies have gone through four stages: murine monoclonal antibody, chimeric monoclonal antibody, humanised monoclonal antibody and fully human monoclonal antibody; thousands of monoclonal antibodies have been used in the fields of biology and medicine, playing a special role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of disease. In this review, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of hybridoma technology, phage display technology, ribosome display technology, transgenic mouse technology, single B cell monoclonal antibody generation technologies, and forecast the promising applications of these technologies in clinical medicine, disease diagnosis and tumour treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxia Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Tingtao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Jin Y, Schladetsch MA, Huang X, Balunas MJ, Wiemer AJ. Stepping forward in antibody-drug conjugate development. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 229:107917. [PMID: 34171334 PMCID: PMC8702582 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are cancer therapeutic agents comprised of an antibody, a linker and a small-molecule payload. ADCs use the specificity of the antibody to target the toxic payload to tumor cells. After intravenous administration, ADCs enter circulation, distribute to tumor tissues and bind to the tumor surface antigen. The antigen then undergoes endocytosis to internalize the ADC into tumor cells, where it is transported to lysosomes to release the payload. The released toxic payloads can induce apoptosis through DNA damage or microtubule inhibition and can kill surrounding cancer cells through the bystander effect. The first ADC drug was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2000, but the following decade saw no new approved ADC drugs. From 2011 to 2018, four ADC drugs were approved, while in 2019 and 2020 five more ADCs entered the market. This demonstrates an increasing trend for the clinical development of ADCs. This review summarizes the recent clinical research, with a specific focus on how the in vivo processing of ADCs influences their design. We aim to provide comprehensive information about current ADCs to facilitate future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Jin
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Megan A Schladetsch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xueting Huang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Marcy J Balunas
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Abstract
Polyclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations have been used for several decades for treatment of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies and for treatment of some infections and intoxications. This has demonstrated the importance of Igs, also called antibodies (Abs) for prevention and elimination of infections. Moreover, elucidation of the structure and functions of Abs has suggested that they might be useful for targeted treatment of several diseases, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. The development of technologies for production of specific monoclonal Abs (MAbs) in large amounts has led to the production of highly effective therapeutic antibodies (TAbs), a collective term for MAbs (MAbs) with demonstrated clinical efficacy in one or more diseases. The number of approved TAbs is currently around hundred, and an even larger number is under development, including several engineered and modified Ab formats. The use of TAbs has provided new treatment options for many severe diseases, but prediction of clinical effect is difficult, and many patients eventually lose effect, possibly due to development of Abs to the TAbs or to other reasons. The therapeutic efficacy of TAbs can be ascribed to one or more effects, including binding and neutralization of targets, direct cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent complement-dependent cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or others. The therapeutic options for TAbs have been expanded by development of several new formats of TAbs, including bispecific Abs, single domain Abs, TAb-drug conjugates, and the use of TAbs for targeted activation of immune cells. Most promisingly, current research and development can be expected to increase the number of clinical conditions, which may benefit from TAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
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Fatima SW, Khare SK. Benefits and challenges of antibody drug conjugates as novel form of chemotherapy. J Control Release 2021; 341:555-565. [PMID: 34906604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are an emerging therapeutic modality for targeted cancer treatment. They represent the unique amalgamation of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. ADCs comprise of monoclonal antibodies linked with drugs (payloads) through a chemical linker designed to deliver the cytotoxic moiety to the cancer cells. The present paper is a review of recent clinical advances of each component of ADCs (antibody/linker/payload) and how the individual component influences the activity of ADCs. The review discusses opportunities for improving ADCs efficiency and ways to have a better antibody-based molecular platform, which could substantially increase chemotherapy outcomes. This review casts an outlook on how ADCs enhancement in terms of their pharmacokinetics, therapeutic indexes and safety profiles can overcome the prevailing challenges like drug resistance in cancer treatment. A novel strategy of augmenting antibodies with nanoparticles anticipates a huge success in terms of targeted delivery of drugs in several diseases. Antibody conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs) are a very promising strategy for the cutting-edge development of chemo/immunotherapies for efficient delivery of payloads at the targeted cancer cells. The avenues of a high drug to antibody ratio (DAR) owing to the selection of broad chemotherapy payloads, regulating drug release eliciting higher avidity of ACNPs over ADCs will be the modern immunotherapeutics. ACNPs carry immense potential to mark a paradigm shift in cancer chemotherapy that may be a substitute for ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Warisul Fatima
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil K Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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