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Larbi A, Li C, Quan G. An updated review on the application of proteomics to explore sperm cryoinjury mechanisms in livestock animals. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 263:107441. [PMID: 38412764 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review critically examines the application of proteomics in understanding sperm cryoinjury mechanisms in livestock animals, in the context of the widespread use of semen cryopreservation for genetic conservation. Despite its global adoption, cryopreservation often detrimentally affects sperm quality and fertility due to cryoinjuries. These injuries primarily arise from ice crystal formation, osmotic shifts, oxidative stress, and the reorganization of membrane proteins and lipids during freezing and thawing, leading to premature capacitation-like changes. Moreover, the cryopreservation process induces proteome remodeling in mammalian sperm. Although there have been technological advances in semen cryopreservation, the precise mechanisms of mammalian sperm cryoinjury remain elusive. This review offers an in-depth exploration of how recent advancements in proteomic technologies have enabled a detailed investigation into these molecular disruptions. It presents an analysis of protein-level alterations post-thaw and their impact on sperm viability and functionality. Additionally, it discusses the role of proteomics in refining cryopreservation techniques to mitigate cryoinjury and enhance reproductive outcomes in livestock. This work synthesizes current knowledge, highlights gaps, and suggests directions for future research in animal reproductive science and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allai Larbi
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China; Laboratory of Sustainable Agriculture Management, Higher School of Technology Sidi Bennour, Chouaib Doukkali University, El Jadida, Morocco
| | - Chunyan Li
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Guobo Quan
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Jindian, Panlong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China.
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Aniballi C, Elmi A, Govoni N, Bulla T, Canelli E, Casalini A, Bacci ML, Ventrella D. Influence of age and seasonality on boar seminal plasma steroids quantification: A preliminary study. Vet World 2023; 16:2150-2157. [PMID: 38023267 PMCID: PMC10668552 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2150-2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Seasonal changes, especially temperature and photoperiod, are well-known determining factors of swine reproductive capacity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of age and seasonal variations on boar seminal plasma steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], cortisol [CORT], and testosterone [TEST]) over 1 year. Materials and Methods Four commercial hybrid adult boars (Large White × Duroc), aged between 12 and 44 months, were repeatedly evaluated at the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences of the University of Bologna. Daily temperature and light hours relating to the collection date were considered for each observation within the four astronomical seasons: Winter, spring, summer, and autumn. Hormones were quantified using radioimmunoassay. The association between seasonal factors and hormone concentrations was evaluated using linear regression models. Univariate models were estimated for each hormone to assess the influence of the independent variables; two multivariate models were assessed to evaluate the effect of temperature and daylight hours, including boar and season factors. Results Age significantly affected all analyzed hormones (CORT p < 0.0001; DHEA p < 0.0001; and TEST p < 0.0001). The highest average levels were found for each hormone during summertime, suggesting a positive correlation between steroid concentrations with temperature and light hours. Conclusion The results of this study support the hypothesis that the increase in external temperature and light hours is somehow associated with higher levels of steroid concentrations in the seminal plasma of in-housed boars. These findings may help further investigate seasonal fluctuations in reproductive outcomes, which are well-known for porcine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Aniballi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Alberto Elmi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Nadia Govoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Tiziana Bulla
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Belle Arti, 41, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Canelli
- Swine Practitioner, PBA s.r.l., Via Gerole, 1, 26861, Fombio, LO, Italy
| | - Antonio Casalini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
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Mellagi APG, Will KJ, Quirino M, Bustamante-Filho IC, Ulguim RDR, Bortolozzo FP. Update on artificial insemination: Semen, techniques, and sow fertility. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:601-611. [PMID: 36063484 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, reproductive efficiency in the swine industry has focused on reducing the sperm cell number required per sow. Recent advances have included the identification of subfertile boars, new studies in extended semen quality control, new catheters and cannulas for intrauterine artificial insemination (AI), and fixed-time AI under commercial use. Therefore, it is essential to link field demands with scientific studies. In this review, we intend to discuss the current status of porcine AI, pointing out challenges and opportunities to improve reproductive efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P G Mellagi
