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Liu ZY, You QY, Liu ZY, Lin LC, Yang JJ, Tao H. m6A control programmed cell death in cardiac fibrosis. Life Sci 2024; 353:122922. [PMID: 39032691 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is closely related to cardiac fibrosis. As the most common and abundant form of mRNA modification in eukaryotes, m6A is deposited by methylases ("writers"), recognized and effected by RNA-binding proteins ("readers"), and removed by demethylases ("erasers"), achieving highly dynamic reversibility. m6A modification is involved in regulating the entire biological process of target RNA, including transcription, processing and splicing, export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, and enhancement or reduction of stability and translation. Programmed cell death (PCD) comprises many forms and pathways, with apoptosis and autophagy being the most common. Other forms include pyroptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT)-dependent necrosis, and parthanatos. In recent years, increasing evidence suggests that m6A modification can mediate PCD, affecting cardiac fibrosis. Since the correlation between some PCD types and m6A modification is not yet clear, this article mainly introduces the relationship between four common PCD types (apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis) and m6A modification, as well as their role and influence in cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Qing-Ye You
- Anhui Women and Children's Medical Center, Hefei 230001, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Li-Chan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, PR China; Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, PR China.
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He J, Hao F, Song S, Zhang J, Zhou H, Zhang J, Li Y. METTL Family in Healthy and Disease. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2024; 5:33. [PMID: 39155349 PMCID: PMC11330956 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-024-00194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription, RNA splicing, RNA translation, and post-translational protein modification are fundamental processes of gene expression. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, RNA modifications, and protein modifications, play a crucial role in regulating gene expression. The methyltransferase-like protein (METTL) family, a constituent of the 7-β-strand (7BS) methyltransferase subfamily, is broadly distributed across the cell nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Members of the METTL family, through their S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) binding domain, can transfer methyl groups to DNA, RNA, or proteins, thereby impacting processes such as DNA replication, transcription, and mRNA translation, to participate in the maintenance of normal function or promote disease development. This review primarily examines the involvement of the METTL family in normal cell differentiation, the maintenance of mitochondrial function, and its association with tumor formation, the nervous system, and cardiovascular diseases. Notably, the METTL family is intricately linked to cellular translation, particularly in its regulation of translation factors. Members represent important molecules in disease development processes and are associated with patient immunity and tolerance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Moreover, future research directions could include the development of drugs or antibodies targeting its structural domains, and utilizing nanomaterials to carry miRNA corresponding to METTL family mRNA. Additionally, the precise mechanisms underlying the interactions between the METTL family and cellular translation factors remain to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie He
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Fengchen Hao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Shiqi Song
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Junli Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, No. 29, Tongren Road, West of the City, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, No. 29, Tongren Road, West of the City, Xining, 810000, Qinghai Province, China.
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Liao Y, Zhang F, Yang F, Huang S, Su S, Tan X, Zhong L, Deng L, Pang L. METTL16 participates in haemoglobin H disease through m6A modification. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306043. [PMID: 39088431 PMCID: PMC11293636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haemoglobin H (HbH) disease is caused by a disorder of α-globin synthesis, and it results in a wide range of clinical symptoms. M6A methylation modification may be one of the mechanisms of heterogeneity. Therefore, this article explored the role of methyltransferase like 16 (METTL16) in HbH disease. METHOD The results of epigenetic transcriptome microarray were analysed and verified through bioinformatic methods and qRT-PCR, respectively. The overexpression or knock down of METTL16 in K562 cells was examined to determine its role in reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle processes or iron overload. YTH domain family protein 3 (YTHDF3) was knocked down in K562 cells and K562 cells overexpressing METTL16 via siRNA to investigate its function. In addition, haemoglobin expression was detected through benzidine staining. qRT-PCR, WB, methylated RNA Immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) and (RNA Immunoprecipitation) RIP experiments were conducted to explore the mechanism of intermolecular interaction. RESULTS METTL16, YTHDF3 and solute carrier family 5 member 3 (SLC5A3) mRNA and the methylation level of SLC5A3 mRNA were downregulated in HbH patients. Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) mRNA expression was negatively correlated with HGB content among patients with HbH-CS disease. Overexpression of METTL16 increased ROS and intracellular iron contents in K562 cells, changed the K562 cell cycle, reduced hemin-induced haemoglobin synthesis, increased the expressions of SLC5A3 and HBG and increased SLC5A3 mRNA methylation levels. Knockdown of METTL16 reduced ROS and intracellular iron contents in K562 cells. Hemin treatment of K562 cells for more than 14 days reduced the protein expressions of METTL16 and SLC5A3 and SLC5A3 mRNA methylation levels. Knockdown of YTHDF3 rescued the intracellular iron content changes induced by the overexpression of METTL16. The RIP experiment revealed that SLC5A3 mRNA can be enriched by METTL16 antibody. CONCLUSION METTL16 may affect the expression of SLC5A3 by changing its m6A modification level and regulating ROS synthesis, intracellular iron and cycle of red blood cells. Moreover, METTL16 possibly affects the expression of haemoglobin through IGF2BP3, which regulates the clinical phenotype of HbH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Liao
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Seven Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University (Wuzhou Gongren Hospital), Wuzhou, Guangxi, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shijin Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Sha Su
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuemei Tan
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Linlin Zhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lingjie Deng
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lihong Pang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Thalassemia Research, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Thalassemia Medicine (Guangxi Medical University), Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor (Guangxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Ma Q, Gui Y, Ma X, Zhang B, Xiong W, Yang S, Cao C, Mo S, Shu G, Ye J, Liu K, Wang X, Gui Y, Wang F, Yuan S. N6-methyladenosine writer METTL16-mediated alternative splicing and translation control are essential for murine spermatogenesis. Genome Biol 2024; 25:193. [PMID: 39030605 PMCID: PMC11264951 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitosis-to-meiosis switch during spermatogenesis requires dynamic changes in gene expression. However, the regulation of meiotic transcriptional and post-transcriptional machinery during this transition remains elusive. RESULTS We report that methyltransferase-like protein 16 (METTL16), an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) writer, is required for mitosis-to-meiosis transition during spermatogenesis. Germline conditional knockout of Mettl16 in male mice impairs spermatogonial differentiation and meiosis initiation. Mechanistically, METTL16 interacts with splicing factors to regulate the alternative splicing of meiosis-related genes such as Stag3. Ribosome profiling reveals that the translation efficiency of many meiotic genes is dysregulated in METTL16-deficient testes. m6A-sequencing shows that ablation of METTL16 causes upregulation of the m6A-enriched transcripts and downregulation of the m6A-depleted transcripts, similar to Meioc and/or Ythdc2 mutants. Further in vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrate that the methyltransferase activity site (PP185-186AA) of METTL16 is necessary for spermatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a molecular model wherein the m6A writer METTL16-mediated alternative splicing and translation efficiency regulation are required to control the mitosis-to-meiosis germ cell fate decision in mice, with implications for understanding meiosis-related male fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ma
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China
| | - Yiqian Gui
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xixiang Ma
- Laboratory Animal Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Bingqian Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wenjing Xiong
- Laboratory Animal Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shiyu Yang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Congcong Cao
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China
| | - Shaomei Mo
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China
| | - Ge Shu
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China
| | - Kuan Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yaoting Gui
- Department of Urology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Male Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518036, China.
