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Mavroeidi D, Georganta A, Panagiotou E, Syrigos K, Souliotis VL. Targeting ATR Pathway in Solid Tumors: Evidence of Improving Therapeutic Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2767. [PMID: 38474014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) system is a complicated network of signaling pathways that detects and repairs DNA damage or induces apoptosis. Critical regulators of the DDR network include the DNA damage kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated Rad3-related kinase (ATR) and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). The ATR pathway coordinates processes such as replication stress response, stabilization of replication forks, cell cycle arrest, and DNA repair. ATR inhibition disrupts these functions, causing a reduction of DNA repair, accumulation of DNA damage, replication fork collapse, inappropriate mitotic entry, and mitotic catastrophe. Recent data have shown that the inhibition of ATR can lead to synthetic lethality in ATM-deficient malignancies. In addition, ATR inhibition plays a significant role in the activation of the immune system by increasing the tumor mutational burden and neoantigen load as well as by triggering the accumulation of cytosolic DNA and subsequently inducing the cGAS-STING pathway and the type I IFN response. Taken together, we review stimulating data showing that ATR kinase inhibition can alter the DDR network, the immune system, and their interplay and, therefore, potentially provide a novel strategy to improve the efficacy of antitumor therapy, using ATR inhibitors as monotherapy or in combination with genotoxic drugs and/or immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Mavroeidi
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 116 35 Athens, Greece
- Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Georganta
- Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Panagiotou
- Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria General Hospital for Chest Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis L Souliotis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 116 35 Athens, Greece
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Tran HL, Lai KH, Chang HS, Chen YS, Wang HC, Yang SS, Chang HW, Hsu CM, Yen CH, Hsiao HH. Indigofera suffruticosa aerial parts extract induce G2/M arrest and ATR/CHK1 pathway in Jurkat cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:28. [PMID: 38195460 PMCID: PMC10775588 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04325-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigofera suffruticosa Mill. is used as a folk medicine for treating patients with leukemia, however very little is known regarding the molecular mechanism of its anti-leukemic activity and the chemical profile of the active extract. The present study aimed to reveal the molecular effect of I. suffruticosa aerial parts extract (ISAE) on leukemia cells and its chemical constituents. METHODS Cytotoxicity of ISAE were determined by resazurin viability assay, multitox - Glo multiplex cytotoxicity assay, and Annexin V staining assay. Cell cycle profiles were revealed by propidium iodide staining assay. The effects of ISAE on G2/M arrest signaling and DNA damage were evaluated by Western blot assay and phospho-H2A.X staining assay. The chemical profile of ISAE were determined by tandem mass spectroscopy and molecular networking approach. RESULTS We showed that the acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line Jurkat cell was more responsive to ISAE treatment than other leukemia cell lines. In contrast, ISAE did not induce cytotoxic effects in normal fibroblast cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed that ISAE triggered G2/M arrest in Jurkat cells in dose- and time-dependent manners. Elevation of annexin V-stained cells and caspase 3/7 activity suggested ISAE-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, ISAE alone could increase the phosphorylation of CDK1 at Y15 and activate the ATR/CHK1/Wee1/CDC25C signaling pathway. However, the addition of caffeine, a widely used ATR inhibitor to ISAE, reduced the phosphorylation of ATR, CHK1, and CDK1, as well as G2/M arrest in Jurkat cells. Moreover, increased phospho-H2A.X stained cells indicated the involvement of DNA damage in the anti-leukemic effect of ISAE. Finally, qualitative analysis using UPLC-tandem mass spectroscopy and molecular networking revealed that tryptanthrin was the most abundant organoheterocyclic metabolite in ISAE. At equivalent concentrations to ISAE, tryptanthrin induced G2/M arrest of Jurkat cells, which can be prevented by caffeine. CONCLUSIONS ISAE causes G2/M arrest via activating ATR/CHK1/CDK1 pathway and tryptanthrin is one of the active components of ISAE. Our findings provide subtle support to the traditional use of I. suffruitcosa in leukemia management in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Loan Tran
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hung Lai
- PhD Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Shuo Chang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Siao Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Shuen-Shin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Mu Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Hua Hsiao