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kelly J Will
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Monike Quirino
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ivan C Bustamante-Filho
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia da Reprodução Animal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade do Vale do Taquari, Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rafael da R Ulguim
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando P Bortolozzo
- Setor de Suínos, Faculdade de Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Growth Dynamic and Threshold Values for Spermicidal Effects of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria in Extended Boar Semen. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030788. [PMID: 36985361 PMCID: PMC10058892 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was first to examine the prevalence of bacteria-associated loss of sperm quality in samples from insemination centers during a seven-year semen monitoring program and, second, to investigate the growth dynamic of four different multidrug-resistant bacterial species and their impact on sperm quality during semen storage. A reduced sperm quality associated with bacterial contamination was found in 0.5% of 3219 of the samples from insemination centers. In samples spiked with Serratia marcescens and Klebsiella oxytoca, bacterial growth by six log levels was seen during storage at 17 °C, causing loss of sperm motility, membrane integrity, membrane fluidity, and mitochondrial membrane potential at >107 CFU/mL (p < 0.05). Storage at 5 °C in the Androstar Premium extender efficiently inhibited their growth. Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Burkholderia cepacia showed limited growth up to two log levels at 17 °C and did not impair sperm quality. In conclusion, spermatozoa tolerate moderate loads of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and hypothermic, antibiotic-free semen storage effectively limits bacterial growth. The constant use of antibiotics in semen extenders should be reconsidered.
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Henning H, Luther AM, Höfner-Schmiing L, Waberski D. Compensability of an enhanced incidence of spermatozoa with cytoplasmic droplets in boar semen for use in artificial insemination: a single cell approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21833. [PMID: 36528611 PMCID: PMC9759538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This single cell study aimed to clarify whether an elevated incidence of sperm with a retained cytoplasmic droplet (CD) can be compensated by a higher sperm number in boar semen doses to maintain fertility. Cluster analysis of motile spermatozoa (ten boars) revealed that spermatozoa with a CD are underrepresented in the fast, linearly moving sperm cohort compared to morphologically normal sperm. Nonetheless, the response to the motility stimulator procaine was barely affected in spermatozoa with distal CD (Cramer's V = 0.14), but moderately affected in sperm with proximal CD (V = 0.28). Viability was lower in sperm with distal CD (p < 0.05) but not with proximal CD compared to normal sperm during 168 h storage of extended semen samples (n = 11) and subsequent thermic stress. Morphologically normal sperm from normospermic samples (n = 10) or samples with a high incidence (≥ 15%) of sperm with CD (n = 9) had similar motility patterns and responses to procaine. The origin of morphologically normal sperm had no effect on sperm viability (p > 0.05; n = 26). In conclusion, a moderately enhanced prevalence of sperm with CD seems to be compensable by an increase in sperm numbers in boar semen doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Henning
- grid.417834.dInstitute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt am Rübenberge, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Luther
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Unit for Reproductive Medicine / Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Höfner-Schmiing
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Unit for Reproductive Medicine / Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dagmar Waberski
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Unit for Reproductive Medicine / Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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Andrade AFC, Knox RV, Torres MA, Pavaneli APP. What is the relevance of seminal plasma from a functional and preservation perspective? Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 246:106946. [PMID: 35216848 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
When preserving sperm in the liquid or cryopreserved state, seminal plasma (SP) components within ejaculates can alter fertilizing capacity of these gametes. Depending on the species or how semen is collected, volume and concentration of SP components varies considerably. The SP contains substances essential for maintenance of sperm viability and fertility; however, these components can be deleterious depending on quantity, or duration of time before there is removal of SP from sperm in semen processing. Substances that impair (e.g., BSP - bull; HSP-1 - stallion; Major seminal plasma protein PSPI - boar) or improve (e.g., spermadhesin PSP-I - boar) spermatozoa fertilizing capacity have been identified. Depending on individual males, species, and semen collection procedures, SP removal may be beneficial before preservation in the liquid or cryopreserved state. In some cases, SP that is removed can be added back to thawing extender with there being positive effects in thawed sperm and for sperm viability in the female reproductive tract. In this review article, there is a focus on different effects of SP in samples of cooled and cryopreserved semen from four domestic species (pigs, horses, cattle, and sheep) with there being emphasis on how SP modulates the function and morphology of sperm cells before, during, and after preservation in the refrigerated or cryopreserved state. The present review is part of the Festschrift in honor of Dr. Duane Garner who made major contributions to the area of focus in this manuscript as evidenced by the many times his research is cited in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F C Andrade
