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Klawitter J, Weissenborn W, Gvon I, Walz M, Klawitter J, Jackson M, Sempio C, Joksimovic SL, Shokati T, Just I, Christians U, Todorovic SM. β-Caryophyllene Inhibits Monoacylglycerol Lipase Activity and Increases 2-Arachidonoyl Glycerol Levels In Vivo: A New Mechanism of Endocannabinoid-Mediated Analgesia? Mol Pharmacol 2024; 105:75-83. [PMID: 38195158 PMCID: PMC10794982 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.123.000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of β-caryophyllene (BCP)-induced analgesia are not well studied. Here, we tested the efficacy of BCP in an acute postsurgical pain model and evaluated its effect on the endocannabinoid system. Rats were treated with vehicle and 10, 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg BCP. Paw withdrawal responses to mechanical stimuli were evaluated using an electronic von Frey anesthesiometer. Endocannabinoids, including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), were also evaluated in plasma and tissues using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) activity was evaluated in vitro as well as ex vivo. We observed a dose-dependent and time-dependent alleviation of hyperalgesia in incised paws up to 85% of the baseline value at 30 minutes after administration of BCP. We also observed dose-dependent increases in the 2-AG levels of about threefold after administration of BCP as compared with vehicle controls. Incubations of spinal cord tissue homogenates from BCP-treated rats with isotope-labeled 2-arachidonoylglycerol-d8 revealed a reduced formation of the isotope-labeled MAGL product 2-AG-d8 as compared with vehicle controls, indicating MAGL enzyme inhibition. In vitro MAGL enzyme activity assessment using 2-AG as the substrate revealed an IC50 of 15.8 µM for MAGL inhibition using BCP. These data showed that BCP inhibits MAGL activity in vitro and in vivo, causing 2-AG levels to rise. Since the endocannabinoid 2-AG is a CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist, we propose that 2-AG-mediated cannabinoid receptor activation contributes to BCP's mechanism of analgesia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: β-Caryophyllene (BCP) consumption is relatively safe and is approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a flavoring agent, which can be used in cosmetic and food additives. BCP is a potent anti-inflammatory agent that showed substantial antihyperalgesic properties in this study of acute pain suggesting that BCP might be an alternative to opioids. This study shows an additive mechanism (monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition) by which BCP might indirectly alter CB1 and CB2 receptor activity and exhibit its pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jost Klawitter
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
| | - Wiebke Weissenborn
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
| | - Iuliia Gvon
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
| | - Mackenzie Walz
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
| | - Matthew Jackson
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
| | - Cristina Sempio
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
| | - Sonja L Joksimovic
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
| | - Touraj Shokati
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
| | - Ingo Just
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
| | - Uwe Christians
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
| | - Slobodan M Todorovic
- Departments of Anesthesiology (J.K., W.W., I.G., M.W., J.K., M.J., C.S., S.L.J., T.S., U.C., S.M.T.) and Psychiatry (J.K.), School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany (W.W., I.G., I.J., U.C.); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (S.M.T.)
