1
|
Guirguis N, Bertrand AX, Rose CF, Matoori S. 175 Years of Bilirubin Testing: Ready for Point-of-Care? Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2203380. [PMID: 37035945 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin was first detected in blood in 1847 and since then has become one of the most widely used biomarkers for liver disease. Clinical routine bilirubin testing is performed at the hospital laboratory, and the gold standard colorimetric test is prone to interferences. The absence of a bedside test for bilirubin delays critical clinical decisions for patients with liver disease. This clinical care gap has motivated the development of a new generation of bioengineered point-of-care bilirubin assays. In this Perspective, recently developed bilirubin assays are critically discussed, and their translational potential evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Guirguis
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Christopher F Rose
- Hepato-Neuro Laboratory, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, H2X 0A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Simon Matoori
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang C, Chen L, Chen M, Xu Z. First report on the regulation and function of carbon metabolism during large sclerotia formation in medicinal fungus Wolfiporia cocos. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 166:103793. [PMID: 37120905 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal fungus Wolfiporia cocos colonizes and then grows on the wood of Pinus species, and utilizes a variety of Carbohydrate Active Enzymes (CAZymes) to degrades wood for the development of large sclerotia that is mostly built up of beta-glucans. Some differentially expressed CAZymes were revealed by comparisons between the mycelia cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and sclerotia formed on pine logs in previous studies. Here, different profile of expressed CAZymes were revealed by comparisons between the mycelia colonization on pine logs (Myc.) and sclerotia (Scl.b). To further explore the regulation and function of carbon metabolism in the conversion of carbohydrates from Pine species by W. cocos, the transcript profile of core carbon metabolism was firstly analyzed, and it was characterized by the up-regulated expression of genes in the glycolysis pathway (EMP) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in Scl.b, as well as high expression of genes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in both Myc. and Scl.b stages. The conversion between glucose and glycogen and between glucose and β-glucan was firstly identified as the main carbon flow in the differentiation process of W. cocos sclerotia, with a gradual increase in the content of β-glucan, trehalose and polysaccharide during this process. Additionally, gene functional analysis revealed that the two key genes (PGM and UGP1) may mediate the formation and development of W. cocos sclerotia possibly by regulating β-glucan synthesis and hyphal branching. This study has shed light on the regulation and function of carbon metabolism during large W. cocos sclerotium formation and may facilitate its commercial production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Zhang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lianfu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zhangyi Xu
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuo HC, Ye ZT, Tseng SF, Tsou SX, Huang SW, Tsai CW. Noninvasive direct bilirubin detection by spectral analysis of color images using a Mini-LED light source. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2023; 18:16. [PMID: 36795165 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-023-03794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Urine test paper is a standard, noninvasive detection method for direct bilirubin, but this method can only achieve qualitative analysis and cannot achieve quantitative analysis. This study used Mini-LEDs as the light source, and direct bilirubin was oxidized to biliverdin by an enzymatic method with ferric chloride (FeCl3) for labeling. Images were captured with a smartphone and evaluated for red (R), green (G), and blue (B) colors to analyze the linear relationship between the spectral change of the test paper image and the direct bilirubin concentration. This method achieved noninvasive detection of bilirubin. The experimental results demonstrated that Mini-LEDs can be used as the light source to analyze the grayscale value of the image RGB. For the direct bilirubin concentration range of 0.1-2 mg/dL, the green channel had the highest coefficient of determination coefficient (R2) of 0.9313 and a limit of detection of 0.56 mg/dL. With this method, direct bilirubin concentrations higher than 1.86 mg/dL can be quantitatively analyzed with the advantage of rapid and noninvasive detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ching Kuo
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhi-Ting Ye
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Shen Fu Tseng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shang Xuan Tsou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih Wei Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High-Tech Innovations, National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 62102, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Wei Tsai
- Department of Engineering, i-Wavefront Technology Ltd., 6F.-5, NO. 95, Minquan Rd., Xindian Dist., New Taipei City, 231625, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Danilov SM, Jain MS, A. Petukhov P, Kurilova OV, Ilinsky VV, Trakhtman PE, Dadali EL, Samokhodskaya LM, Kamalov AA, Kost OA. Blood ACE Phenotyping for Personalized Medicine: Revelation of Patients with Conformationally Altered ACE. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020534. [PMID: 36831070 PMCID: PMC9953529 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) metabolizes a number of important peptides participating in blood pressure regulation and vascular remodeling. Elevated blood ACE is a marker for granulomatous diseases and elevated ACE expression in tissues is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Objective and Methodology: We applied a novel approach -ACE phenotyping-to find a reason for conformationally impaired ACE in the blood of one particular donor. Similar conformationally altered ACEs were detected previously in 2-4% of the healthy population and in up to 20% of patients with uremia, and were characterized by significant increase in the rate of angiotensin I hydrolysis. Principal findings: This donor has (1) significantly increased level of endogenous ACE inhibitor in plasma with MW less than 1000; (2) increased activity toward angiotensin I; (3) M71V mutation in ABCG2 (membrane transporter for more than 200 compounds, including bilirubin). We hypothesize that this patient may also have the decreased level of free bilirubin in plasma, which normally binds to the N domain of ACE. Analysis of the local conformation of ACE in plasma of patients with Gilbert and Crigler-Najjar syndromes allowed us to speculate that binding of mAbs 1G12 and 6A12 to plasma ACE could be a natural sensor for estimation of free bilirubin level in plasma. Totally, 235 human plasma/sera samples were screened for conformational changes in soluble ACE. Conclusions/Significance: ACE phenotyping of plasma samples allows us to identify individuals with conformationally altered ACE. This type of screening has clinical significance because this conformationally altered ACE could not only result in the enhancement of the level of angiotensin II but could also serve as an indicator of free bilirubin levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei M. Danilov
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Medical Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Mark S. Jain
- Medical Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Petukhov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Olga V. Kurilova