| | - Fengli Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Shuiqiao Yuan
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Laboratory Animal Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
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Zheng Y, Lin S, Chen M, Xu L, Huang H. Regulation of N 6-methyladenosine modification in erythropoiesis and thalassemia. Clin Genet 2024; 106:3-12. [PMID: 38488342 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
In eukaryotic RNA, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent form of methylation modification. The m6A modification process is reversible and dynamic, written by m6A methyltransferase complex, erased by m6A demethylase, and recognized by m6A binding proteins. Through mediating RNA stability, decay, alternative splicing, and translation processes, m6A modification regulates gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Erythropoiesis is the process of hematopoietic stem cells undergoing proliferation, a series of differentiation and maturation to form red blood cells (RBCs). Thalassemia is a common monogenic disease characterized by excessive production of ineffective RBCs in the peripheral circulation, resulting in hemolytic anemia. Increasing evidence suggests that m6A modification plays a crucial role in erythropoiesis. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the function of m6A modification in erythropoiesis and further generalize the mechanism of m6A modification regulating ineffective erythropoiesis and fetal hemoglobin expression. The purpose is to improve the understanding of the pathogenesis of erythroid dysplasia and offer new perspectives for the diagnosis and treatment of thalassemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zheng
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Siyang Lin
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meihuan Chen
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- National Key Obstetric Clinical Specialty Construction Institution of China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- National Key Obstetric Clinical Specialty Construction Institution of China, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hailong Huang
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- The School of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Clinical Research Center for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- National Key Obstetric Clinical Specialty Construction Institution of China, Fuzhou, China
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Hara T, Meng S, Sato H, Tatekawa S, Sasaki K, Takeda Y, Tsuji Y, Arao Y, Ofusa K, Kitagawa T, Yamada D, Takahashi H, Kobayashi S, Motooka D, Suzuki Y, Rennie S, Uchida S, Mori M, Ogawa K, Doki Y, Eguchi H, Ishii H. High N6-methyladenosine-activated TCEAL8 mRNA is a novel pancreatic cancer marker. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:2360-2370. [PMID: 38659235 PMCID: PMC11247549 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an RNA modification involved in RNA processing and widely found in transcripts. In cancer cells, m6A is upregulated, contributing to their malignant transformation. In this study, we analyzed gene expression and m6A modification in cancer tissues, ducts, and acinar cells derived from pancreatic cancer patients using MeRIP-seq. We found that dozens of RNAs highly modified by m6A were detected in cancer tissues compared with ducts and acinar cells. Among them, the m6A-activated mRNA TCEAL8 was observed, for the first time, as a potential marker gene in pancreatic cancer. Spatially resolved transcriptomic analysis showed that TCEAL8 was highly expressed in specific cells, and activation of cancer-related signaling pathways was observed relative to TCEAL8-negative cells. Furthermore, among TCEAL8-positive cells, the cells expressing the m6A-modifying enzyme gene METTL3 showed co-activation of Notch and mTOR signaling, also known to be involved in cancer metastasis. Overall, these results suggest that m6A-activated TCEAL8 is a novel marker gene involved in the malignant transformation of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Hara
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Sikun Meng
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Hiromichi Sato
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Shotaro Tatekawa
- Department of Radiation OncologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Yu Takeda
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Yoshiko Tsuji
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Yasuko Arao
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Ken Ofusa
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
- Prophoenix DivisionFood and Life‐Science Laboratory, IDEA Consultants, Inc.OsakaOsakaJapan
| | - Toru Kitagawa
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
- Kyowa‐kai Medical CorporationKawanishiHyogoJapan
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Daisuke Motooka
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial DiseasesOsaka UniversitySuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Systems Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoKashiwa‐shiChibaJapan
| | - Sarah Rennie
- Section for Computational and RNA Biology, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Shizuka Uchida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for RNA MedicineAalborg UniversityCopenhagen SVDenmark
| | - Masaki Mori
- Tokai University Graduate School of MedicineIseharaKanagawaJapan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation OncologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Medical Data Science, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational ResearchOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaOsakaJapan
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Mansfield KD. RNA Binding by the m6A Methyltransferases METTL16 and METTL3. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:391. [PMID: 38927271 PMCID: PMC11200852 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Methyltransferases are a wide-ranging, yet well-conserved, class of molecules that have been found to modify a wide variety of substrates. Interest in RNA methylation has surged in recent years with the identification of the major eukaryotic mRNA m6A methyltransferase METTL3. METTL16 has also been identified as an RNA m6A methyltransferase; however, much less is known about its targets and actions. Interestingly, in addition to their catalytic activities, both METTL3 and METTL16 also have "methylation-independent" functions, including translational regulation, which have been discovered. However, evidence suggests that METTL16's role as an RNA-binding protein may be more significant than is currently recognized. In this review, we will introduce RNA methylation, specifically m6A, and the enzymes responsible for its deposition. We will discuss the varying roles that these enzymes perform and delve deeper into their RNA targets and possible roles as methylation-independent RNA binding proteins. Finally, we will touch upon the many open questions still remaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Mansfield
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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Zhao L, Guo J, Xu S, Duan M, Liu B, Zhao H, Wang Y, Liu H, Yang Z, Yuan H, Jiang X, Jiang X. Abnormal changes in metabolites caused by m 6A methylation modification: The leading factors that induce the formation of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and their promising potential for clinical application. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00159-0. [PMID: 38677545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation modifications have been widely implicated in the metabolic reprogramming of various cell types within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are essential for meeting the demands of cellular growth and maintaining tissue homeostasis, enabling cells to adapt to the specific conditions of the TME. An increasing number of research studies have focused on the role of m6A modifications in glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism, revealing their capacity to induce aberrant changes in metabolite levels. These changes may in turn trigger oncogenic signaling pathways, leading to substantial alterations within the TME. Notably, certain metabolites, including lactate, succinate, fumarate, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG), glutamate, glutamine, methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, fatty acids and cholesterol, exhibit pronounced deviations from normal levels. These deviations not only foster tumorigenesis, proliferation and angiogenesis but also give rise to an immunosuppressive TME, thereby facilitating immune evasion by the tumor. AIM OF REVIEW The primary objective of this review is to comprehensively discuss the regulatory role of m6A modifications in the aforementioned metabolites and their potential impact on the development of an immunosuppressive TME through metabolic alterations. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This review aims to elaborate on the intricate networks governed by the m6A-metabolite-TME axis and underscores its pivotal role in tumor progression. Furthermore, we delve into the potential implications of the m6A-metabolite-TME axis for the development of novel and targeted therapeutic strategies in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China; Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, Shenyang Coloproctology Hospital, Shenyang 110002, China.
| | - Junchen Guo
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
| | - Shasha Xu
- Department of Gastroendoscopy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
| | - Meiqi Duan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
| | - Baiming Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
| | - He Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
| | - Hexue Yuan
- Department of Colorectal Anal Surgery, Shenyang Coloproctology Hospital, Shenyang 110002, China.
| | - Xiaodi Jiang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110020, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, China.
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Tao Y, Yu X, Li X, Xu Y, Wang H, Zhang L, Lin R, Wang Y, Fan P. M6A methylation-regulated autophagy may be a new therapeutic target for intervertebral disc degeneration. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:389-403. [PMID: 38317355 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Degeneration of intervertebral discs is considered one of the most important causes of low back pain and disability. The intervertebral disc (IVD) is characterized by its susceptibility to various stressors that accelerate the senescence and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells, resulting in the loss of these cells and dysfunction of the intervertebral disc. Therefore, how to reduce the loss of nucleus pulposus cells under stress environment is the main problem in treating intervertebral disc degeneration. Autophagy is a kind of programmed cell death, which can provide energy by recycling substances in cells. It is considered to be an effective method to reduce the senescence and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells under stress. However, further research is needed on the mechanisms by which autophagy of nucleus pulposus cells is regulated under stress environments. M6A methylation, as the most extensive RNA modification in eukaryotic cells, participates in various cellular biological functions and is believed to be related to the regulation of autophagy under stress environments, may play a significant role in nucleus pulposus responding to stress. This article first summarizes the effects of various stressors on the death and autophagy of nucleus pulposus cells. Then, it summarizes the regulatory mechanism of m6A methylation on autophagy-related genes under stress and the role of these autophagy genes in nucleus pulposus cells. Finally, it proposes that the methylation modification of autophagy-related genes regulated by m6A may become a new treatment approach for intervertebral disc degeneration, providing new insights and ideas for the clinical treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuao Tao
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhu Xu
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rubing Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuntao Wang
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Fan
- Department of Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Ma H, Hong Y, Xu Z, Weng Z, Yang Y, Jin D, Chen Z, Yue J, Zhou X, Xu Z, Fei F, Li J, Song W. N 6-methyladenosine (m 6A) modification in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116365. [PMID: 38452654 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest cancers of human, the tumor-related death of which ranks third among the common malignances. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation, the most abundant internal modification of RNA in mammals, participates in the metabolism of mRNA and interrelates with ncRNAs. In this paper, we overviewed the complex function of m6A regulators in HCC, including regulating the tumorigenesis, progression, prognosis, stemness, metabolic reprogramming, autophagy, ferroptosis, drug resistance and tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Furthermore, we elucidated the interplay between m6A modification and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs). Finally, we summarized the potential of m6A regulators as diagnostic biomarkers. What's more, we reviewed the inhibitors targeting m6A enzymes as promising therapeutic targets of HCC. We aimed to help understand the function of m6A methylation in HCC systematically and comprehensively so that more effective strategies for HCC treatment will be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehua Ma
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuxin Hong
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xu
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zuyi Weng
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuanxun Yang
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Dandan Jin
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhiyou Chen
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Yue
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fei Fei
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Juan Li
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Wei Song
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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11
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Hudspeth J, Rogge K, Dörner S, Müll M, Hoffmeister D, Rupp B, Werten S. Methyl transfer in psilocybin biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2709. [PMID: 38548735 PMCID: PMC10978996 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46997-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Psilocybin, the natural hallucinogen produced by Psilocybe ("magic") mushrooms, holds great promise for the treatment of depression and several other mental health conditions. The final step in the psilocybin biosynthetic pathway, dimethylation of the tryptophan-derived intermediate norbaeocystin, is catalysed by PsiM. Here we present atomic resolution (0.9 Å) crystal structures of PsiM trapped at various stages of its reaction cycle, providing detailed insight into the SAM-dependent methylation mechanism. Structural and phylogenetic analyses suggest that PsiM derives from epitranscriptomic N6-methyladenosine writers of the METTL16 family, which is further supported by the observation that bound substrates physicochemically mimic RNA. Inherent limitations of the ancestral monomethyltransferase scaffold hamper the efficiency of psilocybin assembly and leave PsiM incapable of catalysing trimethylation to aeruginascin. The results of our study will support bioengineering efforts aiming to create novel variants of psilocybin with improved therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Hudspeth
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Kai Rogge
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dörner
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Maximilian Müll
- Research Group Biosynthetic Design of Natural Products, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute of Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rupp
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- k.-k. Hofkristallamt, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sebastiaan Werten
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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12
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Wang J, Zhao G, Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Yang S, Zhou A, Li P, Zhang S. N 6-methylation in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of gastric cancer. J Transl Int Med 2024; 12:5-21. [PMID: 38525439 PMCID: PMC10956730 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2023-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks third among cancers in terms of mortality rate worldwide. A clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying the genesis and progression of GC will contribute to clinical decision making. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant among diverse mRNA modification types and regulates multiple facets of RNA metabolism. In recent years, emerging studies have shown that m6A modifications are involved in gastric carcinoma tumorigenesis and progression and can potentially be valuable new prospects for diagnosis and prognosis. This article reviews the recent progress regarding m6A in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guiping Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuyue Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Anni Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shutian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
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13
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Gan Z, Zhao M, Xia Y, Yan Y, Ren W. Carbon metabolism in the regulation of macrophage functions. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:62-73. [PMID: 37778898 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon metabolism, including one-carbon (1C) metabolism and central carbon metabolism (CCM), provides energy for the cell and generates metabolites with signaling activities. The regulation of macrophage polarization involves complex signals and includes an epigenetic level. Epigenetic modifications through changes in carbon metabolism allow macrophages to respond in a timely manner to their environment and adapt to metabolic demands during macrophage polarization. Here we summarize the current understanding of the crosstalk between carbon metabolism and epigenetic modifications in macrophages under physiological conditions and in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and provide targets and further directions for macrophage-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhending Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Muyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoyao Xia
- Laboratory for Bio-feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuqi Yan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenkai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong, China.