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Liquid Biopsy and Cohort Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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WAHI ABHISHEK, BISHNOI MAMTA, RAINA NEHA, SINGH MEGHNAAMRITA, VERMA PIYUSH, GUPTA PIYUSHKUMAR, KAUR GINPREET, TULI HARDEEPSINGH, GUPTA MADHU. Recent updates on nano-phyto-formulations based therapeutic intervention for cancer treatment. Oncol Res 2023; 32:19-47. [PMID: 38188681 PMCID: PMC10767243 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.042228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death globally, with limited treatment options and several limitations. Chemotherapeutic agents often result in toxicity which long-term conventional treatment. Phytochemicals are natural constituents that are more effective in treating various diseases with less toxicity than the chemotherapeutic agents providing alternative therapeutic approaches to minimize the resistance. These phytoconstituents act in several ways and deliver optimum effectiveness against cancer. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of phyto-formulations in the management of cancers may be constrained due to challenges related to inadequate solubility, bioavailability, and stability. Nanotechnology presents a promising avenue for transforming current cancer treatment methods through the incorporation of phytochemicals into nanosystems, which possess a range of advantageous characteristics such as biocompatibility, targeted and sustained release capabilities, and enhanced protective effects. This holds significant potential for future advancements in cancer management. Herein, this review aims to provide intensive literature on diverse nanocarriers, highlighting their applications as cargos for phytocompounds in cancer. Moreover, it offers an overview of the current advancements in the respective field, emphasizing the characteristics that contribute to favourable outcomes in both in vitro and in vivo settings. Lastly, clinical development and regulatory concerns are also discussed to check on the transformation of the concept as a promising strategy for combination therapy of phytochemicals and chemotherapeutics that could lead to cancer management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- ABHISHEK WAHI
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - MAMTA BISHNOI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gurugram University, Haryana, 122003, India
| | - NEHA RAINA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - MEGHNA AMRITA SINGH
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - PIYUSH VERMA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - PIYUSH KUMAR GUPTA
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - GINPREET KAUR
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - HARDEEP SINGH TULI
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207, India
| | - MADHU GUPTA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
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Vendetti FP, Pandya P, Clump DA, Schamus-Haynes S, Tavakoli M, diMayorca M, Islam NM, Chang J, Delgoffe GM, Beumer JH, Bakkenist CJ. The schedule of ATR inhibitor AZD6738 can potentiate or abolish antitumor immune responses to radiotherapy. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e165615. [PMID: 36810257 PMCID: PMC9977511 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.165615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of the DNA damage signaling kinase ATR increase tumor cell killing by chemotherapies that target DNA replication forks but also kill rapidly proliferating immune cells including activated T cells. Nevertheless, ATR inhibitor (ATRi) and radiotherapy (RT) can be combined to generate CD8+ T cell-dependent antitumor responses in mouse models. To determine the optimal schedule of ATRi and RT, we determined the impact of short-course versus prolonged daily treatment with AZD6738 (ATRi) on responses to RT (days 1-2). Short-course ATRi (days 1-3) plus RT caused expansion of tumor antigen-specific, effector CD8+ T cells in the tumor-draining lymph node (DLN) at 1 week after RT. This was preceded by acute decreases in proliferating tumor-infiltrating and peripheral T cells and a rapid proliferative rebound after ATRi cessation, increased inflammatory signaling (IFN-β, chemokines, particularly CXCL10) in tumors, and an accumulation of inflammatory cells in the DLN. In contrast, prolonged ATRi (days 1-9) prevented the expansion of tumor antigen-specific, effector CD8+ T cells in the DLN, and entirely abolished the therapeutic benefit of short-course ATRi with RT and anti-PD-L1. Our data argue that ATRi cessation is essential to allow CD8+ T cell responses to both RT and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank P. Vendetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pinakin Pandya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A. Clump
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Sandra Schamus-Haynes
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meysam Tavakoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria diMayorca
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Naveed M. Islam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jina Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Greg M. Delgoffe
- Department of Immunology and
- Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jan H. Beumer
- Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Christopher J. Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Luo Z, Tian M, Ahmad N, Qiu W, Zhang Y, Li C, Zhao C. A switchable temperature-responsive ionic liquid-based surfactant-free microemulsion for extraction and separation of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds from Camptotheca acuminata and extraction mechanism. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113067. [PMID: 36469979 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a switchable temperature-responsive ionic liquid-based surfactant-free microemulsion (TRIL-SFME) for extraction and in-situ separation of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds from Camptotheca acuminata was firstly developed and systematically characterized. This TRIL-SFME was obtained using 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([HMIM][BF4]), 1,2-propanediol and H2O. The prepared TRIL-SFME presented low viscosity and rapid response to temperature. Firstly, the effect of temperatures on TRIL-SFME phase behavior was studied followed by determination of effect of liquid/solid ratio and extraction time on the extraction yields of the targeted compounds. The TRIL-SFME demulsified rapidly by thermal stimulus, resulting in in-situ separation and enrichment of compounds with varying polarity. The results of present study revealed that TRIL-SFME had higher extraction yields (1.50-5.79 folds) compared to traditional solvents and individual components of TRIL-SFME. Besides, in-situ separation and enrichment of hydrophilic compounds (phenolic acids) and lipophilic compounds (alkaloids) was accomplished in short time (within 3 min) by cooling the system to 4 ℃. Furthermore, the mesoscopic behavior between TRIL-SFME and targeted compounds was simulated by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) to explore the extraction mechanism for the first time. The results illustrated the formation of W/IL structure of TRIL-SFME and clarified solubilization mechanism of TRIL-SFME system for targeted compounds, which is related to its special "water pool" structure. This novel and switchable TRIL-SFME is an environmentally friendly and promising alternative to simultaneously extract, in-situ separate and enrich the natural active compounds with different polarity from plant matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Luo
