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Chvilicek MM, Seguin A, Lathen DR, Titos I, Cummins‐Beebee PN, Pabon MA, Miščević M, Nickel E, Merrill CB, Rodan AR, Rothenfluh A. Large analysis of genetic manipulations reveals an inverse correlation between initial alcohol resistance and rapid tolerance phenotypes. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2024; 23:e12884. [PMID: 38968320 PMCID: PMC10825885 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Tolerance occurs when, following an initial experience with a substance, more of the substance is required subsequently to induce identical behavioral effects. Tolerance is not well-understood, and numerous researchers have turned to model organisms, particularly Drosophila melanogaster, to unravel its mechanisms. Flies have high translational relevance for human alcohol responses, and there is substantial overlap in disease-causing genes between flies and humans, including those associated with Alcohol Use Disorder. Numerous Drosophila tolerance mutants have been described; however, approaches used to identify and characterize these mutants have varied across time and labs and have mostly disregarded any impact of initial resistance/sensitivity to ethanol on subsequent tolerance development. Here, we analyzed our own, as well as data published by other labs to uncover an inverse correlation between initial ethanol resistance and tolerance phenotypes. This inverse correlation suggests that initial resistance phenotypes can explain many 'perceived' tolerance phenotypes, thus classifying such mutants as 'secondary' tolerance mutants. Additionally, we show that tolerance should be measured as a relative increase in time to sedation between an initial and second exposure rather than an absolute change in time to sedation. Finally, based on our analysis, we provide a method for using a linear regression equation to assess the residuals of potential tolerance mutants. These residuals provide predictive insight into the likelihood of a mutant being a 'primary' tolerance mutant, where a tolerance phenotype is not solely a consequence of initial resistance, and we offer a framework for understanding the relationship between initial resistance and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Chvilicek
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Alexandra Seguin
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Daniel R. Lathen
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Pearl N. Cummins‐Beebee
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Miguel A. Pabon
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Maša Miščević
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Present address:
Department of Neuroscience, Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary ProgramUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Emily Nickel
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Collin B. Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Medical ServiceVeterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care SystemSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate ProgramUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
- Department of Neurobiology, School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtahUSA
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2
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Chvilicek MM, Seguin A, Lathen DR, Titos I, Cummins-Beebe PN, Pabon MA, Miscevic M, Nickel EA, Merrill CB, Rodan AR, Rothenfluh A. Large genetic analysis of alcohol resistance and tolerance reveals an inverse correlation and suggests 'true' tolerance mutants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.09.561599. [PMID: 37873285 PMCID: PMC10592763 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.09.561599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Tolerance occurs when, following an initial experience with a substance, more of the substance is required subsequently to induce the same behavioral effects. Tolerance is historically not well-understood, and numerous researchers have turned to model organisms, particularly Drosophila melanogaster, to unravel its mechanisms. Flies have high translational relevance for human alcohol responses, and there is substantial overlap in disease-causing genes between flies and humans, including those associated with Alcohol Use Disorder. Numerous Drosophila tolerance mutants have been described; however, approaches used to identify and characterize these mutants have varied across time and between labs and have mostly disregarded any impact of initial resistance/sensitivity to ethanol on subsequent tolerance development. Here, we have analyzed a large amount of data - our own published and unpublished data and data published by other labs - to uncover an inverse correlation between initial ethanol resistance and tolerance phenotypes. This inverse correlation suggests that initial resistance phenotypes can explain many 'perceived' tolerance phenotypes. Additionally, we show that tolerance should be measured as a relative increase in time to sedation between an initial and second exposure rather than an absolute change in time to sedation. Finally, based on our analysis, we provide a method for using a linear regression equation to assess the residuals of potential tolerance mutants. We show that these residuals provide predictive insight into the likelihood of a mutant being a 'true' tolerance mutant, and we offer a framework for understanding the relationship between initial resistance and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Chvilicek
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Alexandra Seguin
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Daniel R. Lathen
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Pearl N Cummins-Beebe
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Miguel A. Pabon
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Masa Miscevic
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Emily A. Nickel
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Collin B Merrill