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14
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Chen Y, Wang W, Zhang W, He M, Li Y, Qu G, Tong J. Emerging roles of biological m 6A proteins in regulating virus infection: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126934. [PMID: 37722640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent chemical modifications of intracellular RNA, which recently emerging as a multifaceted effector of viral genomic RNA. As a dynamic process, three groups of biological proteins control the levels of m6A modification in eukaryocyte, designed as m6A writers, erasers, and readers. The m6A writers comprising of methyltransferases complex initiate the modification process. On the contrary, the m6A erasers ALKBH5 or FTO abolish the modification through three-step demethylation: m6A to N6-hydroxymethyl adenosine (hm6A), then hm6A to N6-methyladenosine (f6A), and finally f6A to adenosine. The known m6A readers include the YTH family and the hnRNP family. As m6A modification regulates RNA nuclear exportation, stability, and translation, m6A proteins commonly participate in virus infection by regulating viral genomic RNA synthesis. Moreover, m6A proteins establish molecular linkages between virus genome/viral encode proteins and host cells proteins via their multifunctional roles in cellular RNA metabolism. The m6A writers and erasers directly impact interferon expression and macrophage innate immune responses, facilitating them to act as anti-/pro-viral factors. The m6A readers enable to alter cell metabolism and stress granules (SGs) production to regulate virus-host interactions. Here, the latest progress of m6A proteins in regulating viral infection is reviewed. Demonstrating the roles of m6A proteins will enhance the understanding of epigenetic regulation of virus infection and stimulate the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuran Chen
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Mei He
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuming Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji'nan 250117, China; Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an 271000, China.
| | - Guosheng Qu
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Jie Tong
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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15
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Ren Y, Li Z, Li J, Liang R, Wang Z, Bai Y, Yang Y, Tang Q, Fu Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Xiong Y. m 6 A mRNA methylation: Biological features, mechanisms, and therapeutic potentials in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13639. [PMID: 37732463 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
As the most common internal post-transcriptional RNA modification in eukaryotic cells, N6-methyladenosine (m6 A) performs a dynamic and reversible role in a variety of biological processes mediated by methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and m6 A binding proteins (readers). M6 A methylation enables transcriptome conversion in different signals that regulate various physiological activities and organ development. Over the past few years, emerging studies have identified that mRNA m6 A regulators defect in β-cell leads to abnormal regulation of the target mRNAs, thereby resulting in β-cell dysfunction and loss of β-cell identity and mass, which are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) pathogenesis. Also, mRNA m6 A modification has been implicated with insulin resistance in muscles, fat, and liver cells/tissues. In this review, we elaborate on the biological features of m6 A methylation; provide a comprehensive overview of the underlying mechanisms that how it controls β-cell function, identity, and mass as well as insulin resistance; highlight its connections to glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism linking to T2DM; and further discuss its role in diabetes complications and its therapeutic potentials for T2DM diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zi Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiduo Bai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yafang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yaolei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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16
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Zhang H, Yin M, Huang H, Zhao G, Lu M. METTL16 in human diseases: What should we do next? Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230856. [PMID: 38045858 PMCID: PMC10693013 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
METTL16 is a class-I methyltransferase that is responsible for depositing a vertebrate-conserved S-adenosylmethionine site. Since 2017, there has been a growing body of research focused on METTL16, particularly in the field of structural studies. However, the role of METTL16 in cell biogenesis and human diseases has not been extensively studied, with limited understanding of its function in disease pathology. Recent studies have highlighted the complex and sometimes contradictory role that METTL16 plays in various diseases. In this work, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the current research on METTL16 in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Tongji Aerospace City Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430000, China
| | - Mengqi Yin
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430000, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 665000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Gongfang Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 665000, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Mingliang Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, PR China
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17
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Liu J, Gu X, Guan Z, Huang D, Xing H, Zheng L. Role of m6A modification in regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in cancer. J Transl Med 2023; 21:774. [PMID: 37915034 PMCID: PMC10619263 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of cancer. The dysregulation of this pathway has been linked to the development and initiation of various types of cancer. Recently, epigenetic modifications, particularly N6-methyladenosine (m6A), have been recognized as essential contributors to mRNA-related biological processes and translation. The abnormal expression of m6A modification enzymes has been associated with oncogenesis, tumor progression, and drug resistance. Here, we review the role of m6A modification in regulating the PI3K/AKT pathway in cancer and its implications in the development of novel strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Zhenjie Guan
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Di Huang
- Department of Child Health Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China
| | - Huiwu Xing
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Lian Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Erqi District, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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18
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Wang D, Zhang Y, Li Q, Zhang A, Xu J, Li Y, Li W, Tang L, Yang F, Meng J. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) in cancer therapeutic resistance: Potential mechanisms and clinical implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115477. [PMID: 37696088 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer therapy resistance (CTR) is the development of cancer resistance to multiple therapeutic strategies, which severely affects clinical response and leads to cancer progression, recurrence, and metastasis. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been identified as the most common, abundant, and conserved internal transcriptional alterations of RNA modifications, regulating RNA splicing, translation, stabilization, degradation, and gene expression, and is involved in the development and progression of a variety of diseases, including cancer. Recent studies have shown that m6A modifications play a critical role in both cancer development and progression, especially in reversing CTR. Although m6A modifications have great potential in CTR, the specific molecular mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this review, we summarize the potential molecular mechanisms of m6A modification in CTR. In addition, we update recent advances in natural products from Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) and small-molecule lead compounds targeting m6A modifications, and discuss the great potential and clinical implications of these inhibitors targeting m6A regulators and combinations with other therapies to improve clinical efficacy and overcome CTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qingbo Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jingxuan Xu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yu Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wen Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Jingyan Meng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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19
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Sun L, Zhang Y, Yang B, Sun S, Zhang P, Luo Z, Feng T, Cui Z, Zhu T, Li Y, Qiu Z, Fan G, Huang C. Lactylation of METTL16 promotes cuproptosis via m 6A-modification on FDX1 mRNA in gastric cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6523. [PMID: 37863889 PMCID: PMC10589265 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuproptosis, caused by excessively high copper concentrations, is urgently exploited as a potential cancer therapeutic. However, the mechanisms underlying the initiation, propagation, and ultimate execution of cuproptosis in tumors remain unknown. Here, we show that copper content is significantly elevated in gastric cancer (GC), especially in malignant tumors. Screening reveals that METTL16, an atypical methyltransferase, is a critical mediator of cuproptosis through the m6A modification on FDX1 mRNA. Furthermore, copper stress promotes METTL16 lactylation at site K229 followed by cuproptosis. The process of METTL16 lactylation is inhibited by SIRT2. Elevated METTL16 lactylation significantly improves the therapeutic efficacy of the copper ionophore- elesclomol. Combining elesclomol with AGK2, a SIRT2-specific inhibitor, induce cuproptosis in gastric tumors in vitro and in vivo. These results reveal the significance of non-histone protein METTL16 lactylation on cuproptosis in tumors. Given the high copper and lactate concentrations in GC, cuproptosis induction becomes a promising therapeutic strategy for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhui Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Boyu Yang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Sijun Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Pengshan Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zai Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zelin Cui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuming Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhengjun Qiu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Guangjian Fan
- Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Institute for Clinical Research, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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20
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Yao J, Song Y, Yu X, Lin Z. Interaction between N 6-methyladenosine modification and the tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer. Mol Med 2023; 29:129. [PMID: 37737134 PMCID: PMC10515252 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC) are rapidly increasing worldwide. Recently, there has been significant attention given to N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most common mRNA modification, especially for its effects on CRC development. It is important to note that the progression of CRC would be greatly hindered without the tumor microenvironment (TME). The interaction between CRC cells and their surroundings can activate and influence complex signaling mechanisms of epigenetic changes to affect the survival of tumor cells with a malignant phenotype. Additionally, the TME is influenced by m6A regulatory factors, impacting the progression and prognosis of CRC. In this review, we describe the interactions and specific mechanisms between m6A modification and the metabolic, hypoxia, inflammatory, and immune microenvironments of CRC. Furthermore, we summarize the therapeutic role that m6A modification can play in the CRC microenvironment, and discuss the current status, limitations, and potential future directions in this field. This review aims to provide new insights into the molecular targets and theoretical foundations for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yeke Song
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Health Management Center, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China.
