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Deng X, Ye Z, Duan J, Chen F, Zhi Y, Huang M, Huang M, Cheng W, Dou Y, Kuang Z, Huang Y, Bian G, Deng Z, Liu T, Lu L. Complete pathway elucidation and heterologous reconstitution of (+)-nootkatone biosynthesis from Alpinia oxyphylla. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:779-792. [PMID: 37933426 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
(+)-Nootkatone is a natural sesquiterpene ketone widely used in food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. It is also regarded as one of the most valuable terpenes used commercially. However, plants contain trace amounts of (+)-nootkatone, and extraction from plants is insufficient to meet market demand. Alpinia oxyphylla is a well-known medicinal plant in China, and (+)-nootkatone is one of the main components within the fruits. By transcriptome mining and functional screening using a precursor-providing yeast chassis, the complete (+)-nootkatone biosynthetic pathway in Alpinia oxyphylla was identified. A (+)-valencene synthase (AoVS) was identified as a novel monocot-derived valencene synthase; three (+)-valencene oxidases AoCYP6 (CYP71BB2), AoCYP9 (CYP71CX8), and AoCYP18 (CYP701A170) were identified by constructing a valencene-providing yeast strain. With further characterisation of a cytochrome P450 reductase (AoCPR1) and three dehydrogenases (AoSDR1/2/3), we successfully reconstructed the (+)-nootkatone biosynthetic pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, representing a basis for its biotechnological production. Identifying the biosynthetic pathway of (+)-nootkatone in A. oxyphylla unravelled the molecular mechanism underlying its formation in planta and also supported the bioengineering production of (+)-nootkatone. The highly efficient yeast chassis screening method could be used to elucidate the complete biosynthetic pathway of other valuable plant natural products in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Deng
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding/Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Ziling Ye
- Wuhan Hesheng Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yao Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Man Huang
- Wuhan Hesheng Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Minjian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Weijia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yujie Dou
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaolin Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yanglei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Guangkai Bian
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Tiangang Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Wuhan Hesheng Technology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
- Wuhan University of Taikang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
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Yang P, Zhao Z, Fan J, Liang Y, Bernier MC, Gao Y, Zhao L, Opiyo SO, Xia Y. Bacillus proteolyticus OSUB18 triggers induced systemic resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogens in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1078100. [PMID: 36755698 PMCID: PMC9900001 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1078100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea cause destructive bacterial speck and grey mold diseases in many plant species, leading to substantial economic losses in agricultural production. Our study discovered that the application of Bacillus proteolyticus strain OSUB18 as a root-drench enhanced the resistance of Arabidopsis plants against P. syringae and B. cinerea through activating Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). The underlying mechanisms by which OSUB18 activates ISR were studied. Our results revealed that the Arabidopsis plants with OSUB18 root-drench showed the enhanced callose deposition and ROS production when inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea pathogens, respectively. Also, the increased salicylic acid (SA) levels were detected in the OSUB18 root-drenched plants compared with the water root-drenched plants after the P. syringae infection. In contrast, the OSUB18 root-drenched plants produced significantly higher levels of jasmonyl isoleucine (JA-Ile) than the water root-drenched control after the B. cinerea infection. The qRT-PCR analyses indicated that the ISR-responsive gene MYC2 and the ROS-responsive gene RBOHD were significantly upregulated in OSUB18 root-drenched plants upon both pathogen infections compared with the controls. Also, twenty-four hours after the bacterial or fungal inoculation, the OSUB18 root-drenched plants showed the upregulated expression levels of SA-related genes (PR1, PR2, PR5, EDS5, and SID2) or JA-related genes (PDF1.2, LOX3, JAR1 and COI1), respectively, which were consistent with the related hormone levels upon these two different pathogen infections. Moreover, OSUB18 can trigger ISR in jar1 or sid2 mutants but not in myc2 or npr1 mutants, depending on the pathogen's lifestyles. In addition, OSUB18 prompted the production of acetoin, which was reported as a novel rhizobacterial ISR elicitor. In summary, our studies discover that OSUB18 is a novel ISR inducer that primes plants' resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogens by enhancing the callose deposition and ROS accumulation, increasing the production of specific phytohormones and other metabolites involved in plant defense, and elevating the expression levels of multiple defense genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jiangbo Fan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinping Liang
- College of Grassland Science, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu, China
| | - Matthew C. Bernier