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Forest Resources, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Mengfei Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Forest Resources, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science andTechnology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wu Qiu
- Center for Control Theory and GuidanceTechnology, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 416, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Forest Resources, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunying Li
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Forest Resources, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Chunjian Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Utilization of Forestry-based Active Substances, Harbin 150040, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Development and Utilization of Forest Resources, Harbin 150040, China.
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Ovejero-Sánchez M, González-Sarmiento R, Herrero AB. DNA Damage Response Alterations in Ovarian Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:448. [PMID: 36672401 PMCID: PMC9856346 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR), a set of signaling pathways for DNA damage detection and repair, maintains genomic stability when cells are exposed to endogenous or exogenous DNA-damaging agents. Alterations in these pathways are strongly associated with cancer development, including ovarian cancer (OC), the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. In OC, failures in the DDR have been related not only to the onset but also to progression and chemoresistance. It is known that approximately half of the most frequent subtype, high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), exhibit defects in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR), and current evidence indicates that probably all HGSCs harbor a defect in at least one DDR pathway. These defects are not restricted to HGSCs; mutations in ARID1A, which are present in 30% of endometrioid OCs and 50% of clear cell (CC) carcinomas, have also been found to confer deficiencies in DNA repair. Moreover, DDR alterations have been described in a variable percentage of the different OC subtypes. Here, we overview the main DNA repair pathways involved in the maintenance of genome stability and their deregulation in OC. We also recapitulate the preclinical and clinical data supporting the potential of targeting the DDR to fight the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ovejero-Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Herrero
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Lu W, Xie B, Tan G, Dai W, Ren J, Pervaz S, Li K, Li F, Wang Y, Wang M. Elafin is related to immune infiltration and could predict the poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1088944. [PMID: 36742380 PMCID: PMC9893492 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1088944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy, yet the clinical results for OC patients are still variable. Therefore, we examined how elafin expression affects the patients' prognoses and immunotherapy responses in OC, which may facilitate treatment selection and improve prognosis. METHODS The elafin mRNA expression profile was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus. Elafin's prognostic potential and its relationship with clinical variables were investigated using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves as well as univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. As validation, protein expression in the tumor and adjacent tissues of OC patients was investigated by using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Comprehensive analyses were then conducted to explore the correlation between immune infiltration and elafin expression. RESULTS A higher mRNA expression of elafin was associated with an unfavorable prognosis in TCGA cohort and was validated in GSE31245 and IHC. Moreover, elafin was indicated as an independent risk factor for OC. A significantly higher protein expression of elafin was detected in the adjacent tissues of OC patients with shorter overall survival (OS). The immune-related pathways were mainly enriched in the high-elafin-mRNA-expression group. However, the mRNA expression of elafin was favorably correlated with indicators of the immune filtration and immunotherapy response, which also proved better immunotherapy outcomes. CONCLUSION The high elafin expression was associated with an unfavorable OS, while it also indicated better immunotherapy responses. Thus, the detection of elafin is beneficial to diagnosis and treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Biao Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangqing Tan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanying Dai
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingyi Ren
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Sadaf Pervaz
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meijiao Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development of the Ministry of Education of China, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Meijiao Wang,