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
| | - R V Knox
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
| | - M A Torres
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - A P P Pavaneli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Henning H, Nguyen QT, Luther AM, Wallner U, Beyerbach M, Waberski D. In vitro storage of boar spermatozoa increases the demand of ATP for reactivation of motility. Andrology 2022; 10:1426-1440. [PMID: 35785447 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonging the shelf-life of liquid-preserved semen without compromising its fertilizing capacity may increase the efficiency of artificial insemination in pigs. Many fertilization-relevant processes are ATP dependent. The impact of semen storage and rewarming to body temperature on the energy status of sperm are as yet unknown. OBJECTIVES To investigate the energy status of boar spermatozoa during storage and subsequent rewarming, and to reveal the potential role of mitochondrial function for reactivation and maintenance of sperm motility. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extended semen samples (n = 7 boars) were used. Spermatozoa were challenged by storage at 17°C for seven days and incubation at 38°C for 180 minutes. The ATP concentration and energy charge (EC) in semen samples and lactate concentration in the extracellular medium were assessed. Viability and mitochondrial activity were determined by flow cytometry, and clustered single cell analysis of motility parameters were performed. RESULTS The energy status was not affected by semen storage (p>0.05). Rewarming resulted in a net reduction in ATP concentration which increased with storage time (maximum Day 5: -24.2±10.3 %), but was not accompanied by a loss in viability, motility or mitochondrial activity. Blocking glycolysis with 2-Deoxy-D-glucose prevented re-establishing of motility and mitochondrial activity after rewarming. Mitochondrial activity gradually subsided in virtually all spermatozoa during incubation at 38°C, while ATP and EC remained high. Concomitantly, extracellular lactate levels rose and sperm populations with lower velocity, increased linearity, and low lateral head-displacement grew larger. Size changes for major sperm subpopulations correlated with the percentage of viable sperm with high mitochondrial activity (r = 0.44 to 0.70 for individual subpopulations, p<0.01). CONCLUSION Storage of boar spermatozoa increases the demand of ATP for reactivation of sperm towards fast, non-linear and hyperactivation-like motility patterns upon rewarming. Maintenance of glycolysis seems to be decisive for sperm function after long-term storage in vitro. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Henning
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine / Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.,Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Höltystrasse 10, D-31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Quynh Thu Nguyen
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine / Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, D-37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Luther
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine / Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Wallner
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine / Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Beyerbach
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dagmar Waberski
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine / Clinic for Pigs and Small Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
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Lippa KA, Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Beger RD, Bowden JA, Broeckling C, Beecher C, Clay Davis W, Dunn WB, Flores R, Goodacre R, Gouveia GJ, Harms AC, Hartung T, Jones CM, Lewis MR, Ntai I, Percy AJ, Raftery D, Schock TB, Sun J, Theodoridis G, Tayyari F, Torta F, Ulmer CZ, Wilson I, Ubhi BK. Reference materials for MS-based untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics: a review by the metabolomics quality assurance and quality control consortium (mQACC). Metabolomics 2022; 18:24. [PMID: 35397018 PMCID: PMC8994740 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01848-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The metabolomics quality assurance and quality control consortium (mQACC) is enabling the identification, development, prioritization, and promotion of suitable reference materials (RMs) to be used in quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) for untargeted metabolomics research. OBJECTIVES This review aims to highlight current RMs, and methodologies used within untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics communities to ensure standardization of results obtained from data analysis, interpretation and cross-study, and cross-laboratory comparisons. The essence of the aims is also applicable to other 'omics areas that generate high dimensional data. RESULTS The potential for game-changing biochemical discoveries through mass spectrometry-based (MS) untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics are predicated on the evolution of more confident qualitative (and eventually quantitative) results from research laboratories. RMs are thus critical QC tools to be able to assure standardization, comparability, repeatability and reproducibility for untargeted data analysis, interpretation, to compare data within and across studies and across multiple laboratories. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) that promote, describe and exemplify the use of RMs will also improve QC for the metabolomics and lipidomics communities. CONCLUSIONS The application of RMs described in this review may significantly improve data quality to support metabolomics and lipidomics research. The continued development and deployment of new RMs, together with interlaboratory studies and educational outreach and training, will further promote sound QA practices in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrice A Lippa
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Juan J Aristizabal-Henao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- BERG LLC, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Building B, 3rd Floor, Framingham, MA, 01710, USA
| | - Richard D Beger
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Corey Broeckling
- Analytical Resources Core: Bioanalysis and Omics Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | | | - W Clay Davis
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Warwick B Dunn
- School of Biosciences, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research and Phenome Centre Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15, 2TT, UK
| | - Roberto Flores
- Division of Program Coordination, Planning and Strategic Initiatives, Office of Nutrition Research, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, BioSciences Building, Crown St., Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Gonçalo J Gouveia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Amy C Harms
- Biomedical Metabolomics Facility Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hartung
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christina M Jones
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Matthew R Lewis
- National Phenome Centre, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ioanna Ntai
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134, USA
| | - Andrew J Percy
- Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc., Tewksbury, MA, 01876, USA
| | - Dan Raftery
- Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Tracey B Schock
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Charleston, SC, 29412, USA
| | - Jinchun Sun
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | | | - Fariba Tayyari
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Federico Torta
- Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Candice Z Ulmer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, 30341, USA
| | - Ian Wilson
- Computational & Systems Medicine, Imperial College, Exhibition Rd, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Baljit K Ubhi
- MOBILion Systems Inc., 4 Hillman Drive Suite 130, Chadds Ford, PA, 19317, USA.
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Arunkumar R, Kumaresan A, Sinha MK, Elango K, Ebenezer Samuel King JP, Nag P, Karuthadurai T, Baithalu RK, Mohanty TK, Kumar R, Datta TK. The cryopreservation process induces alterations in proteins associated with bull sperm quality: The equilibration process could be a probable critical control point. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1064956. [PMID: 36568066 PMCID: PMC9787546 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1064956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study quantitatively characterized the proteomic changes in bull spermatozoa induced by the cryopreservation process. We performed high-throughput comparative global proteomic profiling of freshly ejaculated (before cryopreservation), equilibrated (refrigerated storage; during cryopreservation), and frozen (ultralow temperature; after cryopreservation) bull spermatozoa. Using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique, a total of 1,692, 1,415, and 1,286 proteins were identified in fresh, equilibrated, and cryopreserved spermatozoa, respectively. When the proteome of fresh spermatozoa was compared with equilibrated spermatozoa, we found that 166 proteins were differentially expressed. When equilibrated spermatozoa were compared with cryopreserved spermatozoa, we found that 147 proteins were differentially expressed between them. Similarly, we found that 156 proteins were differentially expressed between fresh and cryopreserved spermatozoa. Among these proteins, the abundance of 105 proteins was lowered during the equilibration process itself, while the abundance of 43 proteins was lowered during ultralow temperature preservation. Remarkably, the equilibration process lowered the abundance of sperm proteins involved in energy metabolism, structural integrity, and DNA repair and increased the abundance of proteins associated with proteolysis and protein degradation. The abundance of sperm proteins associated with metabolism, cGMP-PKG (cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase G) signaling, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton was also altered during the equilibration process. Collectively, the present study showed that the equilibration step in the bull sperm cryopreservation process was the critical point for sperm proteome, during which a majority of proteomic alterations in sperm occurred. These findings are valuable for developing efficient protocols to minimize protein damage and to improve the quality and fertility of cryopreserved bull spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Arunkumar