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Aylin R. Rodan
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
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3
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Nuñez KM, Catalano JL, Scaplen KM, Kaun KR. Ethanol Behavioral Responses in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2023; 2023:719-24. [PMID: 37019606 PMCID: PMC10551053 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top107887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful genetic model for investigating the mechanisms underlying ethanol-induced behaviors, metabolism, and preference. Ethanol-induced locomotor activity is especially useful for understanding the mechanisms by which ethanol acutely affects the brain and behavior. Ethanol-induced locomotor activity is characterized by hyperlocomotion and subsequent sedation with increased exposure duration or concentration. Locomotor activity is an efficient, easy, robust, and reproducible behavioral screening tool for identifying underlying genes and neuronal circuits as well as investigating genetic and molecular pathways. We introduce a detailed protocol for performing experiments investigating how volatilized ethanol affects locomotor activity using the fly Group Activity Monitor (flyGrAM). We introduce installation, implementation, data collection, and subsequent data-analysis methods for investigating how volatilized stimuli affect activity. We also introduce a procedure for how to optogenetically probe neuronal activity to identify the neural mechanisms underlying locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavin M Nuñez
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Jamie L Catalano
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Kristin M Scaplen
- Department of Psychology, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, USA
- Center for Health and Behavioral Sciences, Bryant University, Smithfield, Rhode Island 02917, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Karla R Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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4
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Pedroso AL, Schonwald MK, Dalla Corte CL, Soares FAA, Sperança A, Godoi B, de Carvalho NR. Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. ( Laminaceae) essential oil on adult and larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:913-921. [PMID: 37915481 PMCID: PMC10615809 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae family), also known as "alecrim," is a perennial herb, typical of the Mediterranean region and widely distributed in Brazilian territory. Despite having demonstrated several properties of human interest, insecticide/larvicidal effect of essential oil from R. officinalis on insects remains unclear. In this study, we tested the effects of R. officinalis essential oil on biomarkers of oxidative damage in Drosophila melanogaster. Exposure to R. officinalis essential oil increased adult mortality and decreased geotaxis behavior in adult fruit flies. In addition, essential oil increased of larval mortality and impaired the developmental success in D. melanogaster. R. officinalis essential oil showed a significant repellent effect, with duration time of about 6 h. To understand the mechanism underlying the toxicity of essential oil both pro-oxidant effects and biomarkers of oxidative damage were evaluated in exposed flies. Exposure to essential oil caused a significant redox imbalance with impairment of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant system and increased the lipid peroxidation levels. These results suggest that R. officinalis essential oil can be used as a bioinsecticide and/or larvicide as well as an alternative insect repellent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Lucca Pedroso
- Instituto Federal Farroupilha, Campus IFFar, Santo Ângelo, RS 98806-700, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Lenz Dalla Corte
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus UFSM, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Felix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus UFSM, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Adriane Sperança
- Instituto Federal Farroupilha, Campus IFFar, Santo Ângelo, RS 98806-700, Brazil
| | - Benhur Godoi
- Núcleo de Síntese, Aplicação, e Análise de Compostos Orgânicos e Inorgânicos, Universidade Federal Fronteira Sul, Campus UFFS, Cerro Largo, RS 97900-000, Brazil
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5
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Cummins-Beebee PN, Chvilicek MM, Rothenfluh A. The Stage-Based Model of Addiction-Using Drosophila to Investigate Alcohol and Psychostimulant Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10909. [PMID: 37446084 PMCID: PMC10341944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Addiction is a progressive and complex disease that encompasses a wide range of disorders and symptoms, including substance use disorder (SUD), for which there are few therapeutic treatments. SUD is the uncontrolled and chronic use of substances despite the negative consequences resulting from this use. The progressive nature of addiction is organized into a testable framework, the neurobiological stage-based model, that includes three behavioral stages: (1) binge/intoxication, (2) withdrawal/negative affect, and (3) preoccupation/anticipation. Human studies offer limited opportunities for mechanistic insights into these; therefore, model organisms, like Drosophila melanogaster, are necessary for understanding SUD. Drosophila is a powerful model organism that displays a variety of SUD-like behaviors consistent with human and mammalian substance use, making flies a great candidate to study mechanisms of behavior. Additionally, there are an abundance of genetic tools like the GAL4/UAS and CRISPR/Cas9 systems that can be used to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the endophenotypes of the three-stage model. This review uses the three-stage framework and discusses how easily testable endophenotypes have been examined with experiments using Drosophila, and it outlines their potential for investigating other endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl N. Cummins-Beebee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Maggie M. Chvilicek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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6
