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Zhao ZH, Zhang CX, Li J, Zhang AZ, Zhao FF, Yu GP, Jiang N. Effect of tandem repeats of antimicrobial peptide CC34 on production of target proteins and activity of Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2023; 212:106342. [PMID: 37536580 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are attracting attention in the fields of medicine, food, and agriculture because of their broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, low resistance, and low-residue in the body. However, the low yield and instability of the prepared AMP drugs limit their application. In this study, we designed a tetramer of the AMP CC34, constructed and transfected two recombinant expression vectors with pGAPZαA containing a haploid CC34 and tetraploid CC34 (CC34-4js) into Pichia pastoris to explore the effect of biosynthesized peptides. The results showed that CC34 and CC34-4js expression levels were 648.2 and 1105.3 mg/L, respectively, in the fermentation supernatant of P. pastoris. The CC34-4js tetramer showed no antibacterial activity, could be cleaved to the monomer using formic acid, and the hemolytic rate of the polyploid was slightly lower than that of monomeric CC34. The average daily gain, average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and immune organ index of rats fed CC34 and CC34-4js showed no differences. In conclusion, CC34-4js exhibited a higher yield and lower hemolysis in P. pastoris than those of CC34. Finally, CC34 and CC34-4js enterokinase lysates showed similar antibacterial activity and both expressed peptides potentially improved the growth performance and organ indices of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Feed Resource Efficient Utilization and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Chen-Xue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Feed Resource Efficient Utilization and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Feed Resource Efficient Utilization and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Ai-Zhong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Feed Resource Efficient Utilization and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Fang-Fang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Feed Resource Efficient Utilization and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Guo-Ping Yu
- Food Science College of Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Ning Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Feed Resource Efficient Utilization and Nutrition Manipulation in Cold Region of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, 163319, China.
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Qian M, Ismail BB, He Q, Zhang X, Yang Z, Ding T, Ye X, Liu D, Guo M. Inhibitory mechanisms of promising antimicrobials from plant byproducts: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2523-2590. [PMID: 37070214 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant byproducts and waste present enormous environmental challenges and an opportunity for valorization and industrial application. Due to consumer demands for natural compounds, the evident paucity of novel antimicrobial agents against foodborne pathogens, and the urgent need to improve the arsenal against infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR), plant byproduct compounds have attracted significant research interest. Emerging research highlighted their promising antimicrobial activity, yet the inhibitory mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this review summarizes the overall research on the antimicrobial activity and inhibitory mechanisms of plant byproduct compounds. A total of 315 natural antimicrobials from plant byproducts, totaling 1338 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) (in μg/mL) against a broad spectrum of bacteria, were identified, and a particular emphasis was given to compounds with high or good antimicrobial activity (typically <100 μg/mL MIC). Moreover, the antimicrobial mechanisms, particularly against bacterial pathogens, were discussed in-depth, summarizing the latest research on using natural compounds to combat pathogenic microorganisms and AMR. Furthermore, safety concerns, relevant legislation, consumer perspective, and current gaps in the valorization of plant byproducts-derived compounds were comprehensively discussed. This comprehensive review covering up-to-date information on antimicrobial activity and mechanisms represents a powerful tool for screening and selecting the most promising plant byproduct compounds and sources for developing novel antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyan Qian
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Balarabe B Ismail
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Qiao He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhui Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhehao Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Ding
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Mingming Guo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Integrated Research Base of Southern Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Technology, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