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Arumugam Kumaresan
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
- *Correspondence: Arumugam Kumaresan, ;
| | - Manish Kumar Sinha
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kamaraj Elango
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Pradeep Nag
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Thirumalaisamy Karuthadurai
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Rubina Kumari Baithalu
- Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Tushar Kumar Mohanty
- Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Tirtha Kumar Datta
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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Antimicrobially Active Semen Extenders Allow the Reduction of Antibiotic Use in Pig Insemination. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111319. [PMID: 34827258 PMCID: PMC8615084 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic use in semen extenders for livestock may contribute to the development and spreading of multi-drug resistance. Antimicrobial control in semen doses for artificial insemination of pigs is indispensable due to the relatively high storage temperature (17 °C). The objectives of this study were first, to examine whether the antimicrobial capacity differs between antibiotic-free extenders and second, to determine whether an antimicrobial active extender provides the possibility to reduce antibiotics. Antibiotic-free semen extenders Beltsville Thawing Solution (BTS) and Androstar Premium were inoculated at 103 to 104 CFU/mL with four pure bacterial strains isolated from boar ejaculates or a mixture thereof, and then stored for 144 h at 17 °C. Bacterial counts after aerobic culture decreased in BTS up to one log level and decreased in Androstar Premium by 2 to 3.5 log levels (p < 0.05). In semen samples from nine boars stored in the inoculated Androstar Premium extender containing half of the standard concentration of gentamicin, bacteria counts were below 101 CFU/mL. Likewise, half of the standard dose of apramycin and ampicillin was fully antimicrobially active and sperm quality was maintained. In conclusion, semen extenders with intrinsic antimicrobial activity allow a reduction in antibiotic use in pig insemination.
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Pedrosa AC, Andrade Torres M, Vilela Alkmin D, Pinzon JEP, Kitamura Martins SMM, Coelho da Silveira J, Furugen Cesar de Andrade A. Spermatozoa and seminal plasma small extracellular vesicles miRNAs as biomarkers of boar semen cryotolerance. Theriogenology 2021; 174:60-72. [PMID: 34419697 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Freeze boar semen is still the biggest challenge for the swine industry due to the high cold shock sensitivity of boar sperm cells and the variance of post-thaw results among individuals and ejaculates from the same boar. To solve this problem, we investigate if miRNAs present in sperm cells and small extracellular vesicles (EVs) from seminal plasma of raw boar ejaculates can predict high-quality ejaculates after underwent the freeze-thaw process. For this, we obtained miRNAs samples of sperm cells and EVs from raw seminal plasma from 27 ejaculates before the cryopreservation process. Two groups with different freezability considering the analysis post-thaw of structure and sperm functionality were formed: High freezability (HF; n = 04) and low freezability (LF; n = 04). That done, we investigated the miRNAs profile of sperm cells and EVs from seminal plasma in both groups. Three miRNAs were differently abundant in LF ejaculates, being the ssc-miR-503 found in higher levels in sperm cells (P < 0.10). The ssc-miR-130a and ssc-miR-9 most abundant in EVs from seminal plasma (P < 0.10), in LF ejaculates. Through enrichment analysis, it was possible to verify that these miRNAs could be performing modifications in the development of male germ cells and in the production of energy to spermatozoa to maintain their viability and functionality. Therefore, we can demonstrate that ssc-miR-503, ssc-miR-130a, and ssc-miR-9 are related to low sperm cryotolerance in boars semen. So those miRNAs can be used as a biomarker to predict their low ability to tolerate the cryopreservation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Pedrosa
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Andrade Torres
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jorge E P Pinzon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Coelho da Silveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Furugen Cesar de Andrade