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yu Gao
- Ohio State University (OSU) South Centers, Piketon, OH, United States
- Department of Extension, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Lijing Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Stephen Obol Opiyo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ye Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Zhang LL, Chen Y, Li ZJ, Fan G, Li X. Production, Function, and Applications of the Sesquiterpenes Valencene and Nootkatone: a Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:121-142. [PMID: 36541855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Valencene and nootkatone, two sesquiterpenes, extracted from natural sources, have great market potential with diverse applications. This paper aims to comprehensively review the recent advances in valencene and nootkatone, including source, production, physicochemical and biological properties, safety and pharmacokinetics evaluation, potential uses, and their industrial applications as well as future research directions. Microbial biosynthesis offers a promising alternative approach for sustainable production of valencene and nootkatone. Both compounds exert various beneficial activities, including antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective and other activities. However, most of the studies are performed in animals and in vitro, making it difficult to give a conclusive description about their health benefits and extend their application. Hence, more attention should be paid to in vivo and long-term clinical studies in the future. Moreover, valencene and nootkatone are considered safe for consumption and show great promise in the applications of food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, chemical, and agricultural industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jian Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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Valencia-Ortiz M, Marzougui A, Zhang C, Bali S, Odubiyi S, Sathuvalli V, Bosque-Pérez NA, Pumphrey MO, Sankaran S. Biogenic VOCs Emission Profiles Associated with Plant-Pest Interaction for Phenotyping Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4870. [PMID: 35808366 PMCID: PMC9269240 DOI: 10.3390/s22134870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pest attacks on plants can substantially change plants' volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission profiles. Comparison of VOC emission profiles between non-infected/non-infested and infected/infested plants, as well as resistant and susceptible plant cultivars, may provide cues for a deeper understanding of plant-pest interactions and associated resistance. Furthermore, the identification of biomarkers-specific biogenic VOCs-associated with the resistance can serve as a non-destructive and rapid tool for phenotyping applications. This research aims to compare the VOCs emission profiles under diverse conditions to identify constitutive (also referred to as green VOCs) and induced (resulting from biotic/abiotic stress) VOCs released in potatoes and wheat. In the first study, wild potato Solanum bulbocastanum (accession# 22; SB22) was inoculated with Meloidogyne chitwoodi race 1 (Mc1), and Mc1 pathotype Roza (SB22 is resistant to Mc1 and susceptible to pathotype Roza), and VOCs emission profiles were collected using gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) at different time points. Similarly, in the second study, the VOCs emission profiles of resistant ('Hollis') and susceptible ('Alturas') wheat cultivars infested with Hessian fly insects were evaluated using the GC-FID system. In both studies, in addition to variable plant responses (susceptibility to pests), control treatments (non-inoculated or non-infested) were used to compare the VOCs emission profiles resulting from differences in stress conditions. The common VOC peaks (constitutive VOCs) between control and infected/infested samples, and unique VOC peaks (induced VOCs) presented only in infected/infested samples were analyzed. In the potato-nematode study, the highest unique peak was found two days after inoculation (DAI) for SB22 inoculated with Mc1 (resistance response). The most common VOC peaks in SB22 inoculated with both Mc1 and Roza were found at 5 and 10 DAI. In the wheat-insect study, only the Hollis showed unique VOC peaks. Interestingly, both cultivars released the same common VOCs between control and infected samples, with only a difference in VOC average peak intensity at 22.4 min retention time where the average intensity was 4.3 times higher in the infested samples of Hollis than infested samples of Alturas. These studies demonstrate the potential of plant VOCs to serve as a rapid phenotyping tool to assess resistance levels in different crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Valencia-Ortiz
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.V.-O.); (A.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Afef Marzougui
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.V.-O.); (A.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chongyuan Zhang
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.V.-O.); (A.M.); (C.Z.)
| | - Sapinder Bali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Steven Odubiyi
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (S.O.); (N.A.B.-P.)
| | - Vidyasagar Sathuvalli
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Hermiston Agricultural Research & Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hermiston, OR 97838, USA;
| | - Nilsa A. Bosque-Pérez
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA; (S.O.); (N.A.B.-P.)
| | - Michael O. Pumphrey
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Sindhuja Sankaran
- Department of Biological System Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.V.-O.); (A.M.); (C.Z.)