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21
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Hu J, Lin H, Wang C, Su Q, Cao B. METTL14‑mediated RNA methylation in digestive system tumors. Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:86. [PMID: 37539726 PMCID: PMC10555478 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
N6‑methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is one of the most common post‑transcriptional modification mechanism in eukaryotes. m6A is involved in almost all stages of the mRNA life cycle, specifically regulating its stability, splicing, export and translation. Methyltransferase‑like 14 (METTL14) is a particularly important m6A methylation 'writer' that can recognize RNA substrates. METTL14 has been documented to improve the activity and catalytic efficiency of METTL3. However, as individual proteins they can also regulate different biological processes. Malignancies in the digestive system are some of the most common malignancies found in humans, which are typically associated with poor prognoses with limited clinical solutions. METTL14‑mediated methylation has been implicated in both the potentiation and inhibition of digestive system tumor growth, cell invasion and metastasis, in addition to drug resistance. In the present review, the research progress and regulatory mechanisms of METTL14‑mediated methylation in digestive system malignancies were summarized. In addition, future research directions and the potential for its clinical application were examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexuan Hu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Haishan Lin
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Su
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Bangwei Cao
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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22
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Yue SW, Liu HL, Su HF, Luo C, Liang HF, Zhang BX, Zhang W. m6A-regulated tumor glycolysis: new advances in epigenetics and metabolism. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:137. [PMID: 37582735 PMCID: PMC10426175 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01841-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycolytic reprogramming is one of the most important features of cancer and plays an integral role in the progression of cancer. In cancer cells, changes in glucose metabolism meet the needs of self-proliferation, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, metastasis, and also affect the immune escape, prognosis evaluation and therapeutic effect of cancer. The n6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA is widespread in eukaryotic cells. Dynamic and reversible m6A modifications are widely involved in the regulation of cancer stem cell renewal and differentiation, tumor therapy resistance, tumor microenvironment, tumor immune escape, and tumor metabolism. Lately, more and more evidences show that m6A modification can affect the glycolysis process of tumors in a variety of ways to regulate the biological behavior of tumors. In this review, we discussed the role of glycolysis in tumor genesis and development, and elaborated in detail the profound impact of m6A modification on different tumor by regulating glycolysis. We believe that m6A modified glycolysis has great significance and potential for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Wei Yue
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‑Pancreatic‑Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai-Ling Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‑Pancreatic‑Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Fei Su
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‑Pancreatic‑Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Chu Luo
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‑Pancreatic‑Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Fang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‑Pancreatic‑Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
| | - Bi-Xiang Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‑Pancreatic‑Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato‑Pancreatic‑Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China.
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23
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Qi YN, Liu Z, Hong LL, Li P, Ling ZQ. Methyltransferase-like proteins in cancer biology and potential therapeutic targeting. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:89. [PMID: 37533128 PMCID: PMC10394802 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA modification has recently become a significant process of gene regulation, and the methyltransferase-like (METTL) family of proteins plays a critical role in RNA modification, methylating various types of RNAs, including mRNA, tRNA, microRNA, rRNA, and mitochondrial RNAs. METTL proteins consist of a unique seven-beta-strand domain, which binds to the methyl donor SAM to catalyze methyl transfer. The most typical family member METTL3/METTL14 forms a methyltransferase complex involved in N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA, regulating tumor proliferation, metastasis and invasion, immunotherapy resistance, and metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells. METTL1, METTL4, METTL5, and METTL16 have also been recently identified to have some regulatory ability in tumorigenesis, and the rest of the METTL family members rely on their methyltransferase activity for methylation of different nucleotides, proteins, and small molecules, which regulate translation and affect processes such as cell differentiation and development. Herein, we summarize the literature on METTLs in the last three years to elucidate their roles in human cancers and provide a theoretical basis for their future use as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No.1 Banshan East Rd., Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lian-Lian Hong
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No.1 Banshan East Rd., Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, P.R. China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Ling
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No.1 Banshan East Rd., Gongshu District, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310018, Zhejiang, P.R. China.
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24
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Meng Q, Schatten H, Zhou Q, Chen J. Crosstalk between m6A and coding/non-coding RNA in cancer and detection methods of m6A modification residues. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:6577-6619. [PMID: 37437245 PMCID: PMC10373953 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most common and well-known internal RNA modifications that occur on mRNAs or ncRNAs. It affects various aspects of RNA metabolism, including splicing, stability, translocation, and translation. An abundance of evidence demonstrates that m6A plays a crucial role in various pathological and biological processes, especially in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. In this article, we introduce the potential functions of m6A regulators, including "writers" that install m6A marks, "erasers" that demethylate m6A, and "readers" that determine the fate of m6A-modified targets. We have conducted a review on the molecular functions of m6A, focusing on both coding and noncoding RNAs. Additionally, we have compiled an overview of the effects noncoding RNAs have on m6A regulators and explored the dual roles of m6A in the development and advancement of cancer. Our review also includes a detailed summary of the most advanced databases for m6A, state-of-the-art experimental and sequencing detection methods, and machine learning-based computational predictors for identifying m6A sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingren Meng
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated with the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Heide Schatten
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Qian Zhou
- International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated with the Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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25
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Zhang N, Sun Y, Mei Z, He Z, Gu S. Novel insights into mutual regulation between N 6-methyladenosine modification and LncRNAs in tumors. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:127. [PMID: 37365581 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A), one of the most common RNA methylation modifications, has emerged in recent years as a new layer of the regulatory mechanism controlling gene expression in eukaryotes. As a reversible epigenetic modification, m6A not only occurs on mRNAs but also on Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs). As we all known, despite LncRNAs cannot encode proteins, they affect the expression of proteins by interacting with mRNAs or miRNAs, thus playing important roles in the occurrence and development of a variety of tumors. Up to now, it has been widely accepted that m6A modification on LncRNAs affects the fate of the corresponding LncRNAs. Interestingly, levels and functions of m6A modifications are also mediated by LncRNAs through affecting the m6A methyltransferases (METTL3, METTL14, WTAP, METTL16, etc.), demethylases (FTO, ALKBH5) and methyl-binding proteins (YTHDFs, YTHDCs, IGF2BPs, HNRNPs, etc.), which are collectively referred to as "m6A regulators". In this review, we summarized the mutual regulation mechanisms between N6-methyladenosine modification and LncRNAs in cancer progression, metastasis, invasion and drug resistance. In detail, we focus on the specific mechanisms of m6A modification, which is mediated by methyltransferases and demethylases, involves in the regulation of LncRNA levels and functions in the first part. And section two intensively displays the mediation roles of LncRNAs in m6A modification via changing the regulatory proteins. At last part, we described the interaction effects between LncRNAs and methyl-binding proteins of m6A modification during various tumor occurrence and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Dali University, No. 22, Wanhua Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Sun
- School of Public Health, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Dali University, No. 22, Wanhua Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongqin Mei
- School of Public Health, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Dali University, No. 22, Wanhua Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuoshun He
- School of Public Health, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Dali University, No. 22, Wanhua Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiyan Gu
- School of Public Health, Institute of Preventive Medicine, Dali University, No. 22, Wanhua Road, Dali, 671000, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Zhao Y, Luo Q, Wang W, Geng S, Sun Y, Xu T. METTL16, an evolutionarily conserved m6A methyltransferase member, inhibits the antiviral immune response of miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104713. [PMID: 37085020 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Methyltransferase like-16 (METTL16) is an m6A RNA methylation transferase that is known to methylate U6 snRNA and pre-mRNA of S-adenosylmethionine synthase but has been poorly studied in fish. In this study, METTL16 was identified in miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy). We first performed bioinformatics analysis of the miiuy croaker METTL16 (mmiMETTL16). MmiMETTL16 and other vertebrates METTL16 have a relatively conserved MTD structural domain and gene structure, suggesting that their methylase activity may also be conservative. In healthy miiuy croaker, mmiMETTL16 was commonly expressed in the tested tissues. Expression of mmiMETTL16 in kidney, liver, and spleen tissues was significantly increased after poly(I:C) stimulation. Consistently, mmiMETTL16 was sensitive to poly(I:C) stimulation in miiuy croaker kidney cell (MKC), suggesting that METTL16 might participate in antiviral immunity. For further functional experiments, immunofluorescence of mmiMETTL16 presents in the nucleus in kidney cells. In addition, the overexpression of mmiMETTL16 could significantly increase the overall m6A level of MKC cells, which shows that the function of METTL16 as methyltransferase is conservative in miiuy croaker. Last, mmiMETTL16 can inhibit the expression of TNF-α, IFN-1, Mx1, and ISG15, suggesting that mmiMETTL16 can suppress the immune response caused by viral stimulation. In summary, studies on mmiMETTL16 will contribute to future studies on the role of METTL16 and potential mechanisms of the m6A regulation network in the teleost immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wansu Wang
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shang Geng
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuena Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, China.
