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Langston JL, Myers TM. Development and characterization of an automated behavioral assessment platform for the Göttingen minipig. Toxicol Lett 2024; 394:128-137. [PMID: 38428545 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The Göttingen minipig is fast becoming the standard for assessing dermal chemical hazards because, like most swine, its skin is predictive of human skin response and because this strain's smaller size makes laboratory manipulations and husbandry easier. Unfortunately, standard behavioral tests and apparatus have not been developed for behavioral assessments of this swine strain. Indeed, computer-controlled automated behavioral testing procedures are much needed. The present research advanced this goal by producing a home-cage behavioral testing system that could accommodate minipigs of various sizes (ages). An aluminum frame housed three levers for recording operant responses, and LEDs above and below each lever served as discriminative stimuli. A commercially available food pellet dispenser was attached to a specialized pellet receptacle capable of measuring pellet retrieval. Two behavioral tests were selected and adapted from our commonly used non-human primate behavioral assessments: delayed match-to-sample (a memory test) and temporal response differentiation (a time-estimation test). Minipigs were capable of learning both tests and attaining stable performance. Next, scopolamine was used to validate the sensitivity of the behavioral tests for gauging behavioral perturbations in this swine strain. Scopolamine dose-effect functions were comparable to those observed in other species, including non-human primates, wherein 37.5 µg/kg of scopolamine (administered intramuscularly) reduced responding approximately 50%. Thus, we were successful in developing the apparatus and automated operant behavioral tests necessary to characterize drug safety in this swine strain. This capability will be valuable for characterizing chemical agent toxicity as well as the safety and efficacy of medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Langston
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Medical Toxicology Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Todd M Myers
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Medical Toxicology Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
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2
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Bersano A, Gatti L. Pathophysiology and Treatment of Stroke: Present Status and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14848. [PMID: 37834297 PMCID: PMC10573361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is among the most prevalent causes of disability and is the second leading cause of death worldwide in Western countries [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bersano
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and UCV, Neurology IX Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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3
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Roca E, Ramorino G. Brain retraction injury: systematic literature review. Neurosurg Rev 2023; 46:257. [PMID: 37773226 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-023-02160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral retraction is frequently required in cranial surgery to access deep areas. Brain retractors have been systematically used in the past, but they have been associated with brain injury. Nonetheless, they are still used and, even recently, new systems have been advocated. The aim of this study is to provide a systematic and critical review of brain retraction injury. A systematic literature review was performed in February 2023 according to PRISMA statement. Search terms included brain retraction and injury, with their variations and pertinent associations. Studies reporting qualitative and quantitative data on brain retraction injury were included. Out of 1689 initially retrieved articles, 90 and 26 were included in the systematic review for qualitative and quantitative data, respectively. The definition of brain retraction injury varies and its reported incidence in clinical studies is 5-10%, up to 47% if cerebral edema is considered. Some studies have hypothesized threshold values of pressures to be respected in order to prevent complications, with most data deriving from animal studies. At present, there are no instruments for brain retraction that can guarantee full safety. Some form of cerebral retraction might always be necessary for specific scenarios. Further studies are needed to collect quantitative and, ideally, clinical and comparative data on pressure thresholds to develop retraction systems that can reduce injury to a minimum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Roca
- Head and Neck Department, Neurosurgery, Istituto Ospedaliero Fondazione Poliambulanza, Via Leonida Bissolati n, °57, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Ramorino
- Materials Science and Technology at Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Gaudio HA, Padmanabhan V, Landis WP, Silva LEV, Slovis J, Starr J, Weeks MK, Widmann NJ, Forti RM, Laurent GH, Ranieri NR, Mi F, Degani RE, Hallowell T, Delso N, Calkins H, Dobrzynski C, Haddad S, Kao SH, Hwang M, Shi L, Baker WB, Tsui F, Morgan RW, Kilbaugh TJ, Ko TS. A Template for Translational Bioinformatics: Facilitating Multimodal Data Analyses in Preclinical Models of Neurological Injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.17.547582. [PMID: 37503137 PMCID: PMC10370067 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.17.547582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Pediatric neurological injury and disease is a critical public health issue due to increasing rates of survival from primary injuries (e.g., cardiac arrest, traumatic brain injury) and a lack of monitoring technologies and therapeutics for the treatment of secondary neurological injury. Translational, preclinical research facilitates the development of solutions to address this growing issue but is hindered by a lack of available data frameworks and standards for the management, processing, and analysis of multimodal data sets. Methods Here, we present a generalizable data framework that was implemented for large animal research at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia to address this technological gap. The presented framework culminates in an interactive dashboard for exploratory analysis and filtered data set download. Results Compared with existing clinical and preclinical data management solutions, the presented framework accommodates heterogeneous data types (single measure, repeated measures, time series, and imaging), integrates data sets across various experimental models, and facilitates dynamic visualization of integrated data sets. We present a use case of this framework for predictive model development for intra-arrest prediction of cardiopulmonary resuscitation outcome. Conclusions The described preclinical data framework may serve as a template to aid in data management efforts in other translational research labs that generate heterogeneous data sets and require a dynamic platform that can easily evolve alongside their research.