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Fessner ND, Grimm C, Srdič M, Weber H, Kroutil W, Schwaneberg U, Glieder A. Natural Product Diversification by One‐Step Biocatalysis using Human P450 3A4. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico D. Fessner
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christopher Grimm
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Matic Srdič
- SeSaM-Biotech GmbH Forckenbeckstraße 50 52074 Aachen Germany
- Bisy GmbH Wuenschendorf 292 Hofstätten an der Raab 8200 Hofstaetten Austria
| | - Hansjörg Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of Chemistry NAWI Graz University of Graz Heinrichstraße 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of Biotechnology RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 3 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology NAWI Graz Graz University of Technology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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Xu Y, Zhang M, Yang W, Xia B, Wang W, Pan X. Nootkatone protects cartilage against degeneration in mice by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108119. [PMID: 34492535 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a common chronic disease associated with chondrocyte inflammation and cartilage matrix hydrolyzation. Studies report that IL-1β plays a critical role in osteoarthritis. Anti-inflammatory effect of nootkatone has been explored in acute and chronic inflammatory disease, thus the current study sought to explore its therapeutic effect in osteoarthritis. Notably, the effect of nootkatone in osteoarthritis has not been elucidated. Therefore, murine primary chondrocytes were extracted and ACLT induced OA mouse model was established in the current study to explore the therapeutic effect of nootkatone in OA both in vitro and in vivo. The findings showed that nootkatone inhibited inflammatory response and protected cartilage balance in murine primary chondrocyte. Further analysis showed that nootkatone suppressed inflammation and protected cartilage against degeneration induced by ACLT surgery in mice. The cellular mechanism of the protective effect of nootkatone in osteoarthritis and associated signaling pathway was identified as the NF-κB signaling pathway. In summary, the findings of the current study indicated that nootkatone is a potential therapeutic agent for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Pediatric Drug Development, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Minfa Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Institute of Otolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Wanliang Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Bowei Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Wenhan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xin Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Hilgers F, Habash SS, Loeschcke A, Ackermann YS, Neumann S, Heck A, Klaus O, Hage-Hülsmann J, Grundler FMW, Jaeger KE, Schleker ASS, Drepper T. Heterologous Production of β-Caryophyllene and Evaluation of Its Activity against Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010168. [PMID: 33466643 PMCID: PMC7828715 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most diverse groups within the class of secondary metabolites, comprising over 80,000 compounds. They not only exhibit important functions in plant physiology but also have commercial potential in the biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sectors due to their promising properties, including various bioactivities against pathogens, inflammations, and cancer. In this work, we therefore aimed to implement the plant sesquiterpenoid pathway leading to β-caryophyllene in the heterologous host Rhodobacter capsulatus and achieved a maximum production of 139 ± 31 mg L-1 culture. As this sesquiterpene offers various beneficial anti-phytopathogenic activities, we evaluated the bioactivity of β-caryophyllene and its oxygenated derivative β-caryophyllene oxide against different phytopathogenic fungi. Here, both compounds significantly inhibited the growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium oxysporum by up to 40%, while growth of Alternaria brassicicola was only slightly affected, and Phoma lingam and Rhizoctonia solani were unaffected. At the same time, the compounds showed a promising low inhibitory profile for a variety of plant growth-promoting bacteria at suitable compound concentrations. Our observations thus give a first indication that β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide are promising natural agents, which might be applicable for the management of certain plant pathogenic fungi in agricultural crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Hilgers
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
| | - Samer S. Habash
- INRES—Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.H.); (S.N.); (F.M.W.G.)
| | - Anita Loeschcke
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
| | - Yannic Sebastian Ackermann
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
| | - Stefan Neumann
- INRES—Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.H.); (S.N.); (F.M.W.G.)
| | - Achim Heck
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany;
| | - Oliver Klaus
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
| | - Jennifer Hage-Hülsmann
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- INRES—Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.H.); (S.N.); (F.M.W.G.)
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-1: Biotechnology) Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany;
| | - A. Sylvia S. Schleker
- INRES—Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (S.S.H.); (S.N.); (F.M.W.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.S.S.); (T.D.)
| | - Thomas Drepper
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (F.H.); (A.L.); (Y.S.A.); (O.K.); (J.H.-H.); (K.-E.J.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.S.S.); (T.D.)
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