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Novel Organoruthenium(II) Complex C1 Selectively Inhibits Butyrylcholinesterase without Side Effects on Neuromuscular Transmission. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032681. [PMID: 36769002 PMCID: PMC9916964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) shows increased activity in some brain regions after progression of Alzheimer's disease and is therefore one of the therapeutic targets for symptomatic treatment of this neurodegenerative disorder. The organoruthenium(II) complex [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(II)(1-hydroxy-3-methoxypyridine-2(1H)-thionato)pta]PF6 (C1) was designed based on the results of our previous structure-activity studies. Inhibitory activity toward cholinesterase enzymes shows that this complex selectively, competitively, and reversibly inhibits horse serum BChE (hsBChE) with an IC50 value of 2.88 µM. When tested at supra-pharmacological concentrations (30, 60, 90, and 120 µM), C1 had no significant effect on the maximal amplitude of nerve-evoked and directly elicited single-twitch and tetanic contractions. At the highest tested concentration (120 µM), C1 had no effect on resting membrane potential, but significantly decreased the amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPP) without reducing their frequency. The same concentration of C1 had no effect on the amplitude of end-plate potentials (EPP), however it shortened the half-decay time of MEPPs and EPPs. The decrease in the amplitude of MEPPs and shortening of the half-decay time of MEPPs and EPPs suggest a possible weak inhibitory effect on muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). These combined results show that, when applied at supra-pharmacological concentrations up to 120 µM, C1 does not importantly affect the physiology of neuromuscular transmission and skeletal muscle contraction.
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Kladnik J, Dolinar A, Kljun J, Perea D, Grau-Expósito J, Genescà M, Novinec M, Buzon MJ, Turel I. Zinc pyrithione is a potent inhibitor of PL Pro and cathepsin L enzymes with ex vivo inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2158-2168. [PMID: 35943189 PMCID: PMC9367663 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2108417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc pyrithione (1a), together with its analogues 1b–h and ruthenium pyrithione complex 2a, were synthesised and evaluated for the stability in biologically relevant media and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Zinc pyrithione revealed potent in vitro inhibition of cathepsin L (IC50=1.88 ± 0.49 µM) and PLPro (IC50=0.50 ± 0.07 µM), enzymes involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication, respectively, as well as antiviral entry and replication properties in an ex vivo system derived from primary human lung tissue. Zinc complexes 1b–h expressed comparable in vitro inhibition. On the contrary, ruthenium complex 2a and the ligand pyrithione a itself expressed poor inhibition in mentioned assays, indicating the importance of the selection of metal core and structure of metal complex for antiviral activity. Safe, effective, and preferably oral at-home therapeutics for COVID-19 are needed and as such zinc pyrithione, which is also commercially available, could be considered as a potential therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Dolinar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Perea
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marko Novinec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Arshad JZ, Hanif M. Hydroxypyrone derivatives in drug discovery: from chelation therapy to rational design of metalloenzyme inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1127-1149. [PMID: 36325396 PMCID: PMC9579940 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00175f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The versatile structural motif of hydroxypyrone is found in natural products and can be easily converted into hydroxypyridone and hydroxythiopyridone analogues. The favourable toxicity profile and ease of functionalization to access a vast library of compounds make them an ideal structural scaffold for drug design and discovery. This versatile scaffold possesses excellent metal chelating properties that can be exploited for chelation therapy in clinics. Deferiprone [1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-one] was the first orally active chelator to treat iron overload in thalassemia major. Metal complexes of hydroxy-(thio)pyr(id)ones have been investigated as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents, and anticancer and antidiabetic agents. In recent years, this compound class has demonstrated potential in discovering and developing metalloenzyme inhibitors. This review article summarizes recent literature on hydroxy-(thio)pyr(id)ones as inhibitors for metalloenzymes such as histone deacetylases, tyrosinase and metallo-β-lactamase. Different approaches to the design of hydroxy-(thio)pyr(id)ones and their biological properties against selected metalloenzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahan Zaib Arshad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University Sialkot Sialkot Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand (+64) 9 373 7599 ext. 87422
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Wellington New Zealand
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Tezcan B, Gök Y, Sevinçek R, Taslimi P, Taskin‐Tok T, Aktaş A, Güzel B, Aygün M, Gülçin I. Benzimidazolium salts bearing the trifluoromethyl group as organofluorine compounds: Synthesis, characterization, crystal structure, in silico study, and inhibitory profiles against acetylcholinesterase and α‐glycosidase. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e23001. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science Cukurova University Adana Turkey
| | - Yetkin Gök
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science Inonu University Malatya Turkey
| | - Resul Sevinçek
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Dokuz Eylul University İzmir Buca Turkey
| | - Parham Taslimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science Bartin University Bartin Turkey
| | - Tugba Taskin‐Tok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Gaziantep University Gaziantep Turkey
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University Gaziantep Turkey
| | - Aydın Aktaş
- Department of Pathology, Vocational School of Health Service Inonu University Malatya Turkey
| | - Bilgehan Güzel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science Cukurova University Adana Turkey
| | - Muhittin Aygün
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Dokuz Eylul University İzmir Buca Turkey
| | - İlhami Gülçin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Atatürk University Erzurum Turkey
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Gürses C, Aktaş A, Balcıoğlu S, Fadhilah A, Gök Y, Ateş B. Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding and anticancer activities of the imidazolidine-functionalized (NHC)Ru(II) complexes. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Trobec T, Sepčić K, Žužek MC, Kladnik J, Podjed N, Cardoso Páscoa C, Turel I, Frangež R. Fine Tuning of Cholinesterase and Glutathione-S-Transferase Activities by Organoruthenium(II) Complexes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091243. [PMID: 34572429 PMCID: PMC8467340 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterases (ChEs) show increased activities in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, and remain one of the main therapeutic targets for treatment of this neurodegenerative disorder. A library of organoruthenium(II) complexes was prepared to investigate the influence of their structural elements on inhibition of ChEs, and on another pharmacologically important group of enzymes, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Two groups of organoruthenium(II) compounds were considered: (i) organoruthenium(II) complexes with p-cymene as an arene ligand, and (ii) organoruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes as CO-releasing molecules. Eight organoruthenium complexes were screened for inhibitory activities against ChEs and GSTs of human and animal origins. Some compounds inhibited all of these enzymes at low micromolar concentrations, while others selectively inhibited either ChEs or GSTs. This study demonstrates the importance of the different structural elements of organoruthenium complexes for their inhibitory activities against ChEs and GSTs, and also proposes some interesting compounds for further preclinical testing as ChE or GST inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž Trobec
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.)
