1
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Astorga-Gamaza A, Perea D, Sanchez-Gaona N, Calvet-Mirabent M, Gallego-Cortés A, Grau-Expósito J, Sanchez-Cerrillo I, Rey J, Castellví J, Curran A, Burgos J, Navarro J, Suanzes P, Falcó V, Genescà M, Martín-Gayo E, Buzon MJ. KLRG1 expression on natural killer cells is associated with HIV persistence, and its targeting promotes the reduction of the viral reservoir. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101202. [PMID: 37741278 PMCID: PMC10591043 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection induces immunological dysfunction, which limits the elimination of HIV-infected cells during treated infection. Identifying and targeting dysfunctional immune cells might help accelerate the purging of the persistent viral reservoir. Here, we show that chronic HIV infection increases natural killer (NK) cell populations expressing the negative immune regulator KLRG1, both in peripheral blood and lymph nodes. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) does not reestablish these functionally impaired NK populations, and the expression of KLRG1 correlates with active HIV transcription. Targeting KLRG1 with specific antibodies significantly restores the capacity of NK cells to kill HIV-infected cells, reactivates latent HIV present in CD4+ T cells co-expressing KLRG1, and reduces the intact HIV genomes in samples from ART-treated individuals. Our data support the potential use of immunotherapy against the KLRG1 receptor to impact the viral reservoir during HIV persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perea
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Sanchez-Gaona
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Gallego-Cortés
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sanchez-Cerrillo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Rey
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Curran
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Suanzes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de La Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; Infectious Diseases CIBER (CIBERINFECC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Kobayashi-Ishihara M, Frazão Smutná K, Alonso FE, Argilaguet J, Esteve-Codina A, Geiger K, Genescà M, Grau-Expósito J, Duran-Castells C, Rogenmoser S, Böttcher R, Jungfleisch J, Oliva B, Martinez JP, Li M, David M, Yamagishi M, Ruiz-Riol M, Brander C, Tsunetsugu-Yokota Y, Buzon MJ, Díez J, Meyerhans A. Schlafen 12 restricts HIV-1 latency reversal by a codon-usage dependent post-transcriptional block in CD4+ T cells. Commun Biol 2023; 6:487. [PMID: 37165099 PMCID: PMC10172343 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04841-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency is a major barrier towards virus elimination in HIV-1-infected individuals. Yet, the mechanisms that contribute to the maintenance of HIV-1 latency are incompletely understood. Here we describe the Schlafen 12 protein (SLFN12) as an HIV-1 restriction factor that establishes a post-transcriptional block in HIV-1-infected cells and thereby inhibits HIV-1 replication and virus reactivation from latently infected cells. The inhibitory activity is dependent on the HIV-1 codon usage and on the SLFN12 RNase active sites. Within HIV-1-infected individuals, SLFN12 expression in PBMCs correlated with HIV-1 plasma viral loads and proviral loads suggesting a link with the general activation of the immune system. Using an RNA FISH-Flow HIV-1 reactivation assay, we demonstrate that SLFN12 expression is enriched in infected cells positive for HIV-1 transcripts but negative for HIV-1 proteins. Thus, codon-usage dependent translation inhibition of HIV-1 proteins participates in HIV-1 latency and can restrict the amount of virus release after latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kobayashi-Ishihara
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Molecular Biology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Katarína Frazão Smutná
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Florencia E Alonso
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kerstin Geiger
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Duran-Castells
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Selina Rogenmoser
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - René Böttcher
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Jungfleisch
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Baldomero Oliva
- Structural Bioinformatics Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier P Martinez
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manqing Li
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael David
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Makoto Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marta Ruiz-Riol
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Institució de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yasuko Tsunetsugu-Yokota
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Human Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juana Díez
- Molecular Virology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Group, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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Kladnik J, Dolinar A, Kljun J, Perea D, Grau-Expósito J, Genescà M, Novinec M, Buzon MJ, Turel I. Zinc pyrithione is a potent inhibitor of PL Pro and cathepsin L enzymes with ex vivo inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2158-2168. [PMID: 35943189 PMCID: PMC9367663 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2108417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc pyrithione (1a), together with its analogues 1b–h and ruthenium pyrithione complex 2a, were synthesised and evaluated for the stability in biologically relevant media and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Zinc pyrithione revealed potent in vitro inhibition of cathepsin L (IC50=1.88 ± 0.49 µM) and PLPro (IC50=0.50 ± 0.07 µM), enzymes involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication, respectively, as well as antiviral entry and replication properties in an ex vivo system derived from primary human lung tissue. Zinc complexes 1b–h expressed comparable in vitro inhibition. On the contrary, ruthenium complex 2a and the ligand pyrithione a itself expressed poor inhibition in mentioned assays, indicating the importance of the selection of metal core and structure of metal complex for antiviral activity. Safe, effective, and preferably oral at-home therapeutics for COVID-19 are needed and as such zinc pyrithione, which is also commercially available, could be considered as a potential therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Dolinar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Perea