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Filošević Vujnović A, Rubinić M, Starčević I, Andretić Waldowski R. Influence of Redox and Dopamine Regulation in Cocaine-Induced Phenotypes Using Drosophila. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040933. [PMID: 37107308 PMCID: PMC10136103 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive Oxidative Species (ROS) are produced during cellular metabolism and their amount is finely regulated because of negative consequences that ROS accumulation has on cellular functioning and survival. However, ROS play an important role in maintaining a healthy brain by participating in cellular signaling and regulating neuronal plasticity, which led to a shift in our understanding of ROS from being solely detrimental to having a more complex role in the brain. Here we use Drosophila melanogaster to investigate the influence of ROS on behavioral phenotypes induced by single or double exposure to volatilized cocaine (vCOC), sensitivity and locomotor sensitization (LS). Sensitivity and LS depend on glutathione antioxidant defense. Catalase activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation play a minor role, but their presence is necessary in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons for LS. Feeding flies the antioxidant quercetin completely abolishes LS confirming the permissive role of H2O2 in the development of LS. This can only partially be rescued by co-feeding H2O2 or the dopamine precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DA) showing coordinate and similar contribution of dopamine and H2O2. Genetic versatility of Drosophila can be used as a tool for more precise dissection of temporal, spatial and transcriptional events that regulate behaviors induced by vCOC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marko Rubinić
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivona Starčević
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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7
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Scholz H. From Natural Behavior to Drug Screening: Invertebrates as Models to Study Mechanisms Associated with Alcohol Use Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 36598738 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans consume ethanol-containing beverages, which may cause an uncontrollable or difficult-to-control intake of ethanol-containing liquids and may result in alcohol use disorders. How the transition at the molecular level from "normal" ethanol-associated behaviors to addictive behaviors occurs is still unknown. One problem is that the components contributing to normal ethanol intake and their underlying molecular adaptations, especially in neurons that regulate behavior, are not clear. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the earthworm Caenorhabditis elegans show behavioral similarities to humans such as signs of intoxication, tolerance, and withdrawal. Underlying the phenotypic similarities, invertebrates and vertebrates share mechanistic similarities. For example in Drosophila melanogaster, the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system regulates the positive reinforcing properties of ethanol and in Caenorhabditis elegans, serotonergic neurons regulate feeding behavior. Since these mechanisms are fundamental molecular mechanisms and are highly conserved, invertebrates are good models for uncovering the basic principles of neuronal adaptation underlying the behavioral response to ethanol. This review will focus on the following aspects that might shed light on the mechanisms underlying normal ethanol-associated behaviors. First, the current status of what is required at the behavioral and cellular level to respond to naturally occurring levels of ethanol is summarized. Low levels of ethanol delay the development and activate compensatory mechanisms that in turn might be beneficial for some aspects of the animal's physiology. Repeated exposure to ethanol however might change brain structures involved in mediating learning and memory processes. The smell of ethanol is already a key component in the environment that is able to elicit behavioral changes and molecular programs. Minimal networks have been identified that regulate normal ethanol consumption. Other environmental factors that influence ethanol-induced behaviors include the diet, dietary supplements, and the microbiome. Second, the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal adaptation to the cellular stressor ethanol are discussed. Components of the heat shock and oxidative stress pathways regulate adaptive responses to low levels of ethanol and in turn change behavior. The adaptive potential of the brain cells is challenged when the organism encounters additional cellular stressors caused by aging, endosymbionts or environmental toxins or excessive ethanol intake. Finally, to underline the conserved nature of these mechanisms between invertebrates and higher organisms, recent approaches to identify drug targets for ethanol-induced behaviors are provided. Already approved drugs regulate ethanol-induced behaviors and they do so in part by interfering with cellular stress pathways. In addition, invertebrates have been used to identify new compounds targeting molecules involved in the regulation in ethanol withdrawal-like symptoms. This review primarily highlights the advances of the last 5 years concerning Drosophila melanogaster, but also provides intriguing examples of Caenorhabditis elegans and Apis mellifera in support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Scholz
- Department of Biology, Institute for Zoology, University of Köln, Köln, Germany.