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Zhao L, Islam MS, Song P, Zhu L, Dong W. Isolation and Optimization of a Broad-Spectrum Synthetic Antimicrobial Peptide, Ap920-WI, from Arthrobacter sp. H5 for the Biological Control of Plant Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10598. [PMID: 37445776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are naturally occurring molecules found in various organisms that can help to defend against invading microorganisms and reduce the likelihood of drug resistance development. This study focused on the isolation of new AMPs from the genome library of a Gram-positive bacterium called Arthrobacter sp. H5. To achieve this, we used the Bacillus subtilis expression system and employed bioinformatics techniques to optimize and modify the peptides, resulting in the development of a new synthetic antimicrobial peptide (SAMP). Ap920 is expected to be a new antimicrobial peptide with a high positive charge (+12.5). Through optimization, a new synthetic antimicrobial peptide, Ap920-WI, containing only 15 amino acids, was created. Thereafter, the antimicrobial and antifungal activities of Ap920-WI were determined using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50). The Ap920-WI peptide was observed to target the outer membrane of fungal hyphae, leading to inhibition of growth in Rhizoctonia Solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and Botrytis cinerea. In plants, Ap920-WI showed significant antifungal activity and inhibited the infestation of S. sclerotiorum on rape leaves. Importantly, Ap920-WI was found to be safe for mammalian cells since it did not show any hemolytic activity against sheep red blood cells. Overall, the study found that the new synthetic antimicrobial peptide Ap920-WI exhibits broad-spectrum activity against microorganisms and may offer a new solution for controlling plant diseases, as well as hold potential for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease, Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Md Samiul Islam
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease, Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pei Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease, Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease, Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wubei Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease, Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Park SC, Lim HS, Mun SE, Jung YJ, Yoon AM, Son H, Kim CM, Choo YK, Lee JR. Potent Antifungal Functions of a Living Modified Organism Protein, CP4-EPSPS, against Pathogenic Fungal Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114289. [PMID: 37298765 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various proteins introduced into living modified organism (LMO) crops function in plant defense mechanisms against target insect pests or herbicides. This study analyzed the antifungal effects of an introduced LMO protein, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) from Agrobacterium sp. strain CP4 (CP4-EPSPS). Pure recombinant CP4-EPSPS protein, expressed in Escherichia coli, inhibited the growth of human and plant fungal pathogens (Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium solani, F. graminearum, and Trichoderma virens), at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) that ranged from 62.5 to 250 µg/mL. It inhibited fungal spore germination as well as cell proliferation on C. gloeosporioides. Rhodamine-labeled CP4-EPSPS accumulated on the fungal cell wall and within intracellular cytosol. In addition, the protein induced uptake of SYTOX Green into cells, but not into intracellular mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating that its antifungal action was due to inducing the permeability of the fungal cell wall. Its antifungal action showed cell surface damage, as observed from fungal cell morphology. This study provided information on the effects of the LMO protein, EPSPS, on fungal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Cheol Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 38286, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Song Lim
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Mun
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Jung
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Mi Yoon
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosuk Son
- Department of Exhibition and Education, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Min Kim
- Department of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kug Choo
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ro Lee
- LMO Team, National Institute of Ecology (NIE), Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
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Zhang J, Islam MS, Wang J, Zhao Y, Dong W. Isolation of Potato Endophytes and Screening of Chaetomium globosum Antimicrobial Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094611. [PMID: 35563004 PMCID: PMC9099842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have natural antibacterial activities that pathogens find difficult to overcome. As a result of this occurrence, AMPs can act as an important substitute against the microbial resistance. In this study, we used plate confrontation tests to screen out 20 potential endophytes from potato tubers. Among them, endophyte F5 was found to significantly inhibit the growth of five different pathogenic fungi. Following that, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were 99% identical to Chaetomium globosum corresponding sequences. Thereafter, the Bacillus subtilis expression system was used to create a C. globosum cDNA library in order to isolate the resistance genes. Using this approach, the resistance gene screening technology in the indicator bacteria built-in library was used to identify two antimicrobial peptides, CgR2150 and CgR3101, with broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. Furthermore, the results showed that CgR2150 and CgR3101 have excellent UV, thermal, and enzyme stabilities. Also, these two peptides can significantly inhibit the growth of various bacteria (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, Clavibacter michiganensis, and Clavibacter fangii) and fungi (Fusarium graminearum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Botrytis cinerea). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed that CgR2150 and CgR3101 peptides act against bacteria by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. Moreover, hemolytic activity assay showed that neither of the two peptides exhibited significant hemolytic activity. To conclude, the antimicrobial peptides CgR2150 and CgR3101 are promising in the development of a new antibacterial agent and for application in plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wubei Dong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-150-0710-9436