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marko Novinec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Grau-Expósito J, Perea D, Suppi M, Massana N, Vergara A, Soler MJ, Trinite B, Blanco J, García-Pérez J, Alcamí J, Serrano-Mollar A, Rosado J, Falcó V, Genescà M, Buzon MJ. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 entry, inflammation and new therapeutics in human lung tissue cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010171. [PMID: 35025963 PMCID: PMC8791477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of physiological models that reproduce SARS-CoV-2 infection in primary human cells will be instrumental to identify host-pathogen interactions and potential therapeutics. Here, using cell suspensions directly from primary human lung tissues (HLT), we have developed a rapid platform for the identification of viral targets and the expression of viral entry factors, as well as for the screening of viral entry inhibitors and anti-inflammatory compounds. The direct use of HLT cells, without long-term cell culture and in vitro differentiation approaches, preserves main immune and structural cell populations, including the most susceptible cell targets for SARS-CoV-2; alveolar type II (AT-II) cells, while maintaining the expression of proteins involved in viral infection, such as ACE2, TMPRSS2, CD147 and AXL. Further, antiviral testing of 39 drug candidates reveals a highly reproducible method, suitable for different SARS-CoV-2 variants, and provides the identification of new compounds missed by conventional systems, such as VeroE6. Using this method, we also show that interferons do not modulate ACE2 expression, and that stimulation of local inflammatory responses can be modulated by different compounds with antiviral activity. Overall, we present a relevant and rapid method for the study of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perea
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Suppi
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Massana
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ander Vergara
- Nephrology Research Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria José Soler
- Nephrology Research Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinite
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic–Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Clinic HIV Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Serrano-Mollar
- Experimental Pathology Department, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBB-CSIC), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joel Rosado
- Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation Department, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J. Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Astorga-Gamaza A, Vitali M, Borrajo ML, Suárez-López R, Jaime C, Bastus N, Serra-Peinado C, Luque-Ballesteros L, Blanch-Lombarte O, Prado JG, Lorente J, Pumarola F, Pellicer M, Falcó V, Genescà M, Puntes V, Buzon MJ. Antibody cooperative adsorption onto AuNPs and its exploitation to force natural killer cells to kill HIV-infected T cells. Nano Today 2021; 36:101056. [PMID: 34394703 PMCID: PMC8360327 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2020.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV represents a persistent infection which negatively alters the immune system. New tools to reinvigorate different immune cell populations to impact HIV are needed. Herein, a novel nanotool for the specific enhancement of the natural killer (NK) immune response towards HIV-infected T-cells has been developed. Bispecific Au nanoparticles (BiAb-AuNPs), dually conjugated with IgG anti-HIVgp120 and IgG anti-human CD16 antibodies, were generated by a new controlled, linker-free and cooperative conjugation method promoting the ordered distribution and segregation of antibodies in domains. The cooperatively-adsorbed antibodies fully retained the capabilities to recognize their cognate antigen and were able to significantly enhance cell-to-cell contact between HIV-expressing cells and NK cells. As a consequence, the BiAb-AuNPs triggered a potent cytotoxic response against HIV-infected cells in blood and human tonsil explants. Remarkably, the BiAb-AuNPs were able to significantly reduce latent HIV infection after viral reactivation in a primary cell model of HIV latency. This novel molecularly-targeted strategy using a bispecific nanotool to enhance the immune system represents a new approximation with potential applications beyond HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele Vitali
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireya L. Borrajo
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Suárez-López
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Jaime
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Bastus
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Serra-Peinado
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Luque-Ballesteros
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Blanch-Lombarte
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Julia G. Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Juan Lorente
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Pumarola
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Pellicer
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Passeig Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Puntes
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author at: Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J. Buzon