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8
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Yu G, Li Z, Zhao Y, Liu J, Peng Y. An Ant-Mimicking Jumping Spider Achieves Higher Predation Probability with Lower Success Rate When Exposed to Ethanol. INSECTS 2022; 13:1009. [PMID: 36354833 PMCID: PMC9694002 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol (ETOH) affects many animals' behaviour in nature; for example, honeybees become more aggressive after consuming ETOH. In previous studies, scientists have used honeybees and fruit flies as models to determine if they showed a strong preference to ETOH. Moreover, ETOH could affect their locomotion and learning abilities. However, whether and how ETOH affects spiders is unclear as of yet. In this study, we used empirical experiments to determine whether spiders showed preference for ETOH, as well as the potential benefits of spiders choosing ETOH, by using a common spider, Myrmarachne gisti, which has a high probability of contacting ETOH in their habitat. In our experiment, M. gisti showed a significant preference for ETOH. Although the success rate of the first attack was significantly decreased when M. gisti were exposed to ETOH, they had a significantly higher predation probability, since fruit flies also showed a significant preference for ETOH. Our findings suggested that ETOH could affect the prey capture efficiency of M. gisti, and indicated that spiders might evolve to use ETOH to locate a potential hunting place. Taken together, our findings suggested that M. gisti evolved to adapt to ETOH and could use it as a signal of the presence of food resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering and Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zichang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering and Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering and Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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9
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Li Y, Ren F, Chen D, Chen H, Chen W. Antibacterial Mechanism of Linalool against Pseudomonas fragi: A Transcriptomic Study. Foods 2022; 11:foods11142058. [PMID: 35885301 PMCID: PMC9323977 DOI: 10.3390/foods11142058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas fragi is the dominant spoilage bacterium that causes the deterioration of chilled meat. Our previous study showed that linalool has potent antibacterial activity against P. fragi, but its antibacterial mechanism is unclear. To explore the antibacterial mechanism of linalool against P. fragi, this study used RNA-seq technology to perform transcriptome analysis of P. fragi samples with or without linalool treatment (1.5 mL/L) for 2 h. The results showed that linalool treatment disrupted the extracellular lipopolysaccharide synthesis pathway in P. fragi and activated fatty acid metabolism and ribosomal function to compensate for cell membrane damage. The energy metabolism of P. fragi was severely disturbed by linalool, and multiple ATP synthases and ATP transportases were overexpressed in the cells but could not guarantee the consumption of ATP. The simultaneous overexpression of multiple ribosomal functional proteins and transporters may also place an additional burden on cells and cause them to collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansong Li
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.L.); (D.C.)
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Sciences & Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China; (F.R.); (W.C.)
| | - Fei Ren
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Sciences & Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China; (F.R.); (W.C.)
| | - Da Chen
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China; (Y.L.); (D.C.)
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Civil Aviation Energy Environment and Green Development, Civil Aviation University of China, 2898 Jinbei Road, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Haiming Chen
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Sciences & Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China; (F.R.); (W.C.)
- Innovation Department, Hainan Province Hochung Corporation Areca-Nut Deep Processing Technology Research Institute, 45 Yuesong Road, Dingan 571299, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-0898-6625-6495
| | - Wenxue Chen
- Hainan University-HSF/LWL Collaborative Innovation Laboratory, School of Food Sciences & Engineering, Hainan University, 58 People Road, Haikou 570228, China; (F.R.); (W.C.)
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10
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Oyeyinka A, Kansal M, O’Sullivan SM, Gualtieri C, Smith ZM, Vonhoff FJ. Corazonin Neurons Contribute to Dimorphic Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:702901. [PMID: 35814486 PMCID: PMC9256964 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.702901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to alcohol has multiple effects on nervous system function, and organisms have evolved mechanisms to optimally respond to the presence of ethanol. Sex differences in ethanol-induced behaviors have been observed in several organisms, ranging from humans to invertebrates. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the dimorphic regulation of ethanol-induced behaviors remain incompletely understood. Here, we observed sex differences in ethanol sedation sensitivity in Drosophila Genome Reference Panel (DGRP) lines of Drosophila melanogaster compared to the absence of dimorphism in standard laboratory wildtype and control lines. However, in dose response experiments, we were able to unmask dimorphic responses for the control mutant line w1118 by lowering the testing ethanol concentration. Notably, feminization of the small population of Corazonin (Crz) neurons in males was sufficient to induce female-like sedation sensitivity. We also tested the role of the transcription factor apontic (apt) based on its known expression in Crz neurons and its regulation of sedation responses. Interestingly, loss of function apt mutations increased sedation times in both males and females as compared to controls. No significant difference between male and female apt mutants was observed, suggesting a possible role of apt in the regulation of dimorphic ethanol-induced responses. Thus, our results shed light into the mechanisms regulating sex-differences in ethanol-induced behaviors at the cellular and molecular level, suggesting that the genetic sex in a small neuronal population plays an important role in modulating sex differences in behavioral responses to ethanol.