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (I.T.); (R.F.); Tel.: +386-1-3203419 (K.S.); +386-1-4798525 (I.T.); +386-1-4779131 (R.F.)
| | - Monika Cecilija Žužek
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.)
| | - Jerneja Kladnik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (N.P.); (C.C.P.)
| | - Nina Podjed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (N.P.); (C.C.P.)
| | - Catarina Cardoso Páscoa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (N.P.); (C.C.P.)
- NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Iztok Turel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (N.P.); (C.C.P.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (I.T.); (R.F.); Tel.: +386-1-3203419 (K.S.); +386-1-4798525 (I.T.); +386-1-4779131 (R.F.)
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (I.T.); (R.F.); Tel.: +386-1-3203419 (K.S.); +386-1-4798525 (I.T.); +386-1-4779131 (R.F.)
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Pivarcsik T, Tóth G, Szemerédi N, Bogdanov A, Spengler G, Kljun J, Kladnik J, Turel I, Enyedy ÉA. Comparison of Solution Chemical Properties and Biological Activity of Ruthenium Complexes of Selected β-Diketone, 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Pyrithione Ligands. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:518. [PMID: 34072270 PMCID: PMC8226722 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the various biological activities of eight organoruthenium(II) complexes were evaluated to reveal correlations with their stability and reactivity in aqueous media. Complexes with general formula [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(X,Y)(Z)] were prepared, where (X,Y) represents either an O,O-ligand (β-diketone), N,O-ligand (8-hydroxyquinoline) or O,S-pyrithione-type ligands (pyrithione = 1-hydroxypyridine-2(1H)-thione) with Cl- or 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) as a co-ligand (Z). The tested complexes inhibit the chlamydial growth on HeLa cells, and one of the complexes inhibits the growth of the human herpes simplex virus-2. The chlorido complexes with N,O- and O,S-ligands displayed strong antibacterial activity on Gram-positive strains including the resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and were cytotoxic in adenocarcinoma cell lines. Effect of the structural variation on the biological properties and solution stability was clearly revealed. The decreased bioactivity of the β-diketone complexes can be related to their lower stability in solution. In contrast, the O,S-pyrithione-type complexes are highly stable in solution and the complexation prevents the oxidation of the O,S-ligands. Comparing the binding of PTA and the chlorido co-ligands, it can be concluded that PTA is generally more strongly coordinated to ruthenium, which at the same time decreased the reactivity of complexes with human serum albumin or 1-methylimidazole as well as diminished their bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pivarcsik
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
| | - Nikoletta Szemerédi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Anita Bogdanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Éva A. Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Kladnik J, Coverdale JPC, Kljun J, Burmeister H, Lippman P, Ellis FG, Jones AM, Ott I, Romero-Canelón I, Turel I. Organoruthenium Complexes with Benzo-Fused Pyrithiones Overcome Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2493. [PMID: 34065335 PMCID: PMC8160969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance to existing anticancer agents is a growing clinical concern, with many first line treatments showing poor efficacy in treatment plans of some cancers. Resistance to platinum agents, such as cisplatin, is particularly prevalent in the treatment of ovarian cancer, one of the most common cancers amongst women in the developing world. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop next generation of anticancer agents which can overcome resistance to existing therapies. We report a new series of organoruthenium(II) complexes bearing structurally modified pyrithione ligands with extended aromatic scaffold, which overcome platinum and adriamycin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells. The mechanism of action of such complexes appears to be unique from that of cisplatin, involving G1 cell cycle arrest without generation of cellular ROS, as is typically associated with similar ruthenium complexes. The complexes inhibit the enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in a model system and reduce cell motility towards wound healing. Importantly, this work highlights further development in our understanding of the multi-targeting mechanism of action exhibited by transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - James P. C. Coverdale
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.P.C.C.); (F.G.E.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Hilke Burmeister
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.B.); (P.L.); (I.O.)
| | - Petra Lippman
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.B.); (P.L.); (I.O.)
| | - Francesca G. Ellis
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.P.C.C.); (F.G.E.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.P.C.C.); (F.G.E.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.B.); (P.L.); (I.O.)
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.P.C.C.); (F.G.E.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
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