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitario Vall d’Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Corresponding author. (V. Puntes), (M.J. Buzon)
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6
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Abdel-Mohsen M, Richman D, Siliciano RF, Nussenzweig MC, Howell BJ, Martinez-Picado J, Chomont N, Bar KJ, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M, Alcami J, Hazuda D, Bushman F, Siliciano JD, Betts MR, Spivak AM, Planelles V, Hahn BH, Smith DM, Ho YC, Buzon MJ, Gaebler C, Paiardini M, Li Q, Estes JD, Hope TJ, Kostman J, Mounzer K, Caskey M, Fox L, Frank I, Riley JL, Tebas P, Montaner LJ. Recommendations for measuring HIV reservoir size in cure-directed clinical trials. Nat Med 2020; 26:1339-1350. [PMID: 32895573 PMCID: PMC7703694 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-1022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies are being clinically tested either to eradicate latent HIV reservoirs or to achieve virologic control in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Attaining this goal will require a consensus on how best to measure the numbers of persistently infected cells with the potential to cause viral rebound after antiretroviral-therapy cessation in assessing the results of cure-directed strategies in vivo. Current measurements assess various aspects of the HIV provirus and its functionality and produce divergent results. Here, we provide recommendations from the BEAT-HIV Martin Delaney Collaboratory on which viral measurements should be prioritized in HIV-cure-directed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Richman
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid and Infectious Diseases Unit, IBIDAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Davey M Smith
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maria J Buzon
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid and Infectious Diseases Unit, IBIDAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- School of Biological Sciences and Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Jay Kostman
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Lawrence Fox
- Division of AIDS, NIAID, NIH, North Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Pablo Tebas
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Cantero-Pérez J, Grau-Expósito J, Serra-Peinado C, Rosero DA, Luque-Ballesteros L, Astorga-Gamaza A, Castellví J, Sanhueza T, Tapia G, Lloveras B, Fernández MA, Prado JG, Solé-Sedeno JM, Tarrats A, Lecumberri C, Mañalich-Barrachina L, Centeno-Mediavilla C, Falcó V, Buzon MJ, Genescà M. Resident memory T cells are a cellular reservoir for HIV in the cervical mucosa. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4739. [PMID: 31628331 PMCID: PMC6802119 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV viral reservoirs are established very early during infection. Resident memory T cells (TRM) are present in tissues such as the lower female genital tract, but the contribution of this subset of cells to the pathogenesis and persistence of HIV remains unclear. Here, we show that cervical CD4+TRM display a unique repertoire of clusters of differentiation, with enrichment of several molecules associated with HIV infection susceptibility, longevity and self-renewing capacities. These protein profiles are enriched in a fraction of CD4+TRM expressing CD32. Cervical explant models show that CD4+TRM preferentially support HIV infection and harbor more viral DNA and protein than non-TRM. Importantly, cervical tissue from ART-suppressed HIV+ women contain high levels of viral DNA and RNA, being the TRM fraction the principal contributor. These results recognize the lower female genital tract as an HIV sanctuary and identify CD4+TRM as primary targets of HIV infection and viral persistence. Thus, strategies towards an HIV cure will need to consider TRM phenotypes, which are widely distributed in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Cantero-Pérez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Serra-Peinado
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniela A Rosero
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Luque-Ballesteros
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamara Sanhueza
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Lloveras
- Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco A Fernández
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Julia G Prado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Josep M Solé-Sedeno
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Tarrats
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Lecumberri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Mañalich-Barrachina
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Centeno-Mediavilla
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Serra-Peinado C, Grau-Expósito J, Luque-Ballesteros L, Astorga-Gamaza A, Navarro J, Gallego-Rodriguez J, Martin M, Curran A, Burgos J, Ribera E, Raventós B, Willekens R, Torrella A, Planas B, Badía R, Garcia F, Castellví J, Genescà M, Falcó V, Buzon MJ. Expression of CD20 after viral reactivation renders HIV-reservoir cells susceptible to Rituximab. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3705. [PMID: 31420544 PMCID: PMC6697690 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11556-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of exclusive markers to target HIV-reservoir cells will represent a significant advance in the search for therapies to cure HIV. Here, we identify the B lymphocyte antigen CD20 as a marker for HIV-infected cells in vitro and in vivo. The CD20 molecule is dimly expressed in a subpopulation of CD4-positive (CD4+) T lymphocytes from blood, with high levels of cell activation and heterogeneous memory phenotypes. In lymph node samples from infected patients, CD20 is present in productively HIV-infected cells, and ex vivo viral infection selectively upregulates the expression of CD20 during early infection. In samples from patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) this subpopulation is significantly enriched in HIV transcripts, and the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody Rituximab induces cell killing, which reduces the pool of HIV-expressing cells when combined with latency reversal agents. We provide a tool for targeting this active HIV-reservoir after viral reactivation in patients while on ART. Here, the authors identify B lymphocyte antigen CD20 as a marker for HIV-infected T cells and provide evidence for the potential use of anti-CD20 antibodies in combination with latency reversing agents for depletion of viral reactivated CD4 T cells in patients on antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Serra-Peinado