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Li S, Wang T, Fei X, Zhang M. ATR Inhibitors in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235902. [PMID: 36497387 PMCID: PMC9740197 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-resistant ovarian cancer (PROC) is one of the deadliest types of epithelial ovarian cancer, and it is associated with a poor prognosis as the median overall survival (OS) is less than 12 months. Targeted therapy is a popular emerging treatment method. Several targeted therapies, including those using bevacizumab and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi), have been used to treat PROC. Ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-Related Protein Kinase inhibitors (ATRi) have attracted attention as a promising class of targeted drugs that can regulate the cell cycle and influence homologous recombination (HR) repair. In recent years, many preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of ATRis in PROC. This review focuses on the anticancer mechanism of ATRis and the progress of research on ATRis for PROC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xichang Fei
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Department of Oncology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230031, China
- Correspondence:
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Venugopala KN. Targeting the DNA Damage Response Machinery for Lung Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121475. [PMID: 36558926 PMCID: PMC9781725 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is considered the most commonly diagnosed cancer and one of the leading causes of death globally. Despite the responses from small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients to conventional chemo- and radiotherapies, the current outcomes are not satisfactory. Recently, novel advances in DNA sequencing technologies have started to take off which have provided promising tools for studying different tumors for systematic mutation discovery. To date, a limited number of DDR inhibition trials have been conducted for the treatment of SCLC and NSCLC patients. However, strategies to test different DDR inhibitor combinations or to target multiple pathways are yet to be explored. With the various biomarkers that have either been recently discovered or are the subject of ongoing investigations, it is hoped that future trials would be designed to allow for studying targeted treatments in a biomarker-enriched population, which is defensible for the improvement of prognosis for SCLC and NSCLC patients. This review article sheds light on the different DNA repair pathways and some of the inhibitors targeting the proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR) machinery, such as ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). In addition, the current status of DDR inhibitors in clinical settings and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
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Wang H, He Y, Jian M, Fu X, Cheng Y, He Y, Fang J, Li L, Zhang D. Breaking the Bottleneck in Anticancer Drug Development: Efficient Utilization of Synthetic Biology. Molecules 2022; 27:7480. [PMID: 36364307 PMCID: PMC9656990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural products have multifarious bioactivities against bacteria, fungi, viruses, cancers and other diseases due to their diverse structures. Nearly 65% of anticancer drugs are natural products or their derivatives. Thus, natural products play significant roles in clinical cancer therapy. With the development of biosynthetic technologies, an increasing number of natural products have been discovered and developed as candidates for clinical cancer therapy. Here, we aim to summarize the anticancer natural products approved from 1950 to 2021 and discuss their molecular mechanisms. We also describe the available synthetic biology tools and highlight their applications in the development of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Meiling Jian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Xingang Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yuheng Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yujia He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
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11
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Sanders BE, Yamamoto TM, McMellen A, Woodruff ER, Berning A, Post MD, Bitler BG. Targeting DUSP Activity as a Treatment for High-Grade Serous Ovarian Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1285-1295. [PMID: 35587258 PMCID: PMC9357222 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Identifying novel, durable treatments for high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is paramount to extend both progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients afflicted with this disease. Dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) was identified as one of seven genes that may significantly affect prognosis in patients with HGSOC; however, the role of DUSP inhibition (DUSPi) in the treatment of HGSOC remains largely unknown. In this study, we show that DUSP1 is highly expressed in HGSOC and confers worse PFS and OS. Further, we corroborate data that show DUSP1 expression is directly associated with therapy resistance. Using a tissue microarray of 137 different serous ovarian carcinomas, we demonstrate the high expression of DUSP1 in primary and recurrent serous ovarian cancer. In both acquired and de novo therapy HGSOC-resistant models, DUSPi both inhibited cellular proliferation and promoted cell death. RPPA analysis of HGSOC cells revealed DUSPi led to the differential regulation of several pathways, including AMPK and mTORC. Further, in a patient-derived xenograft HGSOC model, DUSPi significantly inhibited tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke E. Sanders
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of
Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
80045, USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora,
CO 80045, USA
| | - Tomomi M. Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of
Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora,
CO 80045, USA
| | - Alexandra McMellen
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of
Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora,
CO 80045, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of
Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora,
CO 80045, USA
| | - Amber Berning
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Miriam D. Post
- Department of Pathology, The University of Colorado
Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Benjamin G. Bitler
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora,
CO 80045, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Division of
Reproductive Sciences, The University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora,
CO 80045, USA
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12
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Targeted delivery of a colchicine analogue provides synergy with ATR inhibition in cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 201:115095. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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13
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Wang LW, Jiang S, Yuan YH, Duan J, Mao ND, Hui Z, Bai R, Xie T, Ye XY. Recent Advances in Synergistic Antitumor Effects Exploited from the Inhibition of Ataxia Telangiectasia and RAD3-Related Protein Kinase (ATR). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082491. [PMID: 35458687 PMCID: PMC9029554 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the key phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs) family members, ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-related protein kinase (ATR) is crucial in maintaining mammalian cell genomic integrity in DNA damage response (DDR) and repair pathways. Dysregulation of ATR has been found across different cancer types. In recent years, the inhibition of ATR has been proven to be effective in cancer therapy in preclinical and clinical studies. Importantly, tumor-specific alterations such as ATM loss and Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) amplification are more sensitive to ATR inhibition and are being exploited in synthetic lethality (SL) strategy. Besides SL, synergistic anticancer effects involving ATRi have been reported in an increasing number in recent years. This review focuses on the recent advances in different forms of synergistic antitumor effects, summarizes the pharmacological benefits and ongoing clinical trials behind the biological mechanism, and provides perspectives for future challenges and opportunities. The hope is to draw awareness to the community that targeting ATR should have great potential in developing effective anticancer medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (L.-W.W.); (S.J.); (Y.-H.Y.); (J.D.); (N.-D.M.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Songwei Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (L.-W.W.); (S.J.); (Y.-H.Y.); (J.D.); (N.-D.M.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Ying-Hui Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (L.-W.W.); (S.J.); (Y.-H.Y.); (J.D.); (N.-D.M.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jilong Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (L.-W.W.); (S.J.); (Y.-H.Y.); (J.D.); (N.-D.M.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Nian-Dong Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (L.-W.W.); (S.J.); (Y.-H.Y.); (J.D.); (N.-D.M.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zi Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (L.-W.W.); (S.J.); (Y.-H.Y.); (J.D.); (N.-D.M.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (L.-W.W.); (S.J.); (Y.-H.Y.); (J.D.); (N.-D.M.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (T.X.); (X.-Y.Y.); Tel.: +86-571-28860236 (X.-Y.Y.)
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (L.-W.W.); (S.J.); (Y.-H.Y.); (J.D.); (N.-D.M.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (T.X.); (X.-Y.Y.); Tel.: +86-571-28860236 (X.-Y.Y.)
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China; (L.-W.W.); (S.J.); (Y.-H.Y.); (J.D.); (N.-D.M.); (Z.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (T.X.); (X.-Y.Y.); Tel.: +86-571-28860236 (X.-Y.Y.)
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14
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Neiger HE, Siegler EL, Shi Y. Breast Cancer Predisposition Genes and Synthetic Lethality. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5614. [PMID: 34070674 PMCID: PMC8198377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes with pivotal roles in the development of breast and ovarian cancers. These genes are essential for DNA double-strand break repair via homologous recombination (HR), which is a virtually error-free DNA repair mechanism. Following BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, HR is compromised, forcing cells to adopt alternative error-prone repair pathways that often result in tumorigenesis. Synthetic lethality refers to cell death caused by simultaneous perturbations of two genes while change of any one of them alone is nonlethal. Therefore, synthetic lethality can be instrumental in identifying new therapeutic targets for BRCA1/2 mutations. PARP is an established synthetic lethal partner of the BRCA genes. Its role is imperative in the single-strand break DNA repair system. Recently, Olaparib (a PARP inhibitor) was approved for treatment of BRCA1/2 breast and ovarian cancer as the first successful synthetic lethality-based therapy, showing considerable success in the development of effective targeted cancer therapeutics. Nevertheless, the possibility of drug resistance to targeted cancer therapy based on synthetic lethality necessitates the development of additional therapeutic options. This literature review addresses cancer predisposition genes, including BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2, synthetic lethality in the context of DNA repair machinery, as well as available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Neiger
- College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA;
| | - Emily L. Siegler
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA;
| | - Yihui Shi
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA;
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