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Susilowati S, Mustofa I, Wurlina W, Triana IN, Utama S, Rimayanti R. Effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 complex of Simmental bull seminal plasma on post-thawed Kacang buck semen fertility. Vet World 2021; 14:2073-2084. [PMID: 34566323 PMCID: PMC8448655 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2073-2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Kacang buck sperm is cryosensitive due to the seminal plasma of semen itself. Meanwhile, bull seminal plasma contains the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) complex, which is cryoprotective. The addition of the crude protein of Simmental bull seminal plasma increased the quality of post-thawed semen of Kacang buck. The study was conducted to determine the effects of Simmental bull seminal plasma with IGF-1 on the fertility of post-thawed Kacang buck semen. Materials and Methods Buck semen was diluted in the following skim milk-egg yolk extender preparations: Without the addition of Simmental bull seminal plasma IGF-1 complex protein (T0); with the addition of 12-μg Simmental bull seminal plasma IGF-1 complex protein (T1); and with the addition of 24-μg Simmental bull seminal plasma IGF-1 complex protein (T2). The extended semen was packed in 0.25-mL straws and frozen. Post-thawed semen fertility was evaluated based on the following variables: Sperm motility, viability, intact plasma membrane (IPM), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, capacitation status, and acrosome reaction. The difference in each variable among the groups was evaluated using analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's honestly significant difference test, at a 95% level of significance. Meanwhile, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the principal component of semen fertility among the seven parameters. Results The T1 group showed the highest sperm motility, viability, IPM, and percentage of incapacitated sperm and the lowest MDA levels, percentage of capacitated sperm, and acrosome reaction. PCA revealed that sperm motility had a moderate to very robust correlation with other variables and is the most crucial parameter, accounting for 80.79% of all variables. Conclusion The IGF-1 complex in Simmental bull seminal plasma was useful for increasing the fertility of post-thawed Kacang buck semen, and sperm motility was the principal component of semen fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suherni Susilowati
- Laboratory of Veterinary Artificial Insemination, Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Imam Mustofa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Obstetrics, Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Wurlina Wurlina
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infertility and Sterility, Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Indah Norma Triana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infertility and Sterility, Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suzanita Utama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Obstetrics, Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rimayanti Rimayanti
- Laboratory of Veterinary Infertility and Sterility, Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Michos I, Tsantarliotou M, Boscos CM, Tsousis G, Basioura A, Tzika ED, Tassis PD, Lymberopoulos AG, Tsakmakidis IA. Effect of Boar Sperm Proteins and Quality Changes on Field Fertility. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061813. [PMID: 34204554 PMCID: PMC8234339 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Artificial insemination with extended liquid boar semen is widely used in the swine industry. The identification of the relationship between boar sperm characteristics and fertility could be of substantial importance to reproduction management. This study evaluated the relationship between boar sperm characteristics and sperm/seminal plasma proteins with main parameters of field fertility. Immotile spermatozoa and spermatozoa with biochemically active plasma membranes affected the number of live-born piglets and litter size of ≥12 piglets. The proteins osteopontin 70 and glutathione peroxidase 5, both separately and in combination, affected the farrowing rate. The combination of immotile sperm and protein osteopontin 70 explained the variation regarding litter size with ≥12 piglets. In conclusion, the evaluation of semen quality variables combined with the evaluation of specific sperm or seminal plasma proteins could provide useful information on in vivo fertilizing capacity of semen doses. Abstract This study aimed to evaluate boar sperm characteristics and proteins, in relation to their importance regarding in vivo fertility. Sixty-five ejaculates were used and 468 sows (parity ≥ 2) were inseminated. Sperm CASA kinetics, morphology, viability, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial membrane potential, sperm membrane biochemical activity (HOST) and sperm proteins (Heat Shock Protein 90-HSP90, glutathione peroxidase-5-GPX5, Osteopontin 70-OPN70) were assessed and related to field fertility (number of live-born piglets—NLBP, litter size ≥ 12 piglets—LS, farrowing rate—FR). Statistical analysis was conducted with simple and multiple regression models. Simple regression analysis showed that immotile sperm (IM) significantly affected the NLBP and LS, explaining 6.7% and 6.5% of their variation, respectively. The HOST positive spermatozoa significantly affected the NLBP and LS, explaining 24.5% and 7.8% of their variation, respectively. Similarly, sperm with activated mitochondria significantly affected the NLBP, explaining 13.5% of its variation. Moreover, the OPN70 affected LS and FR, explaining 7.5% and 10.8% of their variation, respectively. Sperm GPX5 protein affected FR, explaining 6.7% of its variation. Multiple regression analysis showed that the combination of IM and/OPN70 explains 13.0% of the variation regarding LS, and the combination of GPX5 and OPN70 explains 13.6% of the variation regarding FR. In conclusion, the estimation of parameters IM, membrane biochemical activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, OPN and GPX5 can provide useful information regarding semen doses for field fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Michos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.M.); (M.T.); (C.M.B.); (G.T.); (A.B.); (E.D.T.); (P.D.T.)