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Luque-Ballesteros
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Astorga-Gamaza
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jenny Gallego-Rodriguez
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martin
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrià Curran
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Ribera
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Raventós
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rein Willekens
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torrella
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibiana Planas
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Badía
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe Garcia
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Vall d'Hebrón, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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Grau-Expósito J, Luque-Ballesteros L, Navarro J, Curran A, Burgos J, Ribera E, Torrella A, Planas B, Badía R, Martin-Castillo M, Fernández-Sojo J, Genescà M, Falcó V, Buzon MJ. Latency reversal agents affect differently the latent reservoir present in distinct CD4+ T subpopulations. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007991. [PMID: 31425551 PMCID: PMC6715238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Latency reversal agents (LRAs) have proven to induce HIV-1 transcription in vivo but are ineffective at decreasing the size of the latent reservoir in antiretroviral treated patients. The capacity of the LRAs to perturb the viral reservoir present in distinct subpopulations of cells is currently unknown. Here, using a new RNA FISH/flow ex vivo viral reactivation assay, we performed a comprehensive assessment of the viral reactivation capacity of different families of LRAs, and their combinations, in different CD4+ T cell subsets. We observed that a median of 16.28% of the whole HIV-reservoir induced HIV-1 transcripts after viral reactivation, but only 10.10% of these HIV-1 RNA+ cells produced the viral protein p24. Moreover, none of the LRAs were powerful enough to reactivate HIV-1 transcription in all CD4+ T cell subpopulations. For instance, the combination of Romidepsin and Ingenol was identified as the best combination of drugs at increasing the proportion of HIV-1 RNA+ cells, in most, but not all, CD4+ T cell subsets. Importantly, memory stem cells were identified as highly resistant to HIV-1 reactivation, and only the combination of Panobinostat and Bryostatin-1 significantly increased the number of cells transcribing HIV within this subset. Overall, our results validate the use of the RNA FISH/flow technique to assess the potency of LRAs among different CD4+ T cell subsets, manifest the intrinsic differences between cells that encompass the latent HIV reservoir, and highlight the difficulty to significantly impact the latent infection with the currently available drugs. Thus, our results have important implications for the rational design of therapies aimed at reversing HIV latency from diverse cellular reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Luque-Ballesteros
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Navarro
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Curran
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esteban Ribera
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Torrella
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibiana Planas
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Badía
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martin-Castillo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Fernández-Sojo
- Banc de Sang i Teixits, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria J. Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Abdel-Mohsen M, Kuri-Cervantes L, Grau-Exposito J, Spivak AM, Nell RA, Tomescu C, Vadrevu SK, Giron LB, Serra-Peinado C, Genescà M, Castellví J, Wu G, Del Rio Estrada PM, González-Navarro M, Lynn K, King CT, Vemula S, Cox K, Wan Y, Li Q, Mounzer K, Kostman J, Frank I, Paiardini M, Hazuda D, Reyes-Terán G, Richman D, Howell B, Tebas P, Martinez-Picado J, Planelles V, Buzon MJ, Betts MR, Montaner LJ. CD32 is expressed on cells with transcriptionally active HIV but does not enrich for HIV DNA in resting T cells. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaar6759. [PMID: 29669853 PMCID: PMC6282755 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of HIV reservoirs, including latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells, is the major obstacle to cure HIV infection. CD32a expression was recently reported to mark CD4+ T cells harboring a replication-competent HIV reservoir during antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppression. We aimed to determine whether CD32 expression marks HIV latently or transcriptionally active infected CD4+ T cells. Using peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue of ART-treated HIV+ or SIV+ subjects, we found that most of the circulating memory CD32+ CD4+ T cells expressed markers of activation, including CD69, HLA-DR, CD25, CD38, and Ki67, and bore a TH2 phenotype as defined by CXCR3, CCR4, and CCR6. CD32 expression did not selectively enrich for HIV- or SIV-infected CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood or lymphoid tissue; isolated CD32+ resting CD4+ T cells accounted for less than 3% of the total HIV DNA in CD4+ T cells. Cell-associated HIV DNA and RNA loads in CD4+ T cells positively correlated with the frequency of CD32+ CD69+ CD4+ T cells but not with CD32 expression on resting CD4+ T cells. Using RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, CD32 coexpression with HIV RNA or p24 was detected after in vitro HIV infection (peripheral blood mononuclear cell and tissue) and in vivo within lymph node tissue from HIV-infected individuals. Together, these results indicate that CD32 is not a marker of resting CD4+ T cells or of enriched HIV DNA-positive cells after ART; rather, CD32 is predominately expressed on a subset of activated CD4+ T cells enriched for transcriptionally active HIV after long-term ART.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Judith Grau-Exposito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Adam M Spivak