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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27
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Huang E, Chen L. RNA N 6-methyladenosine modification in female reproductive biology and pathophysiology. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:53. [PMID: 36894952 PMCID: PMC9996912 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression and posttranscriptional regulation can be strongly influenced by epigenetic modifications. N6-methyladenosine, the most extensive RNA modification, has been revealed to participate in many human diseases. Recently, the role of RNA epigenetic modifications in the pathophysiological mechanism of female reproductive diseases has been intensively studied. RNA m6A modification is involved in oogenesis, embryonic growth, and foetal development, as well as preeclampsia, miscarriage, endometriosis and adenomyosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, and common gynaecological tumours such as cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer. In this review, we provide a summary of the research results of m6A on the female reproductive biology and pathophysiology in recent years and aim to discuss future research directions and clinical applications of m6A-related targets. Hopefully, this review will add to our understanding of the cellular mechanisms, diagnostic biomarkers, and underlying therapeutic strategies of female reproductive system diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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28
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Liu Z, Gao L, Cheng L, Lv G, Sun B, Wang G, Tang Q. The roles of N6-methyladenosine and its target regulatory noncoding RNAs in tumors: classification, mechanisms, and potential therapeutic implications. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:487-501. [PMID: 36854773 PMCID: PMC10073155 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00944-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the epigenetic modifications of RNA. The addition of this chemical mark to RNA molecules regulates gene expression by affecting the fate of the RNA molecules. This posttranscriptional RNA modification is reversible and regulated by methyltransferase "writers" and demethylase "erasers". The fate of m6A-modified RNAs depends on the function of different "readers" that recognize and bind to them. Research on m6A methylation modification has recently increased due to its important role in regulating cancer progression. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules that are transcribed from the genome but whose roles have been overlooked due to their lack of well-defined potential for translation into proteins or peptides. However, this misconception has now been completely overturned. ncRNAs regulate various diseases, especially tumors, and it has been confirmed that they play either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing roles in almost all types of tumors. In this review, we discuss the m6A modification of different types of ncRNA and summarize the mechanisms involved. Finally, we discuss the progress of research on clinical treatment and discuss the important significance of the m6A modification of ncRNAs in the clinical treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Liu
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Long Cheng
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Gaoyuan Lv
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatosplenic Surgery, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Qiushi Tang
- Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, Chinese Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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29
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Roles of RNA Methylations in Cancer Progression, Autophagy, and Anticancer Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044225. [PMID: 36835633 PMCID: PMC9959100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA methylations play critical roles in RNA processes, including RNA splicing, nuclear export, nonsense-mediated RNA decay, and translation. Regulators of RNA methylations have been shown to be differentially expressed between tumor tissues/cancer cells and adjacent tissues/normal cells. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent internal modification of RNAs in eukaryotes. m6A regulators include m6A writers, m6A demethylases, and m6A binding proteins. Since m6A regulators play important roles in regulating the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, targeting m6A regulators can be a strategy for developing anticancer drugs. Anticancer drugs targeting m6A regulators are in clinical trials. m6A regulator-targeting drugs could enhance the anticancer effects of current chemotherapy drugs. This review summarizes the roles of m6A regulators in cancer initiation and progression, autophagy, and anticancer drug resistance. The review also discusses the relationship between autophagy and anticancer drug resistance, the effect of high levels of m6A on autophagy and the potential values of m6A regulators as diagnostic markers and anticancer therapeutic targets.
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The Repertoire of RNA Modifications Orchestrates a Plethora of Cellular Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032387. [PMID: 36768716 PMCID: PMC9916637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a plethora of DNA modifications have been extensively investigated in the last decade, recent breakthroughs in molecular biology, including high throughput sequencing techniques, have enabled the identification of post-transcriptional marks that decorate RNAs; hence, epitranscriptomics has arisen. This recent scientific field aims to decode the regulatory layer of the transcriptome and set the ground for the detection of modifications in ribose nucleotides. Until now, more than 170 RNA modifications have been reported in diverse types of RNA that contribute to various biological processes, such as RNA biogenesis, stability, and transcriptional and translational accuracy. However, dysfunctions in the RNA-modifying enzymes that regulate their dynamic level can lead to human diseases and cancer. The present review aims to highlight the epitranscriptomic landscape in human RNAs and match the catalytic proteins with the deposition or deletion of a specific mark. In the current review, the most abundant RNA modifications, such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A), N5-methylcytosine (m5C), pseudouridine (Ψ) and inosine (I), are thoroughly described, their functional and regulatory roles are discussed and their contributions to cellular homeostasis are stated. Ultimately, the involvement of the RNA modifications and their writers, erasers, and readers in human diseases and cancer is also discussed.
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Zhang L, Xia J. N6-Methyladenosine Methylation of mRNA in Cell Senescence. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:27-36. [PMID: 34767142 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell senescence is the growth arrest caused by the accumulation of irreparable cell damage, which is involved in physiological and pathological processes and regulated by the post-transcriptional level. This regulation is performed by transcriptional regulators and driven by aging-related small RNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and RNA-binding proteins. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common chemical modification in eukaryotic mRNA, which can enhance or reduce the binding of transcriptional regulators. Increasing studies have confirmed the crucial role of m6A in controlling mRNA in various physiological processes. Remarkably, recent reports have indicated that abnormal methylation of m6A-related RNA may affect cell senescence. In this review, we clarified the association between m6A modification and cell senescence and analyzed the limitations of the current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, People's Republic of China. .,Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Chen J, Ye M, Bai J, Hu C, Lu F, Gu D, Yu P, Tang Q. Novel insights into the interplay between m6A modification and programmed cell death in cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:1748-1763. [PMID: 37063421 PMCID: PMC10092764 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.81000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation, the most prevalent and abundant RNA modification in eukaryotes, has recently become a hot research topic. Several studies have indicated that m6A modification is dysregulated during the progression of multiple diseases, especially in cancer development. Programmed cell death (PCD) is an active and orderly method of cell death in the development of organisms, including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis. As the study of PCD has become increasingly profound, accumulating evidence has revealed the mutual regulation of m6A modification and PCD, and their interaction can further influence the sensitivity of cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in m6A modification and PCD in terms of their interplay and potential mechanisms, as well as cancer therapeutic resistance. Our study provides promising insights and future directions for the examination and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qiyun Tang
- ✉ Corresponding author: Qiyun Tang, Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Neuroendocrine Tumor Center, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Institute of Neuroendocrine Tumor, Nanjing Medical University, NO. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, China.