| | - Maria Tsantarliotou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.M.); (M.T.); (C.M.B.); (G.T.); (A.B.); (E.D.T.); (P.D.T.)
| | - Constantin M. Boscos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.M.); (M.T.); (C.M.B.); (G.T.); (A.B.); (E.D.T.); (P.D.T.)
| | - Georgios Tsousis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.M.); (M.T.); (C.M.B.); (G.T.); (A.B.); (E.D.T.); (P.D.T.)
| | - Athina Basioura
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.M.); (M.T.); (C.M.B.); (G.T.); (A.B.); (E.D.T.); (P.D.T.)
| | - Eleni D. Tzika
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.M.); (M.T.); (C.M.B.); (G.T.); (A.B.); (E.D.T.); (P.D.T.)
| | - Panagiotis D. Tassis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.M.); (M.T.); (C.M.B.); (G.T.); (A.B.); (E.D.T.); (P.D.T.)
| | - Aristotelis G. Lymberopoulos
- Laboratory of Farm Animal Reproduction & Animal Breeding, Department of Agriculture, School of Geotechnical Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis A. Tsakmakidis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54627 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.M.); (M.T.); (C.M.B.); (G.T.); (A.B.); (E.D.T.); (P.D.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2310-994-467
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Rodriguez-Martinez H, Martinez EA, Calvete JJ, Peña Vega FJ, Roca J. Seminal Plasma: Relevant for Fertility? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094368. [PMID: 33922047 PMCID: PMC8122421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Seminal plasma (SP), the non-cellular component of semen, is a heterogeneous composite fluid built by secretions of the testis, the epididymis and the accessory sexual glands. Its composition, despite species-specific anatomical peculiarities, consistently contains inorganic ions, specific hormones, proteins and peptides, including cytokines and enzymes, cholesterol, DNA and RNA-the latter often protected within epididymis- or prostate-derived extracellular vesicles. It is beyond question that the SP participates in diverse aspects of sperm function pre-fertilization events. The SP also interacts with the various compartments of the tubular genital tract, triggering changes in gene function that prepares for an eventual successful pregnancy; thus, it ultimately modulates fertility. Despite these concepts, it is imperative to remember that SP-free spermatozoa (epididymal or washed ejaculated) are still fertile, so this review shall focus on the differences between the in vivo roles of the SP following semen deposition in the female and those regarding additions of SP on spermatozoa handled for artificial reproduction, including cryopreservation, from artificial insemination to in vitro fertilization. This review attempts, including our own results on model animal species, to critically summarize the current knowledge of the reproductive roles played by SP components, particularly in our own species, which is increasingly affected by infertility. The ultimate goal is to reconcile the delicate balance between the SP molecular concentration and their concerted effects after temporal exposure in vivo. We aim to appraise the functions of the SP components, their relevance as diagnostic biomarkers and their value as eventual additives to refine reproductive strategies, including biotechnologies, in livestock models and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez
- Department of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences (BKV), BKH/Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-132-869-25
| | - Emilio A. Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.A.M.); (J.R.)
| | - Juan J. Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Estructural y Funcional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Fernando J. Peña Vega
- Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain;
| | - Jordi Roca
- Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.A.M.); (J.R.)