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Racheal A Nell
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carla Serra-Peinado
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Vall d´Hebrón, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth Lynn
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Sai Vemula
- Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Kara Cox
- Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Yanmin Wan
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Karam Mounzer
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Jay Kostman
- Jonathan Lax Center, Philadelphia FIGHT, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ian Frank
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Douglas Richman
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System and University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Pablo Tebas
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona 08916, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic 08500, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08908, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Vicente Planelles
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain.
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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11
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Puertas MC, Noguera-Julian M, Massanella M, Pou C, Buzon MJ, Clotet B, Stevenson M, Paredes R, Blanco J, Martinez-Picado J. Lack of concordance between residual viremia and viral variants driving de novo infection of CD4(+) T cells on ART. Retrovirology 2016; 13:51. [PMID: 27484989 PMCID: PMC4970251 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In most patients, current antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens can rapidly reduce plasma viral load. However, even after years of effective treatment, a significant proportion of patients show residual plasma viremia below the clinical detection limit. Although residual viremia might be associated with increased chronic immune activation and morbidity, its origin and its potential role in the replenishment of the viral reservoir during suppressive ART is not completely understood. We performed an in-depth genetic analysis of the total and episomal cell-associated viral DNA (vDNA) repertoire in purified CD4+ T cell subsets of three HIV-infected individuals, and used phylogenetic analysis to explore its relationship with plasma viruses. Results The predominant proviral reservoir was established in naïve or memory (central and transitional) CD4+ T cell subsets in patients harboring X4- or R5-tropic viruses, respectively. Regardless of the viral tropism, most plasma viruses detected under suppressive ART resembled the proviral reservoir identified in effector and transitional memory CD4+ T-cell subsets in blood, suggesting that residual viremia originates from these cells in either blood or lymphoid tissue. Most importantly, sequences in episomal vDNA in CD4+ T-cells were not well represented in residual viremia. Conclusions Viral tropism determines the differential distribution of viral reservoir among CD4+ T-cell subsets. In spite of viral tropism, the effector and transitional memory CD4+ T-cells subsets are the main source of residual viremia during suppressive ART, even though their contribution to the total proviral pool is small. However, the lack of concordance between residual viremia and viral variants driving de novo infection of CD4+ T cells on ART may reflect the predominance of defective plasma HIV RNA genomes. These findings highlight the need for monitoring the multiple viral RNA/DNA persistence markers, based on their differential contribution to viral persistence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-016-0282-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Puertas
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marc Noguera-Julian
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Marta Massanella
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUM et Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christian Pou
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria J Buzon
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,"Lluita Contra la Sida" Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Mario Stevenson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Roger Paredes
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,"Lluita Contra la Sida" Foundation, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- AIDS Research Institute IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain. .,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain. .,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Jones RB, Mueller S, O’Connor R, Rimpel K, Sloan DD, Karel D, Wong HC, Jeng EK, Thomas AS, Whitney JB, Lim SY, Kovacs C, Benko E, Karandish S, Huang SH, Buzon MJ, Lichterfeld M, Irrinki A, Murry JP, Tsai A, Yu H, Geleziunas R, Trocha A, Ostrowski MA, Irvine DJ, Walker BD. A Subset of Latency-Reversing Agents Expose HIV-Infected Resting CD4+ T-Cells to Recognition by Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005545. [PMID: 27082643 PMCID: PMC4833318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4+ T-cells harboring inducible HIV proviruses are a critical reservoir in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated subjects. These cells express little to no viral protein, and thus neither die by viral cytopathic effects, nor are efficiently cleared by immune effectors. Elimination of this reservoir is theoretically possible by combining latency-reversing agents (LRAs) with immune effectors, such as CD8+ T-cells. However, the relative efficacy of different LRAs in sensitizing latently-infected cells for recognition by HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells has not been determined. To address this, we developed an assay that utilizes HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell clones as biosensors for HIV antigen expression. By testing multiple CD8+ T-cell clones against a primary cell model of HIV latency, we identified several single agents that primed latently-infected cells for CD8+ T-cell recognition, including IL-2, IL-15, two IL-15 superagonists (IL-15SA and ALT-803), prostratin, and the TLR-2 ligand Pam3CSK4. In contrast, we did not observe CD8+ T-cell recognition of target cells following treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors or with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). In further experiments we demonstrate that a clinically achievable concentration of the IL-15 superagonist ‘ALT-803’, an agent presently in clinical trials for solid and hematological tumors, primes the natural ex vivo reservoir for CD8+ T-cell recognition. Thus, our results establish a novel experimental approach for comparative evaluation of LRAs, and highlight ALT-803 as an LRA with the potential to synergize with CD8+ T-cells in HIV eradication strategies. Although modern therapies have greatly improved the lives of HIV-positive people with access to care, a cure remains elusive. This leaves these individuals burdened by a lifelong commitment to medication, and fails to fully restore health. Curing infection would likely require therapies that combine the ability to force the virus out the ‘latent state’ in which it hides, with immune responses able to kill unmasked infected cells, the so called “shock and kill” strategy. A critical aspect of this strategy is identifying drugs that are effective at shocking virus out of latency, known as latency reversing agents. In this study, we took the novel approach of using CD8+ T-cells, immune cells responsible for killing infected cells, as biosensors able to detect the unmasking of latently-infected cells. Using this method, we screened a panel of potential latency reversing agents. We found that while a subset of these agents exposed infected cells to the immune system, others did not. Our results establish a new method for screening potential latency reversing agents, and support the prioritization of the agents that were shown to be effective for combination with CD8+ T-cells in shock and kill strategies aimed at curing HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Brad Jones
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Stefanie Mueller
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel O’Connor
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine Rimpel
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Sloan
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Dan Karel
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hing C. Wong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Emily K. Jeng
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Allison S. Thomas
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - James B. Whitney
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - So-Yon Lim
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Colin Kovacs
- The Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- The Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Karandish
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Maria J. Buzon
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alivelu Irrinki
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. Murry
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Tsai
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Yu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Romas Geleziunas
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Alicja Trocha
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mario A. Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Medical Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canad
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Leng J, Ho HP, Buzon MJ, Pereyra F, Walker BD, Yu XG, Chang EJ, Lichterfeld M. A cell-intrinsic inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcription in CD4(+) T cells from elite controllers. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 15:717-728. [PMID: 24922574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcription represents the predominant target for pharmacological inhibition of viral replication, but cell-intrinsic mechanisms that can block HIV-1 reverse transcription in a clinically significant way are poorly defined. We find that effective HIV-1 reverse transcription depends on the phosphorylation of viral reverse transcriptase by host cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2 at a highly conserved Threonine residue. CDK2-dependent phosphorylation increased the efficacy and stability of viral reverse transcriptase and enhanced viral fitness. Interestingly, p21, a cell-intrinsic CDK inhibitor that is upregulated in CD4(+) T cells from "elite controllers," potently inhibited CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and significantly reduced the efficacy of viral reverse transcription. These data suggest that p21 can indirectly block HIV-1 reverse transcription by inhibiting host cofactors supporting HIV-1 replication and identify sites of viral vulnerability that are effectively targeted in persons with natural control of HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Leng
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hsin-Pin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, York College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florencia Pereyra