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Ferraz R, Coimbra S, Correia S, Canhoto J. RNA methyltransferases in plants: Breakthroughs in function and evolution. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:449-460. [PMID: 36502609 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Each day it is becoming increasingly difficult not to notice the completely new, fast growing, extremely intricate and challenging world of epitranscriptomics as the understanding of RNA methylation is expanding at a hasty rate. Writers (methyltransferases), erasers (demethylases) and readers (RNA-binding proteins) are responsible for adding, removing and recognising methyl groups on RNA, respectively. Several methyltransferases identified in plants are now being investigated and recent studies have shown a connection between RNA-methyltransferases (RNA-MTases) and stress and development processes. However, compared to their animal and bacteria counterparts, the understanding of RNA methyltransferases is still incipient, particularly those located in organelles. Comparative and systematic analyses allowed the tracing of the evolution of these enzymes suggesting the existence of several methyltransferases yet to be characterised. This review outlines the functions of plant nuclear and organellar RNA-MTases in plant development and stress responses and the comparative and evolutionary discoveries made on RNA-MTases across kingdoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ferraz
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal; LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sílvia Coimbra
- University of Porto, Faculty of Sciences, Portugal; LAQV Requimte, Sustainable Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Correia
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Canhoto
- Centre for Functional Ecology, TERRA Associate Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, Coimbra 3000-456, Portugal.
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He Z, Zhu Z, Tang T, Guo P, Gao M, Li B, Nguyen TCT, Chen H, Liu X, Zhou Z, Liu S. Characterization of ligamentum flavum hypertrophy based on m6A RNA methylation modification and the immune microenvironment. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:8800-8827. [PMID: 36628248 PMCID: PMC9827295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has been implicated in the progression of several diseases, and the role of epigenetic regulation in immunity is emerging, particularly for RNA m6A modification. However, it is unclear how m6A-related genes affect the immune microenvironment of ligamentum flavum hyperplasia (LFH). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of m6A modification on the LFH immune microenvironment. METHODS The GSE113212 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. We systematically analyzed m6A regulators in eight patient samples and the corresponding clinical information of the samples. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and protein-protein interactions (PPIs) were used to explore the correlation of m6A clusters with the immune microenvironment in LFH. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) regression was then used to further explore the m6A prognostic signature in LFH. The relative abundance of immune cell types was quantified using a single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm. We explored the relationship between hub genes and small molecule drug sensitivity by clustering hub gene-based samples. In addition, Real-Time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) as well as western blotting (WB) were used to validate the gene expression of the differentially expressed genes. RESULTS A total of 1259 differentially expressed genes were identified, of which 471 were upregulated and 788 were downregulated. A total of three genes showed significant differences (METTL16, PCIF1, and FTO). According to the enrichment analysis, immune factors may play a key role in LFH. ssGSEA was used to cluster the immune infiltration score, construct the hub gene diagnosis model, and screen a total of 6 LFH immune-related prediction model genes. The predictive diagnostic model of LFH was further constructed, revealing that METTL16, PCIF1, FTO and ALKBH5 had superior diagnostic efficiency. RT-qPCR results showed that 6 genes (METTL16, PCIF1, POSTN, TNNC1, MMP1 and ACTA1; P < 0.05) exhibited expression consistent with the results of the bioinformatics analysis of the mRNA microarray. Up-regulated METTL16, PCIF1, and ALKBH5 levels in LFH were validated by western blotting. CONCLUSION Diversity and complexity of LFH's immune microenvironment are influenced by M6A modification, and our study provides strong evidence for predicting the diagnosis and prognosis of LFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan He
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, Guangdong, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengya Zhu
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, Guangdong, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, Guangdong, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Manman Gao
- Department of Sport Medicine, Inst Translat Med, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s HospitalShenzhen, Guangdong, China,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Health Science CenterShenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Baoliang Li
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, Guangdong, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tran Canh Tung Nguyen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Hongkun Chen
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xizhe Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoyu Liu
- Innovation Platform of Regeneration and Repair of Spinal Cord and Nerve Injury, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, Guangdong, China,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Mermoud JE. The Role of the m 6A RNA Methyltransferase METTL16 in Gene Expression and SAM Homeostasis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122312. [PMID: 36553579 PMCID: PMC9778287 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA methylation of adenosine at the N6-position (m6A) has attracted significant attention because of its abundance and dynamic nature. It accounts for more than 80% of all RNA modifications present in bacteria and eukaryotes and regulates crucial aspects of RNA biology and gene expression in numerous biological processes. The majority of m6A found in mammals is deposited by a multicomponent complex formed between methyltransferase-like (METTL) proteins METTL3 and METTL14. In the last few years, the list of m6A writers has grown, resulting in an expansion of our understanding of the importance of m6A and the methylation machinery. The characterization of the less familiar family member METTL16 has uncovered a new function of the m6A methylation apparatus, namely the fine-tuning of the cellular levels of the major methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). METTL16 achieves this by adjusting the levels of the enzyme that synthesizes SAM in direct response to fluctuations in the SAM availability. This review summarizes recent progress made in understanding how METTL16 can sense and relay metabolic information and considers the wider implications. A brief survey highlights similarities and differences between METTL16 and the better-known METTL3/14 complex, followed by a discussion of the target specificity, modes of action and potential roles of METTL16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Mermoud
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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Li G, Fu Q, Liu C, Peng Y, Gong J, Li S, Huang Y, Zhang H. The regulatory role of N6-methyladenosine RNA modification in gastric cancer: Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1074307. [PMID: 36561529 PMCID: PMC9763625 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1074307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosinen (m6A) methylation is a frequent RNA methylation modification that is regulated by three proteins: "writers", "erasers", and "readers". The m6A modification regulates RNA stability and other mechanisms, including translation, cleavage, and degradation. Interestingly, recent research has linked m6A RNA modification to the occurrence and development of cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer. This review summarizes the regulatory role of m6A RNA modification in gastric cancer (GC), including targets, the mechanisms of action, and the potential signaling pathways. Our present findings can facilitate our understanding of the significance of m6A RNA modification in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Qiru Fu
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Editorial Department of Journal of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxi Peng
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Abdominal and Pelvic Medical Oncology, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei, China
| | - Shilan Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huangshi Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Polytechnic University, Edong Healthcare Group, Huangshi, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Haiyuan Zhang, ; Yan Huang,
| | - Haiyuan Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Haiyuan Zhang, ; Yan Huang,
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Ma M, Ye T, Wang J, Zhao H, Zhang S, Li P, Zhao G. N6-methyladenosine Modification of Noncoding RNAs: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications in Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12122996. [PMID: 36553003 PMCID: PMC9776883 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12122996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification remains the most pivotal epigenetic modification on RNA. As we know, m6A not only affects physiological processes but is also involved in carcinoma. Noncoding RNAs play an indispensable role in the occurrence and development of carcinoma. However, a large amount of research is focused on mRNA currently. Insufficient research has been done on the relationship between noncoding RNA (ncRNA) methylation and cancer. Therefore, this review aims to introduce the theoretical knowledge of m6A modification in noncoding RNA, discuss its function in tumorigenesis and progression, and ultimately summarize its potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peng Li
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (G.Z.)
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Shen W, Pu J, Zuo Z, Gu S, Sun J, Tan B, Wang L, Cheng J, Zuo Y. The RNA demethylase ALKBH5 promotes the progression and angiogenesis of lung cancer by regulating the stability of the LncRNA PVT1. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:353. [PMID: 36376862 PMCID: PMC9664734 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common posttranscriptional modification of RNA and plays critical roles in human cancer progression. However, the biological function of m6A methylation requires further studied in cancer, especially in tumor angiogenesis. Methods A public database was used to analyze the expression and overall survival of ALKBH5 and PVT1 in lung cancer patients. CCK-8 and colony formation assays were performed to detect cell proliferation, a transwell assay was used to assess cell migration, and a tube formation assay was performed to assess angiogenic potential in vitro. A zebrafish lung cancer xenograft model was used to verify the function of ALKBH5 and PVT1 in vivo. Western blot assays were used to measure the relative protein expression in lung cancer cells. SRAMP predictor analysis and RNA stability experiments were used to examine the potential m6A modification. Results Bioinformatics analysis showed that the expression levels of m6A-related genes were changed significantly in lung cancer tissues compared with normal lung tissues. We then identified that ALKBH5 was upregulated in lung cancer tissues and associated with poor prognosis of lung cancer patients by analyzing a public database. Knockdown of ALKBH5 inhibited the proliferation and migration of cultured lung cancer cell lines. Zebrafish lung cancer xenografts showed that ALKBH5 silencing also suppressed the growth and metastasis of lung cancer cells. Moreover, knockdown of ALKBH5 inhibited the angiogenesis of lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies showed that knockdown of ALKBH5 decreased the expression and stability of PVT1 in lung cancer cells. We next observed that PVT1 promoted the progression of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo and regulated the expression of VEGFA and angiogenesis in lung cancer. Finally, rescue experiments revealed that ALKBH5 regulated the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of lung cancer cells, partially through PVT1. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that ALKBH5 promotes the progression and angiogenesis of lung cancer by regulating the expression and stability of PVT1, which provides a potential prognostic and therapeutic target for lung cancer patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-022-02770-0.