- Medical Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Pavel E. Trakhtman
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Armais A. Kamalov
- Medical Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Kost
- Chemistry Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liang M, Liu H, Yin X, Gong L, Jie H, Wang L, Shi H, He J, Chen P, Lu J, Yin S, Yang J. NAD+ attenuates bilirubin-induced augmentation of voltage-gated calcium currents in neurons of the ventral cochlear nucleus. Neurosci Lett 2022; 784:136747. [PMID: 35724761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a ubiquitous molecule with wide-ranging roles in several cell processes, such as regulation of calcium homeostasis and protection against cell injuries. However, the roles of NAD+ in neuroprotection is poorly understood. The main neurons in ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) are highly susceptible to bilirubin-associated excitotoxicity. We investigated the effects of NAD+ on VCN neurons by whole cell patch-clamp recordings. We found that NAD+ effectively reverses and inhibits bilirubin-mediated enhancement of voltage-gated calcium (VGCC) currents in VCN neurons. Moreover, NAD+ itself did not affect VGCC currents. These results collectively suggest that NAD+ may be neuroprotective by attenuating Ca2+ influx to suppress bilirubin-induced intracellular Ca2+ overloads. Our research provides a basis for evaluation of NAD+ as a promising therapeutic target for bilirubin encephalopathy and excitotoxicity associated with other neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanwei Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinlu Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Gong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiqun Jie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Luyang Wang
- Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, SickKids Research Institute
| | - Haibo Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingchun He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Penghui Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingrong Lu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shankai Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Keum H, Yoo D, Jon S. Photomedicine based on heme-derived compounds. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 182:114134. [PMID: 35122881 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoimaging and phototherapy have become major platforms for the diagnosis and treatment of various health complications. These applications require a photosensitizer (PS) that is capable of absorbing light from a source and converting it into other energy forms for detection and therapy. While synthetic inorganic materials such as quantum dots and gold nanorods have been widely explored for their medical diagnosis and photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PTT) therapy capabilities, translation of these technologies has lagged, primarily owing to potential cytotoxicity and immunogenicity issues. Of the various photoreactive molecules, the naturally occurring endogenous compound heme, a constituent of red blood cells, and its derivatives, porphyrin, biliverdin and bilirubin, have shown immense potential as noteworthy candidates for clinically translatable photoreactive agents, as evidenced by previous reports. While porphyrin-based photomedicines have attracted significant attention and are well documented, research on photomedicines based on two other heme-derived compounds, biliverdin and bilirubin, has been relatively lacking. In this review, we summarize the unique photoproperties of heme-derived compounds and outline recent efforts to use them in biomedical imaging and phototherapy applications.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hegyi T, Kleinfeld A. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and the role of unbound bilirubin. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:9201-9207. [PMID: 34957902 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.2021177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal jaundice occurs in more than 80% of newborn infants. Although mild jaundice is physiologic and possibly neuroprotective, severe hyperbilirubinemia can lead to neurologic dysfunction and death. Hyperbilirubinemia is due to an imbalance between bilirubin production and the developing excretory capacity in the first days of life. Management utilizes total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels, although recent advances suggest a role for unbound bilirubin. GOALS The goal of this review is to examine bilirubin biology, toxicology, and clinical effects, discuss preventive and therapeutic measures, describe neurodevelopmental consequences, and propose that, with the advent of new technology, unbound bilirubin is the optimal measurement for the management. METHODS Comprehensive review on neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. RESULTS Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can be prevented by tin mesoporphyrin to limit heme oxygenase activity, a key enzyme in bilirubin production, or restricting bilirubin's absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment modalities include removing bilirubin from the body by exchange transfusion, binding to immunoglobulin, or converting it to a water-soluble isomer with phototherapy. While these approaches have evolved during the past decades, the diagnosis, intervention indications, and prognosis have consistently relied on TSB concentration despite its poor ability to predict an outcome. CONCLUSIONS Total serum bilirubin is inadequate to optimize care of the term and preterm infant with hyperbilirubinemia. A rapid, accurate, and more effective indicator of bilirubin neurotoxicity is needed to manage jaundiced infants and for the universal screening of newborn infants. Future measurements of free bilirubin unattached to albumin will improve the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hegyi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Peng S, Wang Q, Xiong G, Gopinath SCB, Lei G. Biosensors and biomarkers for determining gestational diabetes mellitus and jaundice in children. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 69:1354-1364. [PMID: 34076915 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Gestational diabetes and jaundice are the correlated diseases predominantly found in mother and newborn child. Jaundice is a neonatal complication with an increased risk when mother has gestational diabetes. Mothers with diabetes at an early stage of gestational age are at higher risk for hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) and hypoglycemia. So, it is mandatory to monitor the condition of diabetes and jaundice during the pregnancy period for a healthy child and safest delivery. On the other hand, nanotechnology has displayed a rapid advancement that can be implemented to overcome these issues. The development of high-performance diagnosis using appropriate biomarkers provides their efficacy in the detection gestational diabetes and jaundice. This review covers the aspects from a fast-developing field to generate nanosensors in the nanosized dimensions for the applications to overcome these complications by coupling diagnostics with biomarkers. Further, the serum-based biomarkers have been discussed for these inborn complications and also the diagnosis with the current trend.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqin Peng
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Hubei Province, Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoping Xiong
- Department of Obstetric, Centre Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Subash C B Gopinath
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Arau, Perlis, 02600, Malaysia.,Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar, Perlis, 01000, Malaysia
| | - Gang Lei
- Department of Obstetric, Centre Hospital of Wuhan, Affiliated to Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|