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11
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Cook K, Parks A. The international exchange of Drosophila melanogaster strains. REV SCI TECH OIE 2022; 41:82-90. [PMID: 35925634 PMCID: PMC10116490 DOI: 10.20506/rst.41.1.3305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has been a model organism for experimental research for more than a century, and the knowledge and associated genetic technologies accumulated around this species make it extremely important to contemporary biomedical research. A large international community of highly collaborative scientists investigate a remarkable diversity of biological problems using genetically characterised strains of Drosophila, and frequently exchange these strains across borders. Despite its importance to the study of fundamental biological processes and human disease-related cellular mechanisms, and the fact that it presents minimal health, agricultural or environmental risks, Drosophila can be difficult to import. The authors argue that streamlined regulations and practices would benefit biomedical research by lowering costs and increasing efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.R. Cook
- Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405-7005, United States of America
| | - A.L. Parks
- Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center, Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405-7005, United States of America
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12
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Abozaid A, Hung J, Tsang B, Motlana K, Al-Ani R, Gerlai R. Behavioral effects of acute ethanol in larval zebrafish (D. rerio) depend on genotype and volume of experimental well. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 112:110411. [PMID: 34363865 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol consumption is a worldwide problem. Sensitivity to acute effects of ethanol influences the development of chronic ethanol abuse and ethanol dependence. Environmental and genetic factors have been found to contribute to differential effects of acute ethanol. Animal models have been employed to investigate these factors. An increasingly frequently utilized animal model in ethanol research is the zebrafish. A large proportion of ethanol studies with zebrafish have been conducted with adult zebrafish. However, high throughput drug and mutation screens are particularly well adapted to larval zebrafish. These studies are often carried out using the 96-well-plate that allows monitoring large numbers of fish efficiently. Here, we investigate the effects of acute (30 min long) ethanol exposure in 8-day post-fertilization (dpf) old zebrafish. We compare four genetically distinct populations (strains) of zebrafish, measuring numerous parameters of their swim path in two well sizes, i.e., in the 96-well-plate (small volume wells) and in the 6-well-plate (large volume wells). In general, we found that the highest dose of ethanol (1% vol/vol) reduced swim speed, increased duration of immobility, increased turn angle, and increased intra-individual variance of turn angle, while the intermediate dose (0.5%) had a less strong effect, compared to control. However, we also found that these ethanol effects were strain dependent and, in general, were better detected in the larger volume well. We conclude that larval zebrafish are appropriate for quantification of acute ethanol effects and also for the analysis of environmental and genetic factors that influence these effects. We also speculate that using larger wells will likely increase sensitivity of detection and precision in screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Abozaid
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Joshua Hung
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Benjamin Tsang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keza Motlana
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Reem Al-Ani
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Robert Gerlai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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13
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Philyaw TJ, Rothenfluh A, Titos I. The Use of Drosophila to Understand Psychostimulant Responses. Biomedicines 2022; 10:119. [PMID: 35052798 PMCID: PMC8773124 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The addictive properties of psychostimulants such as cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate are based on their ability to increase dopaminergic neurotransmission in the reward system. While cocaine and methamphetamine are predominately used recreationally, amphetamine and methylphenidate also work as effective therapeutics to treat symptoms of disorders including attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although both the addictive properties of psychostimulant drugs and their therapeutic efficacy are influenced by genetic variation, very few genes that regulate these processes in humans have been identified. This is largely due to population heterogeneity which entails a requirement for large samples. Drosophila melanogaster exhibits similar psychostimulant responses to humans, a high degree of gene conservation, and allow performance of behavioral assays in a large population. Additionally, amphetamine and methylphenidate reduce impairments in fly models of ADHD-like behavior. Therefore, Drosophila represents an ideal translational model organism to tackle the genetic components underlying the effects of psychostimulants. Here, we break down the many assays that reliably quantify the effects of cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and methylphenidate in Drosophila. We also discuss how Drosophila is an efficient and cost-effective model organism for identifying novel candidate genes and molecular mechanisms involved in the behavioral responses to psychostimulant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis James Philyaw
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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14