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Karunakaran MM, Subramanian H, Jin Y, Mohammed F, Kimmel B, Juraske C, Starick L, Nöhren A, Länder N, Willcox CR, Singh R, Schamel WW, Nikolaev VO, Kunzmann V, Wiemer AJ, Willcox BE, Herrmann T. A distinct topology of BTN3A IgV and B30.2 domains controlled by juxtamembrane regions favors optimal human γδ T cell phosphoantigen sensing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7617. [PMID: 37993425 PMCID: PMC10665462 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Butyrophilin (BTN)-3A and BTN2A1 molecules control the activation of human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells during T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated sensing of phosphoantigens (PAg) derived from microbes and tumors. However, the molecular rules governing PAg sensing remain largely unknown. Here, we establish three mechanistic principles of PAg-mediated γδ T cell activation. First, in humans, following PAg binding to the intracellular BTN3A1-B30.2 domain, Vγ9Vδ2 TCR triggering involves the extracellular V-domain of BTN3A2/BTN3A3. Moreover, the localization of both protein domains on different chains of the BTN3A homo-or heteromers is essential for efficient PAg-mediated activation. Second, the formation of BTN3A homo-or heteromers, which differ in intracellular trafficking and conformation, is controlled by molecular interactions between the juxtamembrane regions of the BTN3A chains. Finally, the ability of PAg not simply to bind BTN3A-B30.2, but to promote its subsequent interaction with the BTN2A1-B30.2 domain, is essential for T-cell activation. Defining these determinants of cooperation and the division of labor in BTN proteins improves our understanding of PAg sensing and elucidates a mode of action that may apply to other BTN family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yiming Jin
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Brigitte Kimmel
- University Hospital Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Juraske
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Starick
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Nöhren
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Länder
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rohit Singh
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences & Technology, Dr. Vishwanath Karad, MIT World peace University, Pune, 411038, India
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volker Kunzmann
- University Hospital Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Karunakaran MM, Subramanian H, Jin Y, Mohammed F, Kimmel B, Juraske C, Starick L, Nöhren A, Länder N, Willcox CR, Singh R, Schamel WW, Nikolaev VO, Kunzmann V, Wiemer AJ, Willcox BE, Herrmann T. Division of labor and cooperation between different butyrophilin proteins controls phosphoantigen-mediated activation of human γδ T cells. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2583246. [PMID: 36824912 PMCID: PMC9949253 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2583246/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Butyrophilin (BTN)-3A and BTN2A1 molecules control TCR-mediated activation of human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells triggered by phosphoantigens (PAg) from microbes and tumors, but the molecular rules governing antigen sensing are unknown. Here we establish three mechanistic principles of PAg-action. Firstly, in humans, following PAg binding to the BTN3A1-B30.2 domain, Vγ9Vδ2 TCR triggering involves the V-domain of BTN3A2/BTN3A3. Moreover, PAg/B30.2 interaction, and the critical γδ-T-cell-activating V-domain, localize to different molecules. Secondly, this distinct topology as well as intracellular trafficking and conformation of BTN3A heteromers or ancestral-like BTN3A homomers are controlled by molecular interactions of the BTN3 juxtamembrane region. Finally, the ability of PAg not simply to bind BTN3A-B30.2, but to promote its subsequent interaction with the BTN2A1-B30.2 domain, is essential for T-cell activation. Defining these determinants of cooperation and division of labor in BTN proteins deepens understanding of PAg sensing and elucidates a mode of action potentially applicable to other BTN/BTNL family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yiming Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Brigitte Kimmel
- University Hospital Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Claudia Juraske
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Starick
- Institute for Virology und Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Nöhren
- Institute for Virology und Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nora Länder
- Institute for Virology und Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Rohit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Wolfgang W Schamel
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Centre for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Volker Kunzmann
- University Hospital Wuerzburg, Department of Internal Medicine II and Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC) Mainfranken Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg Germany
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- 6Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Herrmann
- Institute for Virology und Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Teodoro R, Gündel D, Deuther-Conrad W, Ueberham L, Toussaint M, Bormans G, Brust P, Moldovan RP. Development of [ 18F]LU14 for PET Imaging of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158051. [PMID: 34360817 PMCID: PMC8347709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptors type 2 (CB2R) represent an attractive therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Aiming at the development of a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer to monitor receptor density and/or occupancy during a CB2R-tailored therapy, we herein describe the radiosynthesis of cis-[18F]1-(4-fluorobutyl-N-((1s,4s)-4-methylcyclohexyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide ([18F]LU14) starting from the corresponding mesylate precursor. The first biological evaluation revealed that [18F]LU14 is a highly affine CB2R radioligand with >80% intact tracer in the brain at 30 min p.i. Its further evaluation by PET in a well-established rat model of CB2R overexpression demonstrated its ability to selectively image the CB2R in the brain and its potential as a tracer to further investigate disease-related changes in CB2R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Teodoro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (R.T.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (L.U.); (M.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Daniel Gündel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (R.T.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (L.U.); (M.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (R.T.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (L.U.); (M.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Lea Ueberham
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (R.T.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (L.U.); (M.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Magali Toussaint
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (R.T.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (L.U.); (M.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Guy Bormans
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (R.T.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (L.U.); (M.T.); (P.B.)
- The Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Research Site Leipzig, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (R.T.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (L.U.); (M.T.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3412-3417-94634
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