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Mendes RJ, Sario S, Luz JP, Tassi N, Teixeira C, Gomes P, Tavares F, Santos C. Evaluation of Three Antimicrobial Peptides Mixtures to Control the Phytopathogen Responsible for Fire Blight Disease. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10122637. [PMID: 34961108 PMCID: PMC8705937 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fire blight is a severe bacterial plant disease that affects important chain-of-value fruit trees such as pear and apple trees. This disease is caused by Erwinia amylovora, a quarantine phytopathogenic bacterium, which, although highly distributed worldwide, still lacks efficient control measures. The green revolution paradigm demands sustainable agriculture practices, for which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have recently caught much attention. The goal of this work was to disclose the bioactivity of three peptides mixtures (BP100:RW-BP100, BP100:CA-M, and RW-BP100:CA-M), against three strains of E. amylovora representing distinct genotypes and virulence (LMG 2024, Ea 630 and Ea 680). The three AMPs' mixtures were assayed at eight different equimolar concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 6 μM (1:1). Results showed MIC and MBC values between 2.5 and 4 μM for every AMP mixture and strain. Regarding cell viability, flow cytometry and alamarBlue reduction, showed high reduction (>25%) of viable cells after 30 min of AMP exposure, depending on the peptide mixture and strain assayed. Hypersensitive response in tobacco plants showed that the most efficient AMPs mixtures and concentrations caused low to no reaction of the plant. Altogether, the AMPs mixtures studied are better treatment solutions to control fire blight disease than the same AMPs applied individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael J. Mendes
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (C.T.); (P.G.); (F.T.); (C.S.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CIBIO—Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Associated Laboratory, Campus Agrário de Vairão, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Sario
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (C.T.); (P.G.); (F.T.); (C.S.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CITAB—Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - João Pedro Luz
- QRural, Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, School of Agriculture, 6000-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal;
| | - Natália Tassi
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Cátia Teixeira
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (C.T.); (P.G.); (F.T.); (C.S.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Paula Gomes
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (C.T.); (P.G.); (F.T.); (C.S.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Fernando Tavares
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (C.T.); (P.G.); (F.T.); (C.S.)
- CIBIO—Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Associated Laboratory, Campus Agrário de Vairão, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (S.S.); (C.T.); (P.G.); (F.T.); (C.S.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Antimicrobial Peptides from Plants: A cDNA-Library Based Isolation, Purification, Characterization Approach and Elucidating Their Modes of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168712. [PMID: 34445412 PMCID: PMC8395713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in a natural ecosystem, plants are continuously threatened by various microbial diseases. To save themselves from these diverse infections, plants build a robust, multilayered immune system through their natural chemical compounds. Among the several crucial bioactive compounds possessed by plants’ immune systems, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) rank in the first tier. These AMPs are environmentally friendly, anti-pathogenic, and do not bring harm to humans. Antimicrobial peptides can be isolated in several ways, but recombinant protein production has become increasingly popular in recent years, with the Escherichia coli expression system being the most widely used. However, the efficacy of this expression system is compromised due to the difficulty of removing endotoxin from its system. Therefore, this review suggests a high-throughput cDNA library-based plant-derived AMP isolation technique using the Bacillus subtilis expression system. This method can be performed for large-scale screening of plant sources to classify unique or homologous AMPs for the agronomic and applied field of plant studies. Furthermore, this review also focuses on the efficacy of plant AMPs, which are dependent on their numerous modes of action and exceptional structural stability to function against a wide range of invaders. To conclude, the findings from this study will be useful in investigating how novel AMPs are distributed among plants and provide detailed guidelines for an effective screening strategy of AMPs.
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