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Hime GR, Stonehouse SLA, Pang TY. Alternative models for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Molecular psychiatry beyond mice and man. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:711-735. [PMID: 34733638 PMCID: PMC8546770 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental illness remains the greatest chronic health burden globally with few in-roads having been made despite significant advances in genomic knowledge in recent decades. The field of psychiatry is constantly challenged to bring new approaches and tools to address and treat the needs of vulnerable individuals and subpopulations, and that has to be supported by a continuous growth in knowledge. The majority of neuropsychiatric symptoms reflect complex gene-environment interactions, with epigenetics bridging the gap between genetic susceptibility and environmental stressors that trigger disease onset and drive the advancement of symptoms. It has more recently been demonstrated in preclinical models that epigenetics underpins the transgenerational inheritance of stress-related behavioural phenotypes in both paternal and maternal lineages, providing further supporting evidence for heritability in humans. However, unbiased prospective studies of this nature are practically impossible to conduct in humans so preclinical models remain our best option for researching the molecular pathophysiologies underlying many neuropsychiatric conditions. While rodents will remain the dominant model system for preclinical studies (especially for addressing complex behavioural phenotypes), there is scope to expand current research of the molecular and epigenetic pathologies by using invertebrate models. Here, we will discuss the utility and advantages of two alternative model organisms–Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster–and summarise the compelling insights of the epigenetic regulation of transgenerational inheritance that are potentially relevant to human psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Hime
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie LA Stonehouse
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence Y Pang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
- Mental Health Theme, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
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15
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Titos I, Rothenfluh A. From single flies to many genes: Using Drosophila to explore the genetics of psychostimulant consumption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109994118. [PMID: 34315819 PMCID: PMC8346869 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109994118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112;
- Department of Psychiatry, Huntsman Mental Health Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
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16
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Oepen AS, Catalano JL, Azanchi R, Kaun KR. The foraging gene affects alcohol sensitivity, metabolism and memory in Drosophila. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:236-248. [PMID: 34092172 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1931178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is complex. Understanding how natural genetic variation contributes to alcohol phenotypes can help us identify and understand the genetic basis of AUD. Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism in the human foraging (for) gene ortholog, Protein Kinase cGMP-Dependent 1 (PRKG1), was found to be associated with stress-induced risk for alcohol abuse. However, the mechanistic role that PRKG1 plays in AUD is not well understood. We use natural variation in the Drosophila for gene to describe how variation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activity modifies ethanol-induced phenotypes. We found that variation in for affects ethanol-induced increases in locomotion and memory of the appetitive properties of ethanol intoxication. Further, these differences may stem from the ability to metabolize ethanol. Together, this data suggests that natural variation in PKG modulates cue reactivity for alcohol, and thus could influence alcohol cravings by differentially modulating metabolic and behavioral sensitivities to alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Oepen
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Masters Program in Developmental, Neuronal and Behavioral Biology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jamie L Catalano
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Reza Azanchi
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Karla R Kaun
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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17
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Chvilicek MM, Titos I, Rothenfluh A. The Neurotransmitters Involved in Drosophila Alcohol-Induced Behaviors. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:607700. [PMID: 33384590 PMCID: PMC7770116 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.607700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a widely used and abused substance with numerous negative consequences for human health and safety. Historically, alcohol's widespread, non-specific neurobiological effects have made it a challenge to study in humans. Therefore, model organisms are a critical tool for unraveling the mechanisms of alcohol action and subsequent effects on behavior. Drosophila melanogaster is genetically tractable and displays a vast behavioral repertoire, making it a particularly good candidate for examining the neurobiology of alcohol responses. In addition to being experimentally amenable, Drosophila have high face and mechanistic validity: their alcohol-related behaviors are remarkably consistent with humans and other mammalian species, and they share numerous conserved neurotransmitters and signaling pathways. Flies have a long history in alcohol research, which has been enhanced in recent years by the development of tools that allow for manipulating individual Drosophila neurotransmitters. Through advancements such as the GAL4/UAS system and CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, investigation of specific neurotransmitters in small subsets of neurons has become ever more achievable. In this review, we describe recent progress in understanding the contribution of seven neurotransmitters to fly behavior, focusing on their roles in alcohol response: dopamine, octopamine, tyramine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine. We chose these small-molecule neurotransmitters due to their conservation in mammals and their importance for behavior. While neurotransmitters like dopamine and octopamine have received significant research emphasis regarding their contributions to behavior, others, like glutamate, GABA, and acetylcholine, remain relatively unexplored. Here, we summarize recent genetic and behavioral findings concerning these seven neurotransmitters and their roles in the behavioral response to alcohol, highlighting the fitness of the fly as a model for human alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie M. Chvilicek
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Iris Titos
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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