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuel J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, York College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Ouyang Z, Buzon MJ, Zheng L, Sun H, Yu XG, Bosch RJ, Mellors JW, Eron JJ, Gandhi RT, Lichterfeld M. Transcriptional Changes in CD8(+) T Cells During Antiretroviral Therapy Intensified With Raltegravir. Open Forum Infect Dis 2015; 2:ofv045. [PMID: 26380343 PMCID: PMC4567091 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Using an unbiased, microarray-based transcriptional profiling approach, this study identified a total of 121 gene transcripts in CD8 T cells that change significantly during intensification of antiretroviral therapy with Raltegravir. Background. Intensification of antiretroviral therapy with raltegravir does not affect levels of residual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 viremia, but it has led to increased levels of episomal HIV-1 DNA in some patients, suggesting antiviral activity against otherwise unresponsive components of the viral reservoir. Effects of raltegravir on host cells remain less well understood. Methods. We used comprehensive and unbiased microarray-based transcriptional profiling to analyze gene expression changes in CD8+ T cells from participants in a randomized clinical trial (AIDS Clinical Trials Group [ACTG] A5244) comparing raltegravir-intensified to nonintensified antiretroviral therapy. Results. Although raltegravir intensification failed to induce statistically significant changes in HIV-1 DNA or residual plasma viremia, we observed significant increases in the expression intensity of 121 host gene transcripts. In functional annotations of these transcripts, we found that they were mainly involved in glucose and carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, control of cell proliferation, and tumor suppression. Two of the raltegravir-responsive gene transcripts were statistically correlated with levels of residual HIV-1 RNA, but none of the remaining 119 transcripts were associated with immunologic or virologic characteristics of the study patients. Conclusions. Together, these findings demonstrate that raltegravir intensification can induce previously unrecognized, statistically significant gene expression changes in host CD8+ T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Ouyang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts ; Division of Infectious Diseases , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston
| | - Lu Zheng
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research , Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hong Sun
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ronald J Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research , Harvard School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John W Mellors
- Division of Infectious Diseases , University of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Division of Infectious Diseases , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill
| | - Rajesh T Gandhi
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, Massachusetts ; Division of Infectious Diseases , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston
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15
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Buzon MJ, Sun H, Li C, Shaw A, Seiss K, Ouyang Z, Martin-Gayo E, Leng J, Henrich TJ, Li JZ, Pereyra F, Zurakowski R, Walker BD, Rosenberg ES, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. HIV-1 persistence in CD4+ T cells with stem cell-like properties. Nat Med 2014; 20:139-42. [PMID: 24412925 PMCID: PMC3959167 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular HIV-1 reservoirs that persist despite antiretroviral treatment are incompletely defined. We show that during suppressive antiretroviral therapy, CD4+ T memory stem cells (TSCM) harbor high per-cell levels of HIV-1 DNA, and make increasing contributions to the total viral CD4+ T cell reservoir over time. Moreover, phylogenetic studies suggested long-term persistence of viral quasispecies in CD4+ TSCM cells. Thus, HIV-1 may exploit stem cell characteristics of cellular immune memory to promote long-term viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Buzon
- 1] Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- 1] Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Chun Li
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy Shaw
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine Seiss
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhengyu Ouyang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jin Leng
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Timothy J Henrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florencia Pereyra
- 1] Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan Zurakowski
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- 1] Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric S Rosenberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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16
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Sun H, Buzon MJ, Shaw A, Berg RK, Yu XG, Ferrando-Martinez S, Leal M, Ruiz-Mateos E, Lichterfeld M. Hepatitis C therapy with interferon-α and ribavirin reduces CD4 T-cell-associated HIV-1 DNA in HIV-1/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1315-20. [PMID: 24277743 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined treatment with interferon alpha (IFN-α) and ribavirin (RBV) can effectively cure HCV infection in a significant proportion of patients, but effects of this regimen on cellular reservoirs for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are unknown. Here, we show that treatment with IFN-α/RBV led to a moderate but significant and sustained decline of HIV-1 DNA in CD4 T cells from HIV-1/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (n = 12). However, in vitro experiments failed to demonstrate an effect of pharmacological doses of IFN-α on HIV-1 reactivation. Together, these data suggest that treatment with IFN-α/RBV can moderately reduce the reservoir of HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells that persists despite suppressive antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Boston