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Zhou W, Xue P, Yang Y, Xia L, Yu B. Research progress on N6-methyladenosine in the human placenta. J Perinat Med 2022; 50:1115-1123. [PMID: 35606944 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2021-0665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most common epigenetic modifications of eukaryotic RNA. Under the jointly reversible regulation of related enzymes, m6A regulates many aspects of RNA, such as translation, stability and degradation. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of m6A in placenta-related diseases. METHODS Data were compiled from 2018 to 2021 citations in PubMed and Google Scholar using the keywords: placenta AND N6-methyladenosine. Seven studies were included. RESULTS In this study, we introduced some conventional methods to detect m6A modification at the whole RNA, region (peak) and single base levels. We also summarized the current studies of m6A modification in the placenta and briefly describe m6A in placental-related diseases, including recurrent miscarriage (RM), preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). CONCLUSIONS Although the relevant reports are still in the preliminary stage and some results are inconsistent, studies on methylation m6A modification have contributed new ideas for the research of reproductive diseases, providing a new basis for the diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and monitoring of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhou
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P.R. China
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Xue
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xia
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, P.R. China
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Xu L, Zhou L, Yan C, Li L. Emerging role of N6-methyladenosine RNA methylation in lung diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1862-1872. [PMID: 36278325 PMCID: PMC9679358 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221128564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, with the increase of air pollution, smoking, aging, and respiratory infection, the incidence rate and mortality of lung diseases are increasing annually, which has become a major hazard to human health. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is the most abundant modifications in eukaryotes, and such modified RNA can be specifically recognized and combined by m6A recognition proteins and then mediate RNA splicing, maturation, enucleation, degradation, and translation. More and more studies have revealed that the m6A modification is involved in the pathogenesis and development of some diseases; however, the mechanisms of m6A in lung diseases are poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in the biological function of m6A modifications in lung diseases and discuss the potential therapeutic and prognostic strategies. The dysregulation of global m6A levels and m6A regulators may affect the occurrence and development of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and other lung diseases through inflammation and immune function. In lung cancer, this modification has an important impact on malignant cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistance. In addition, abnormally changed m6A-modified proteins in lung cancer tissue samples and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers of lung cancer. Models composed of multiple m6A regulators can be used to evaluate the risk prediction or prognosis of asthma and pulmonary fibrosis. In general, the in-depth study of m6A modifications is a frontier direction in disease research. It provides novel insights for understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease occurrence, development, and drug resistance, as well as for the development of effective novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Xu
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Normal University, Huzhou 313000, China,Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Normal University, Huzhou 313000, China,Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Chenxin Yan
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Liqin Li
- Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou Normal University, Huzhou 313000, China,Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Huzhou 313000, China,Liqin Li.
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Wen X, Wang J, Wang Q, Liu P, Zhao H. Interaction between N6-methyladenosine and autophagy in the regulation of bone and tissue degeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:978283. [PMID: 36072293 PMCID: PMC9443517 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.978283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone and tissue degeneration are the most common skeletal disorders that seriously affect people’s quality of life. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most common RNA modifications in eukaryotic cells, affecting the alternative splicing, translation, stability and degradation of mRNA. Interestingly, increasing number of evidences have indicated that m6A modification could modulate the expression of autophagy-related (ATG) genes and promote autophagy in the cells. Autophagy is an important process regulating intracellular turnover and is evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. Abnormal autophagy results in a variety of diseases, including cardiomyopathy, degenerative disorders, and inflammation. Thus, the interaction between m6A modification and autophagy plays a prominent role in the onset and progression of bone and tissue degeneration. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge related to the effect of m6A modification on autophagy, and introduce the role of the crosstalk between m6A modification and autophagy in bone and tissue degeneration. An in-depth knowledge of the above crosstalk may help to improve our understanding of their effects on bone and tissue degeneration and provide novel insights for the future therapeutics.
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Shi B, Liu WW, Yang K, Jiang GM, Wang H. The role, mechanism, and application of RNA methyltransferase METTL14 in gastrointestinal cancer. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:163. [PMID: 35974338 PMCID: PMC9380308 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01634-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer is the most common human malignancy characterized by high lethality and poor prognosis. Emerging evidences indicate that N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant post-transcriptional modification in eukaryotes, exerts important roles in regulating mRNA metabolism including stability, decay, splicing, transport, and translation. As the key component of the m6A methyltransferase complex, methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) catalyzes m6A methylation on mRNA or non-coding RNA to regulate gene expression and cell phenotypes. Dysregulation of METTL14 was deemed to be involved in various aspects of gastrointestinal cancer, such as tumorigenesis, progression, chemoresistance, and metastasis. Plenty of findings have opened up new avenues for exploring the therapeutic potential of gastrointestinal cancer targeting METTL14. In this review, we systematically summarize the recent advances regarding the biological functions of METTL14 in gastrointestinal cancer, discuss its potential clinical applications and propose the research forecast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shi
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei, China
| | - Wei-Wei Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guan-Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Core Unit of National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, Heifei, China.
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Zhang C, Liu N. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in gynecological malignancies. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3465-3479. [PMID: 35802474 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is one of the most abundant modifications in eukaryotic mRNA, regulated by m6A methyltransferase and demethylase. m6A modified RNA is specifically recognized and bound by m6A recognition proteins, which mediate splicing, maturation, exonucleation, degradation, and translation. In gynecologic malignancies, m6A RNA modification-related molecules are expressed aberrantly, significantly altering the posttranscriptional methylation level of the target genes and their stability. The m6A modification also regulates related metabolic pathways, thereby controlling tumor development. This review analyzes the composition and mode of action of m6A modification-related proteins and their biological functions in the malignant progression of gynecologic malignancies, which provide new ideas for the early clinical diagnosis and targeted therapy of gynecologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Luo C, Wang S, Shan W, Liao W, Zhang S, Wang Y, Xin Q, Yang T, Hu S, Xie W, Xu N, Zhang Y. A Whole Exon Screening-Based Score Model Predicts Prognosis and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy Effects in Low-Grade Glioma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:909189. [PMID: 35769464 PMCID: PMC9234137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.909189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to identify prognostic factors for low-grade glioma (LGG) via different machine learning methods in the whole genome and to predict patient prognoses based on these factors. We verified the results through in vitro experiments to further screen new potential therapeutic targets. Method A total of 940 glioma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and The Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) were included in this study. Two different feature extraction algorithms – LASSO and Random Forest (RF) – were used to jointly screen genes significantly related to the prognosis of patients. The risk signature was constructed based on these screening genes, and the K-M curve and ROC curve evaluated it. Furthermore, we discussed the differences between the high- and low-risk groups distinguished by the signature in detail, including differential gene expression (DEG), single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), copy number variation (CNV), immune infiltration, and immune checkpoint. Finally, we identified the function of a novel molecule, METTL7B, which was highly correlated with PD-L1 expression on tumor cell, as verified by in vitro experiments. Results We constructed an accurate prediction model based on seven genes (AUC at 1, 3, 5 years= 0.91, 0.85, 0.74). Further analysis showed that extracellular matrix remodeling and cytokine and chemokine release were activated in the high-risk group. The proportion of multiple immune cell infiltration was upregulated, especially macrophages, accompanied by the high expression of most immune checkpoints. According to the in vitro experiment, we preliminarily speculate that METTL7B affects the stability of PD-L1 mRNA by participating in the modification of m6A. Conclusion The seven gene signatures we constructed can predict the prognosis of patients and identify the potential benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) therapy for LGG. More importantly, METTL7B, one of the risk genes, is a crucial molecule that regulates PD-L1 and could be used as a new potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Luo
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Songmao Wang
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Shan
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Open Faculty for Innovation, Education, Science, Technology and Art, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weijie Liao
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shikuan Zhang
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhi Wang
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qilei Xin
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tingpeng Yang
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoliang Hu
- Research and Development Department, Shenzhen Combined Biotech Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weidong Xie
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Open Faculty for Innovation, Education, Science, Technology and Art, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Naihan Xu
