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Purushothaman K, Ho Jia Wen R, bin Mohamed MH, Rwei Qing SDT, Heng Wuan L, Liang B, Thanh Vu N, Voigtmann M, McLean Press C, Loo G, Bisa S, Domingos JA, Jerry DR, Vij S. Comparative Nutritional and Histological Analysis of Malabar Red Snapper ( Lutjanus malabaricus) and Asian Seabass ( Lates calcarifer). Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1803. [PMID: 38929422 PMCID: PMC11200453 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study offers a comprehensive morpho-histological analysis of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the Malabar red snapper. A comparison of its GIT morphology with that of the Asian seabass reveals similarities and differences between the two species. Additionally, the moisture content, crude protein, and ash in the fillets of Malabar red snapper and Asian seabass were slightly different, with Malabar red snapper exhibiting higher levels of essential fatty acids. Furthermore, higher levels of the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio, and a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio, were observed in Malabar red snapper compared to Asian seabass. The Malabar red snapper's esophagus featured protective mechanisms such as simple columnar epithelial cells, mucous-secreting glands, and goblet cells that were predominantly stained for acid and neutral mucosubstances. Furthermore, its stomach, with mucus cells that were weakly stained for acid mucosubstances, exhibited distinct regions with varying glandular densities, with the pyloric region featuring few glands. The pyloric caeca of the fish were composed of five finger-like structures and few goblet cells. Several goblet cells gradually increased from the anterior to the posterior region of the intestine. These findings provide useful insights for the aquaculture sector, focusing on Malabar red snapper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathiresan Purushothaman
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands Avenue 9, Singapore 738964, Singapore; (R.H.J.W.); (M.H.b.M.); (S.D.T.R.Q.); (L.H.W.); (G.L.)
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore; (B.L.); (N.T.V.); (J.A.D.); (D.R.J.)
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway;
| | - Rachel Ho Jia Wen
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands Avenue 9, Singapore 738964, Singapore; (R.H.J.W.); (M.H.b.M.); (S.D.T.R.Q.); (L.H.W.); (G.L.)
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore; (B.L.); (N.T.V.); (J.A.D.); (D.R.J.)
| | - Muhammad Hazim bin Mohamed
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands Avenue 9, Singapore 738964, Singapore; (R.H.J.W.); (M.H.b.M.); (S.D.T.R.Q.); (L.H.W.); (G.L.)
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore; (B.L.); (N.T.V.); (J.A.D.); (D.R.J.)
| | - Saraphina Dianne Tneo Rwei Qing
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands Avenue 9, Singapore 738964, Singapore; (R.H.J.W.); (M.H.b.M.); (S.D.T.R.Q.); (L.H.W.); (G.L.)
| | - Lee Heng Wuan
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands Avenue 9, Singapore 738964, Singapore; (R.H.J.W.); (M.H.b.M.); (S.D.T.R.Q.); (L.H.W.); (G.L.)
| | - Bing Liang
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore; (B.L.); (N.T.V.); (J.A.D.); (D.R.J.)
- Marine Aquaculture Centre, Singapore Food Agency, 52 Jurong Gateway Road, JEM Office Tower, #14-01, Singapore 608550, Singapore
| | - Nguyen Thanh Vu
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore; (B.L.); (N.T.V.); (J.A.D.); (D.R.J.)
| | - Michael Voigtmann
- Singapore Aquaculture Technologies (SAT) Pte Ltd., Singapore 308931, Singapore;
| | - Charles McLean Press
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1433 Ås, Norway;
| | - Grace Loo
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands Avenue 9, Singapore 738964, Singapore; (R.H.J.W.); (M.H.b.M.); (S.D.T.R.Q.); (L.H.W.); (G.L.)
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore; (B.L.); (N.T.V.); (J.A.D.); (D.R.J.)
| | - Saraswathy Bisa
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8026 Bodø, Norway;
| | - Jose A. Domingos
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore; (B.L.); (N.T.V.); (J.A.D.); (D.R.J.)
| | - Dean R. Jerry
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore; (B.L.); (N.T.V.); (J.A.D.); (D.R.J.)
- ARC Research Hub for Supercharging Tropical Aquaculture through Genetic Solutions, James Cook University, 1 James Cook Drive, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Shubha Vij
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, 9 Woodlands Avenue 9, Singapore 738964, Singapore; (R.H.J.W.); (M.H.b.M.); (S.D.T.R.Q.); (L.H.W.); (G.L.)
- Tropical Futures Institute, James Cook University Singapore, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore; (B.L.); (N.T.V.); (J.A.D.); (D.R.J.)
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Kiran NS, Yashaswini C, Chatterjee A. Zebrafish: A trending model for gut-brain axis investigation. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 270:106902. [PMID: 38537435 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has ascended as a pivotal model organism in the realm of gut-brain axis research, principally owing to its high-throughput experimental capabilities and evolutionary alignment with mammals. The inherent transparency of zebrafish embryos facilitates unprecedented real-time imaging, affording unparalleled insights into the intricate dynamics of bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. Noteworthy are the structural and functional parallels shared between the zebrafish and mammalian gut-brain axis components, rendering zebrafish an invaluable model for probing the molecular and cellular intricacies inherent in this critical physiological interaction. Recent investigations in zebrafish have systematically explored the impact of gut microbiota on neurodevelopment, behaviour, and disease susceptibility, underscoring the model's prowess in unravelling the multifaceted influence of microbial communities in shaping gut-brain interactions. Leveraging the genetic manipulability inherent in zebrafish, researchers have embarked on targeted explorations of specific pathways and molecular mechanisms, providing nuanced insights into the fundamental functioning of the gut-brain axis. This comprehensive review synthesizes pivotal findings and methodological advancements derived from zebrafish-based gut-brain axis research, accentuating the model's potential to significantly advance our understanding of this complex interplay. Furthermore, it underscores the translational significance of these insights, offering promising avenues for the identification of therapeutic targets in neuro-gastroenterological disorders and psychiatric conditions intricately linked with gut-brain interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakanta Sarvashiva Kiran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Chandrashekar Yashaswini
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Ankita Chatterjee
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Sciences, REVA University, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India.