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Nash C, Powell K, Lynch DG, Hartings JA, Li C. Nonpharmacological modulation of cortical spreading depolarization. Life Sci 2023:121833. [PMID: 37302793 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) is a wave of pathologic neuronal dysfunction that spreads through cerebral gray matter, causing neurologic disturbance in migraine and promoting lesion development in acute brain injury. Pharmacologic interventions have been found to be effective in migraine with aura, but their efficacy in acutely injured brains may be limited. This necessitates the assessment of possible adjunctive treatments, such as nonpharmacologic methods. This review aims to summarize currently available nonpharmacological techniques for modulating CSDs, present their mechanisms of action, and provide insight and future directions for CSD treatment. MAIN METHODS A systematic literature review was performed, generating 22 articles across 3 decades. Relevant data is broken down according to method of treatment. KEY FINDINGS Both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions can mitigate the pathological impact of CSDs via shared molecular mechanisms, including modulating K+/Ca2+/Na+/Cl- ion channels and NMDA, GABAA, serotonin, and CGRP ligand-based receptors and decreasing microglial activation. Preclinical evidence suggests that nonpharmacologic interventions, including neuromodulation, physical exercise, therapeutic hypothermia, and lifestyle changes can also target unique mechanisms, such as increasing adrenergic tone and myelination and modulating membrane fluidity, which may lend broader modulatory effects. Collectively, these mechanisms increase the electrical initiation threshold, increase CSD latency, slow CSD velocity, and decrease CSD amplitude and duration. SIGNIFICANCE Given the harmful consequences of CSDs, limitations of current pharmacological interventions to inhibit CSDs in acutely injured brains, and translational potentials of nonpharmacologic interventions to modulate CSDs, further assessment of nonpharmacologic modalities and their mechanisms to mitigate CSD-related neurologic dysfunction is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nash
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Barnard College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Keren Powell
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Daniel G Lynch
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Jed A Hartings
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chunyan Li
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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O'Donnell JC, Browne KD, Kvint S, Makaron L, Grovola MR, Karandikar S, Kilbaugh TJ, Cullen DK, Petrov D. Multimodal Neuromonitoring and Neurocritical Care in Swine to Enhance Translational Relevance in Brain Trauma Research. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051336. [PMID: 37239007 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocritical care significantly impacts outcomes after moderate-to-severe acquired brain injury, but it is rarely applied in preclinical studies. We created a comprehensive neurointensive care unit (neuroICU) for use in swine to account for the influence of neurocritical care, collect clinically relevant monitoring data, and create a paradigm that is capable of validating therapeutics/diagnostics in the unique neurocritical care space. Our multidisciplinary team of neuroscientists, neurointensivists, and veterinarians adapted/optimized the clinical neuroICU (e.g., multimodal neuromonitoring) and critical care pathways (e.g., managing cerebral perfusion pressure with sedation, ventilation, and hypertonic saline) for use in swine. Moreover, this neurocritical care paradigm enabled the first demonstration of an extended preclinical study period for moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury with coma beyond 8 h. There are many similarities with humans that make swine an ideal model species for brain injury studies, including a large brain mass, gyrencephalic cortex, high white matter volume, and topography of basal cisterns, amongst other critical factors. Here we describe the neurocritical care techniques we developed and the medical management of swine following subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury with coma. Incorporating neurocritical care in swine studies will reduce the translational gap for therapeutics and diagnostics specifically tailored for moderate-to-severe acquired brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C O'Donnell
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kevin D Browne
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Svetlana Kvint
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Leah Makaron
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Grovola