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Open Faculty for Innovation, Education, Science, Technology and Art, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Naihan Xu, ; Yaou Zhang,
| | - Yaou Zhang
- China State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology of Shenzhen, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- Open Faculty for Innovation, Education, Science, Technology and Art, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Naihan Xu, ; Yaou Zhang,
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Selmi T, Lanzuolo C. Driving Chromatin Organisation through N6-methyladenosine Modification of RNA: What Do We Know and What Lies Ahead? Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:340. [PMID: 35205384 PMCID: PMC8871937 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an increase in research efforts surrounding RNA modification thanks to key breakthroughs in NGS-based whole transcriptome mapping methods. More than 100 modifications have been reported in RNAs, and some have been mapped at single-nucleotide resolution in the mammalian transcriptome. This has opened new research avenues in fields such as neurobiology, developmental biology, and oncology, among others. To date, we know that the RNA modification machinery finely tunes many diverse mechanisms involved in RNA processing and translation to regulate gene expression. However, it appears obvious to the research community that we have only just begun the process of understanding the several functions of the dynamic web of RNA modification, or the "epitranscriptome". To expand the data generated so far, recently published studies revealed a dual role for N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant mRNA modification, in driving both chromatin dynamics and transcriptional output. These studies showed that the m6A-modified, chromatin-associated RNAs could act as molecular docks, recruiting histone modification proteins and thus contributing to the regulation of local chromatin structure. Here, we review these latest exciting findings and outline outstanding research questions whose answers will help to elucidate the biological relevance of the m6A modification of chromatin-associated RNAs in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Selmi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Milano, Italy;
| | - Chiara Lanzuolo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Tecnologie Biomediche, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Milano, Italy;
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
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46
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Zhou Y, Yang J, Tian Z, Zeng J, Shen W. Research progress concerning m 6A methylation and cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:775. [PMID: 34589154 PMCID: PMC8442141 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is a type of methylation modification on RNA molecules, which was first discovered in 1974, and has become a hot topic in life science in recent years. m6A modification is an epigenetic regulation similar to DNA and histone modification and is dynamically reversible in mammalian cells. This chemical marker of RNA is produced by m6A 'writers' (methylase) and can be degraded by m6A 'erasers' (demethylase). Methylated reading protein is the 'reader', that can recognize the mRNA containing m6A and regulate the expression of downstream genes accordingly. m6A methylation is involved in all stages of the RNA life cycle, including RNA processing, nuclear export, translation and regulation of RNA degradation, indicating that m6A plays a crucial role in RNA metabolism. Recent studies have shown that m6A modification is a complicated regulatory network in different cell lines, tissues and spatio-temporal models, and m6A methylation is associated with the occurrence and development of tumors. The present review describes the regulatory mechanism and physiological functions of m6A methylation, and its research progress in several types of human tumor, to provide novel approaches for early diagnosis and targeted treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Tian
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China
| | - Weigan Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, P.R. China
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47
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Wang X, Ma R, Zhang X, Cui L, Ding Y, Shi W, Guo C, Shi Y. Crosstalk between N6-methyladenosine modification and circular RNAs: current understanding and future directions. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:121. [PMID: 34560891 PMCID: PMC8461955 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a prevalent internal modification in eukaryotic RNAs regulated by the so-called "writers", "erasers", and "readers". m6A has been demonstrated to exert critical molecular functions in modulating RNA maturation, localization, translation and metabolism, thus playing an essential role in cellular, developmental, and disease processes. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs with covalently closed single-stranded structures generated by back-splicing. CircRNAs also participate in physiological and pathological processes through unique mechanisms. Despite their discovery several years ago, m6A and circRNAs has drawn increased research interest due to advances in molecular biology techniques these years. Recently, several scholars have investigated the crosstalk between m6A and circRNAs. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of m6A and circRNAs, as well as summarize the crosstalk between these molecules based on existing research. In addition, we present some suggestions for future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200443, China.,Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xilin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200443, China.,Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200443, China.,Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangfeng Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200443, China.,Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimin Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunyuan Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200443, China. .,Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuling Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 1278 Baode Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, 200443, China. .,Institute of Psoriasis, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Zhou H, Yin K, Zhang Y, Tian J, Wang S. The RNA m6A writer METTL14 in cancers: Roles, structures, and applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188609. [PMID: 34375716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant and diverse epigenetic modification of mRNAs in eukaryotes, and it regulates biological metabolism, cell differentiation and cycles, and responses to heat shock stress, cancers and other diseases. RNA methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), methyltransferase-like 14 (METTL14) and other proteins possessing methyltransferase (MTase) capability including Wilms tumor 1-associated protein (WTAP), RNA-binding motif protein 15(RBM15), KIAA 1429 and zinc finger CCCH-type containing 13 (ZC3H13) constitute the m6A writer complex. Although METTL3 is the catalytic subunit, its activity is strongly dependent on METTL14, which is crucial in maintaining complex integrity and recognizing special RNA substrates. Currently, the roles of m6A modification in cancers are being extensively reviewed. The critical functions of METTL14 in the occurrence and development of a variety of cancers as well as the potential targeting of METTL14 as a cancer treatment have not yet been highlighted. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the m6A modification and focus on the structure and functions of METTL14 as well as its roles in oncogenesis, metastasis progression, treatment and prognosis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Stixová L, Komůrková D, Svobodová Kovaříková A, Fagherazzi P, Bártová E. Localization of METTL16 at the Nuclear Periphery and the Nucleolus Is Cell Cycle-Specific and METTL16 Interacts with Several Nucleolar Proteins. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070669. [PMID: 34357041 PMCID: PMC8305168 DOI: 10.3390/life11070669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
METTL16 methyltransferase is responsible for the methylation of N6-adenosine (m6A) in several RNAs. In mouse cells, we showed that the nuclear distribution of METTL16 is cell cycle-specific. In the G1/S phases, METTL16 accumulates to the nucleolus, while in the G2 phase, the level of METTL16 increases in the nucleoplasm. In metaphase and anaphase, there is a very low pool of the METTL16 protein, but in telophase, residual METTL16 appears to be associated with the newly formed nuclear lamina. In A-type lamin-depleted cells, we observed a reduction of METTL16 when compared with the wild-type counterpart. However, METTL16 does not interact with A-type and B-type lamins, but interacts with Lamin B Receptor (LBR) and Lap2α. Additionally, Lap2α depletion caused METTL16 downregulation in the nuclear pool. Furthermore, METTL16 interacted with DDB2, a key protein of the nucleotide excision repair (NER), and also with nucleolar proteins, including TCOF, NOLC1, and UBF1/2, but not fibrillarin. From this view, the METTL16 protein may also regulate the transcription of ribosomal genes because we observed that the high level of m6A in 18S rRNA appeared in cells with upregulated METTL16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Stixová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (A.S.K.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (E.B.); Tel.: +420-5-41517141 (E.B.)
| | - Denisa Komůrková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (A.S.K.); (P.F.)
| | - Alena Svobodová Kovaříková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (A.S.K.); (P.F.)
| | - Paolo Fagherazzi
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (A.S.K.); (P.F.)
- Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 601 77 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Bártová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (A.S.K.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (E.B.); Tel.: +420-5-41517141 (E.B.)
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50
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Satterwhite ER, Mansfield KD. RNA methyltransferase METTL16: Targets and function. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 13:e1681. [PMID: 34227247 PMCID: PMC9286414 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methyltransferase METTL16 is an emerging player in the RNA modification landscape of the human cell. Originally thought to be a ribosomal RNA methyltransferase, it has now been shown to bind and methylate the MAT2A messenger RNA (mRNA) and U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA). It has also been shown to bind the MALAT1 long noncoding RNA and several other RNAs. METTL16's methyltransferase domain contains the Rossmann-like fold of class I methyltransferases and uses S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. It has an RNA methylation consensus sequence of UACAGARAA (modified A underlined), and structural requirements for its known RNA interactors. In addition to the methyltransferase domain, METTL16 protein has two other RNA binding domains, one of which resides in a vertebrate conserved region, and a putative nuclear localization signal. The role of METTL16 in the cell is still being explored, however evidence suggests it is essential for most cells. This is currently hypothesized to be due to its role in regulating the splicing of MAT2A mRNA in response to cellular SAM levels. However, one of the more pressing questions remaining is what role METTL16's methylation of U6 snRNA plays in splicing and potentially cellular survival. METTL16 also has several other putative coding and noncoding RNA interactors but the definitive methylation status of those RNAs and the role METTL16 plays in their life cycle is yet to be determined. Overall, METTL16 is an intriguing RNA binding protein and methyltransferase whose important functions in the cell are just beginning to be understood. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Satterwhite
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle D Mansfield
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
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