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Licitra R, Fronte B, Verri T, Marchese M, Sangiacomo C, Santorelli FM. Zebrafish Feed Intake: A Systematic Review for Standardizing Feeding Management in Laboratory Conditions. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:209. [PMID: 38666821 PMCID: PMC11047914 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Zebrafish are one of the most used animal models in biological research and a cost-effective alternative to rodents. Despite this, nutritional requirements and standardized feeding protocols have not yet been established for this species. This is important to avoid nutritional effects on experimental outcomes, and especially when zebrafish models are used in preclinical studies, as many diseases have nutritional confounding factors. A key aspect of zebrafish nutrition is related to feed intake, the amount of feed ingested by each fish daily. With the goal of standardizing feeding protocols among the zebrafish community, this paper systematically reviews the available data from 73 studies on zebrafish feed intake, feeding regimes (levels), and diet composition. Great variability was observed regarding diet composition, especially regarding crude protein (mean 44.98 ± 9.87%) and lipid content (9.91 ± 5.40%). Interestingly, the gross energy levels of the zebrafish diets were similar across the reviewed studies (20.39 ± 2.10 kilojoules/g of feed). In most of the reviewed papers, fish received a predetermined quantity of feed (feed supplied). The authors fed the fish according to the voluntary intake and then calculated feed intake (FI) in only 17 papers. From a quantitative point of view, FI was higher than when a fixed quantity (pre-defined) of feed was supplied. Also, the literature showed that many biotic and abiotic factors may affect zebrafish FI. Finally, based on the FI data gathered from the literature, a new feeding protocol is proposed. In summary, a daily feeding rate of 9-10% of body weight is proposed for larvae, whereas these values are equal to 6-8% for juveniles and 5% for adults when a dry feed with a proper protein and energy content is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Licitra
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Baldassare Fronte
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Maria Marchese
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Chiara Sangiacomo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (B.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Department of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
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Gao X, Liu X, Wang Y, Wang T, Fang D, Hu K. Effects of Clostridium butyricum on Intestinal Microflora and Metabolism of Eriocheir sinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13784. [PMID: 37762084 PMCID: PMC10531170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum, a new probiotic in recent years, can produce butyric acid and short-chain fatty acids. It has the characteristics of strong acid and alkali resistance, high temperature resistance, and strong resistance to most antibiotics, and has more advantages than other probiotics. However, the action mechanism of C. butyricum on Eriocheir sinensis is still unclear and needs further study. In this study, when C. butyricum was added to the basic diet, the number of living bacteria was 0, 1 × 106 and 1 × 108 CFU/g, respectively. The E. sinensis were randomly divided into three groups: (blank control group, experimental group 1 (1 × 106 CFU/g) and experimental group 2 (1 × 108 CFU/g)). They were fed an experimental diet for 28 days. The effects of C. butyricum on E. sinensis were studied by detecting the differences in non-specific immune indexes, intestinal microflora, and metabolites between serum and hepatopancreas. The results showed that C. butyricum could improve the antioxidant ability of E. sinensis serum and hepatopancreas, protect intestinal tissues, and promote the absorption of nutrients. At the same time, it can enhance the microbial diversity and richness of the E. sinensis gut flora. LC-MS metabolomics was used to detect the metabolism of intestinal flora. It was found that C. butyricum could up-regulate lysophosphatidylcholine in the intestine. Through the KEGG enrichment pathway, it was found that significantly different metabolites were mainly concentrated in six metabolic pathways. The purine metabolism and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathways showed a downward trend, indicating that the addition of C. butyricum to feed could reduce purine metabolism, promote the water-salt balance of the organism's cells, and reduce inflammation. In this study, it was found that the addition of certain concentrations of C. butyricum to feed could improve the antioxidant ability of E. sinensis, improve the intestinal flora environment, and promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. This can promote the body's metabolism, which is more conducive to its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Gao
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yali Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tianwei Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Di Fang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kun Hu
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Valentine S, Kwasek K. Feeding Rate and Protein Quality Differentially Affect Growth and Feeding Efficiency Response Variables of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Zebrafish 2022; 19:94-103. [PMID: 35527676 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2022.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulating feeding rate and protein quality may improve growth and feeding efficiency of cultured species. However, whether feeding rate, protein quality, or their interaction has a greater effect on growth and feeding efficiency response variables is unknown. To determine whether feeding rate and protein quality individually or interactively affect growth and feeding efficiency, juvenile Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were either offered nutritionally similar diet consisting of either menhaden fishmeal protein or a 100% replacement of fishmeal with soybean meal-based protein restrictively or to satiation. Total length, weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured throughout the duration of the study. Protein quality and feeding rate individually and interactively affected feed intake and FCR: Zebrafish offered feed to satiation had higher growth and FCR than those fed restrictively, and Zebrafish fed soybean meal-based diet showed lower growth and higher FCR and feed intake compared to those fed fishmeal-based diet, although magnitude of response depended on feeding rate. These findings likely indicate lower digestibility of soybean meal or the presence of antinutritional factors in soybean meal that led to impaired nutrient absorption of fish offered soybean meal-based diet. Differences in measured response variables between protein qualities and feeding rates highlight the importance of determining interactive effects in nutritional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaley Valentine
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Karolina Kwasek
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
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