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Molecular Determinants of Seminal Plasma on Sperm Biology and Fertility. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073555. [PMID: 33808064 PMCID: PMC8037708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Lacalle E, Núñez A, Fernández-Alegre E, Crespo-Félez I, Domínguez JC, Alonso ME, González-Urdiales R, Martínez-Pastor F. Cold-Shock Test Is a Practical Method for Selecting Boar Ejaculates Yielding Appropriate Seminal Plasma for Post-Thawing Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030871. [PMID: 33803834 PMCID: PMC8003138 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The pig industry routinely uses artificial insemination with refrigerated semen. Cryopreserved semen has many advantages, but it is not widely used, partly because of unreliable results. The supplementation with seminal plasma (SP) could improve these results, but this fluid also presents variability. We evaluated if a simple cold-shock test (CST) could allow to easily identify the most suitable ejaculates for obtaining SP. Therefore, we tested 63 ejaculates, obtaining SP from the 4 showing higher quality (SPr, cold-shock-resistant) and lower quality (SPs, cold-shock-sensitive) after the CST. SPs and SPr pools supplemented thawed semen (20% SP) from six different boars, incubating at 37 °C and analyzing at times 0, 2, and 4 h. SPr was able to improve post-thawing sperm motility while maintaining viability. SPs had a similar but lower effect. SP in general seemed to stimulate sperm physiology, however decreasing membrane stability, acrosomal integrity, and disulfide bridges in the chromatin. This study supports the suitability of SP for improving thawed semen, with CST-selected ejaculates as preferable for this aim. Artificial insemination trials with thawed semen supplemented with SPr and SPs must validate the practical application of CST. Abstract Artificial insemination (AI) with cryopreserved semen is still unreliable for extensive pig industry application. Adding seminal plasma (SP) could improve post-thawing quality, but its suitability could vary. We applied a simple cold-shock test (CST, 5 min at 0 °C) on neat semen for classifying ejaculates (n = 63) as resistant or sensitive, obtaining two SP pools (CST-resistant: SPr, sensitive: SPs). Subsequently, frozen/thawed spermatozoa from six boars were incubated (37 °C) in MR-A® extender (control), 20% SPr, or 20% SPs, and analyzed at 0, 2, and 4 h. SP improved total and progressive motility, with a higher effect for SPr and STR (p < 0.05), decreasing kinematic parameters VCL and VAP, ALH, and BCF. Sperm viability was unaffected. SP increased apoptotic and membrane disorder ratios, and acrosomal damage, not affecting the chromatin structure (DNA fragmentation and immaturity by SCSA), protamination (CMA3), or disulfide levels (mBBr). However, the proportion of spermatozoa with elevated free thiols (disulfide bridges reduction) significantly increased. Results support a stimulatory role of SP on thawed semen, with additional benefits from SPr. The effect of SP and especially SPr after AI should be tested since CST could be a practical test for selecting suitable ejaculates in AI centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz Lacalle
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (E.L.); (A.N.); (I.C.-F.); (J.C.D.)
| | - Andrea Núñez
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (E.L.); (A.N.); (I.C.-F.); (J.C.D.)
| | | | - Itxaso Crespo-Félez
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (E.L.); (A.N.); (I.C.-F.); (J.C.D.)
- Topigs Norsvin España SLU (AIM Ibérica), 24225 León, Spain;
| | - Juan Carlos Domínguez
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (E.L.); (A.N.); (I.C.-F.); (J.C.D.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Anatomy (Animal Medicine and Surgery), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Marta Elena Alonso
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain;
| | | | - Felipe Martínez-Pastor
- Institute of Animal Health and Cattle Development (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (E.L.); (A.N.); (I.C.-F.); (J.C.D.)
- Department of Molecular Biology (Cell Biology), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-987-291-491
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