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17
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Novis CL, Archin NM, Buzon MJ, Verdin E, Round JL, Lichterfeld M, Margolis DM, Planelles V, Bosque A. Reactivation of latent HIV-1 in central memory CD4⁺ T cells through TLR-1/2 stimulation. Retrovirology 2013; 10:119. [PMID: 24156240 PMCID: PMC3826617 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are crucial for recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by cells of the innate immune system. TLRs are present and functional in CD4⁺ T cells. Memory CD4⁺ T cells, predominantly central memory cells (TCM), constitute the main reservoir of latent HIV-1. However, how TLR ligands affect the quiescence of latent HIV within central memory CD4⁺ T cells has not been studied. RESULTS We evaluated the ability of a broad panel of TLR agonists to reactivate latent HIV-1. The TLR-1/2 agonist Pam3CSK4 leads to viral reactivation of quiescent HIV in a model of latency based on cultured TCM and in resting CD4⁺ T cells isolated from aviremic patients. In addition, we investigated the signaling pathway associated with Pam3CSK4 involved in HIV-1 reactivation. We show that the transcription factors NFκB, NFAT and AP-1 cooperate to induce viral reactivation downstream of TLR-1/2 stimulation. Furthermore, increasing levels of cyclin T1 is not required for TLR-mediated viral reactivation, but induction of viral expression requires activated pTEFb. Finally, Pam3CSK4 reactivates latent HIV-1 in the absence of T cell activation or proliferation, in contrast to antigen stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the signaling through TLR-1/2 pathway via Pam3CSK4 or other reagents should be explored as an anti-latency strategy either alone or in combination with other anti-latency drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Bosque
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University Of Utah School of Medicine, Emma Eccles Jones Medical Research Building, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Luo R, Cardozo EF, Piovoso MJ, Wu H, Buzon MJ, Martinez-Picado J, Zurakowski R. Modelling HIV-1 2-LTR dynamics following raltegravir intensification. J R Soc Interface 2013; 10:20130186. [PMID: 23658114 PMCID: PMC3673152 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2013.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A model of reservoir activation and viral replication is introduced accounting for the production of 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA circles following antiviral intensification with the HIV integrase inhibitor raltegravir, considering contributions of de novo infection events and exogenous sources of infected cells, including quiescent infected cell activation. The model shows that a monotonic increase in measured 2-LTR concentration post intensification is consistent with limited de novo infection primarily maintained by sources of infected cells unaffected by raltegravir, such as quiescent cell activation, while a transient increase in measured 2-LTR concentration is consistent with significant levels of efficient (R0 > 1) de novo infection. The model is validated against patient data from the INTEGRAL study and is shown to have a statistically significant fit relative to the null hypothesis of random measurement variation about a mean. We obtain estimates and confidence intervals for the model parameters, including 2-LTR half-life. Seven of the 13 patients with detectable 2-LTR concentrations from the INTEGRAL study have measured 2-LTR dynamics consistent with significant levels of efficient replication of the virus prior to treatment intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutao Luo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Bonjoch A, Buzon MJ, Llibre JM, Negredo E, Puig J, Pérez-Alvarez N, Videla S, Martinez-Picado J, Clotet B. Transient treatment exclusively containing nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors in highly antiretroviral-experienced patients preserves viral benefit when a fully active therapy was initiated. HIV Clin Trials 2009; 9:387-98. [PMID: 19203904 DOI: 10.1310/hct0906-387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We determined whether coformulated zidovudine/lamivudine/abacavir plus tenofovir could maintain immune status in comparison with a genotype-guided salvage regimen in highly pretreated patients. METHOD This was a randomized pilot control-arm study. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who maintained their CD4+ T-cell count at Week 48. RESULTS Thirteen patients were randomized to the study arm and 10 to the control arm. At 48 weeks, 8 (64%) patients in the study arm and 10 (100%) in the control arm maintained their immune status (p = .09). No new AIDS-defining events occurred. Three patients (27%) in the study arm and 5 (50%) in the control arm achieved an undetectable viral load (p = .39). When a fully suppressive regimen was initiated, 69% of patients in the study arm (9 patients) and 60% (6 patients) in the control arm reached <50 copies at 96 weeks (p = .98). CONCLUSION Although no statistically significant differences in immunological course were observed between the arms, the control group achieved better results after 48 weeks. This transient therapy could be reserved for specific patients in whom the risk of incomplete adherence or toxicity compromises efficacy while they are awaiting a fully active drug, without jeopardizing viral efficacy when a fully suppressive regimen is initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bonjoch
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
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Bonjoch A, Llibre JM, Negredo E, Puig J, Pérez-Álvarez N, Buzon MJ, Martinez-Picado J, Clotet B. Transient therapy with quadruple NRTI provides immune stability in patients with multidrug resistant HIV-1 and no options for suppressive regimens. J Int AIDS Soc 2008. [DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-11-s1-p50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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