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Saarang Karandikar
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Todd J Kilbaugh
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dmitriy Petrov
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Safiullov Z, Izmailov A, Sokolov M, Markosyan V, Kundakchan G, Garifulin R, Shmarov M, Naroditsky B, Logunov D, Islamov R. Autologous Genetically Enriched Leucoconcentrate in the Preventive and Acute Phases of Stroke Treatment in a Mini-Pig Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102209. [PMID: 36297644 PMCID: PMC9611398 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural limitations of regeneration in the CNS are major problems for the treatment of neurological disorders, including ischaemic brain strokes. Among the approaches being actively developed to inhibit post-ischaemic negative consequences is the delivery of therapeutic genes encoding neuroprotective molecules to the brain. Unfortunately, there are currently no proven and available medicines that contain recombinant human genes for the treatment of ischaemic cerebral stroke. Of particular interest is the development of treatments for patients at risk of ischaemic stroke. In the present study, we propose a proof of concept for the use of an autologous, genetically enriched leucoconcentrate temporally secreting recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) for the treatment of stroke. In a mini-pig ischaemic stroke model, genetically enriched leucoconcentrate was infused 4 h after surgery (gene therapy in acute phase) or 2 days before stroke modelling (preventive gene therapy). On day 21, after the stroke modelling, the post-ischaemic brain recovery was examined by morphologic and immunofluorescence analysis. The benefits of treating a stroke with genetically enriched leucoconcentrate both for preventive purposes and in the acute phase were confirmed by an improved performance in behavioural tests, higher preservation of brain tissue and positive post-ischaemic brain remodelling in the peri-infarct area. These results suggest that the employment of autologous leucocytes enabling the temporary production of the recombinant therapeutic molecules to correct the pathological process in the CNS may be one of the breakthrough approaches in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufar Safiullov
- The Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Andrei Izmailov
- The Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Mikhail Sokolov
- The Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Vage Markosyan
- The Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Grayr Kundakchan
- The Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ravil Garifulin
- The Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Maksim Shmarov
- The National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Naroditsky
- The National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis Logunov
- The National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Rustem Islamov
- The Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Roadmap for Stroke: Challenging the Role of the Neuronal Extracellular Matrix. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207554. [PMID: 33066304 PMCID: PMC7589675 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a major challenge in modern medicine and understanding the role of the neuronal extracellular matrix (NECM) in its pathophysiology is fundamental for promoting brain repair. Currently, stroke research is focused on the neurovascular unit (NVU). Impairment of the NVU leads to neuronal loss through post-ischemic and reperfusion injuries, as well as coagulatory and inflammatory processes. The ictal core is produced in a few minutes by the high metabolic demand of the central nervous system. Uncontrolled or prolonged inflammatory response is characterized by leukocyte infiltration of the injured site that is limited by astroglial reaction. The metabolic failure reshapes the NECM through matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and novel deposition of structural proteins continues within months of the acute event. These maladaptive reparative processes are responsible for the neurological clinical phenotype. In this review, we aim to provide a systems biology approach to stroke pathophysiology, relating the injury to the NVU with the pervasive metabolic failure, inflammatory response and modifications of the NECM. The available data will be used to build a protein–protein interaction (PPI) map starting with 38 proteins involved in stroke pathophysiology, taking into account the timeline of damage and the co-expression scores of their RNA patterns The application of the proposed network could lead to a more accurate design of translational experiments aiming at improving both the therapy and the rehabilitation processes.
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