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Plackett ARG, Hibberd JM. Rice bundle sheath cell shape is regulated by the timing of light exposure during leaf development. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2597-2613. [PMID: 38549236 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Plant leaves contain multiple cell types which achieve distinct characteristics whilst still coordinating development within the leaf. The bundle sheath possesses larger individual cells and lower chloroplast content than the adjacent mesophyll, but how this morphology is achieved remains unknown. To identify regulatory mechanisms determining bundle sheath cell morphology we tested the effects of perturbing environmental (light) and endogenous signals (hormones) during leaf development of Oryza sativa (rice). Total chloroplast area in bundle sheath cells was found to increase with cell size as in the mesophyll but did not maintain a 'set-point' relationship, with the longest bundle sheath cells demonstrating the lowest chloroplast content. Application of exogenous cytokinin and gibberellin significantly altered the relationship between cell size and chloroplast biosynthesis in the bundle sheath, increasing chloroplast content of the longest cells. Delayed exposure to light reduced the mean length of bundle sheath cells but increased corresponding leaf length, whereas premature light reduced final leaf length but did not affect bundle sheath cells. This suggests that the plant hormones cytokinin and gibberellin are regulators of the bundle sheath cell-chloroplast relationship and that final bundle sheath length may potentially be affected by light-mediated control of exit from the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian M Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Yu H, Liu P, Xu J, Wang T, Lu T, Gao J, Li Q, Jiang W. The Effects of Different Durations of Night-Time Supplementary Lighting on the Growth, Yield, Quality and Economic Returns of Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1516. [PMID: 38891324 PMCID: PMC11174464 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
To achieve higher economic returns, we employ inexpensive valley electricity for night-time supplementary lighting (NSL) of tomato plants, investigating the effects of various durations of NSL on the growth, yield, and quality of tomato. Tomato plants were treated with supplementary light for a period of 0 h, 3 h, 4 h, and 5 h during the autumn-winter season. The findings revealed superior growth and yield of tomato plants exposed to 3 h, 4 h, and 5 h of NSL compared to their untreated counterparts. Notably, providing lighting for 3 h demonstrated greater yields per plant and per trough than 5 h exposure. To investigate if a reduced duration of NSL would display similar effects on the growth and yield of tomato plants, tomato plants received supplementary light for 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h at night during the early spring season. Compared to the control group, the stem diameter, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, and yield of tomatoes significantly increased upon supplementation with lighting. Furthermore, the input-output ratios of 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h NSL were calculated as 1:10.11, 1:4.38, and 1:3.92, respectively. Nonetheless, there was no detectable difference in yield between the 1 h, 2 h, and 3 h NSL groups. These findings imply that supplemental LED lighting at night affects tomato growth in the form of light signals. Night-time supplemental lighting duration of 1 h is beneficial to plant growth and yield, and its input-output ratio is the lowest, which is an appropriate NSL mode for tomato cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjun Yu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Peng Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Jingcheng Xu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
- Taizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taizhou 318014, China
| | - Tanyu Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Tao Lu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
| | - Weijie Jiang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (H.Y.); (P.L.); (J.X.); (T.W.); (T.L.)
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3
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Deng J, Huang X, Chen J, Vanholme B, Guo J, He Y, Qin W, Zhang J, Yang W, Liu J. Shade stress triggers ethylene biosynthesis to accelerate soybean senescence and impede nitrogen remobilization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108658. [PMID: 38677188 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
In gramineae-soybean intercropping systems, shade stress caused by taller plants impacts soybean growth specifically during the reproductive stage. However, the effects of shade stress on soybean senescence remain largely unexplored. In this research, we applied artificial shade treatments with intensities of 75% (S75) and 50% (S50) to soybean plants at the onset of flowering to simulate the shade stress experienced by soybeans in the traditional and optimized maize-soybean intercropping systems, respectively. Compared to the normal light control, both shade treatments led to a rapid decline in the dry matter content of soybean vegetative organs and accelerated their abscission. Moreover, shade treatments triggered the degradation of chlorophyll and soluble proteins in leaves and increased the expression of genes associated with leaf senescence. Metabolic profiling further revealed that ethylene biosynthesis and signal transduction were induced by shade treatment. In addition, the examination of nitrogen content demonstrated that shade treatments impeded the remobilization of nitrogen in vegetative tissues, consequently reducing the seed nitrogen harvest. It's worth noting that these negative effects were less pronounced under the S50 treatment compared to the S75 treatment. Taken together, this research demonstrates that shade stress during the reproductive stage accelerates soybean senescence and impedes nitrogen remobilization, while optimizing the field layout to improve soybean growth light conditions could mitigate these challenges in the maize-soybean intercropping system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncai Deng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 625014, China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xiangqing Huang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Bartel Vanholme
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Gent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 71, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jinya Guo
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Yuanyuan He
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Wenting Qin
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China; College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, 625014, China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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4
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Sheikh AH, Tabassum N, Rawat A, Almeida Trapp M, Nawaz K, Hirt H. m6A RNA methylation counteracts dark-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2663-2678. [PMID: 38084897 PMCID: PMC10980409 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Senescence is an important physiological process which directly affects many agronomic traits in plants. Senescence induces chlorophyll degradation, phytohormone changes, cellular structure damage, and altered gene regulation. Although these physiological outputs are well defined, the molecular mechanisms employed are not known. Using dark-induced leaf senescence (DILS) as the experimental system, we investigated the role of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA methylation during senescence in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Plants compromised in m6A machinery components like METHYLTRANSFERASE A (mta mutant) and VIRILIZER1 (vir-1 mutant) showed an enhanced DILS phenotype. This was accompanied by compromised chloroplast and photosynthesis performance in mta as well as accumulation of senescence-promoting camalexin and phytohormone jasmonic acid after dark treatment. m6A levels increased during DILS and destabilized senescence-related transcripts thereby preventing premature aging. Due to inefficient decay, senescence-related transcripts like ORESARA1 (ORE1), SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED GENE 21 (SAG21), NAC-like, activated by AP3/PI (NAP), and NONYELLOWING 1 (NYE1) over-accumulated in mta thereby causing accelerated senescence during DILS. Overall, our data propose that m6A modification is involved in regulating the biological response to senescence in plants, providing targets for engineering stress tolerance of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsheed H Sheikh
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naheed Tabassum
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anamika Rawat
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marilia Almeida Trapp
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kashif Nawaz
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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Sun M, Shen Y. Integrating the multiple functions of CHLH into chloroplast-derived signaling fundamental to plant development and adaptation as well as fruit ripening. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 338:111892. [PMID: 37821024 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll (Chl)-mediated oxygenic photosynthesis sustains life on Earth. Greening leaves play fundamental roles in plant growth and crop yield, correlating with the idea that more Chls lead to better adaptation. However, they face significant challenges from various unfavorable environments. Chl biosynthesis hinges on the first committed step, which involves inserting Mg2+ into protoporphyrin. This step is facilitated by the H subunit of magnesium chelatase (CHLH) and features a conserved mechanism from cyanobacteria to plants. For better adaptation to fluctuating land environments, especially drought, CHLH evolves multiple biological functions, including Chl biosynthesis, retrograde signaling, and abscisic acid (ABA) responses. Additionally, it integrates into various chloroplast-derived signaling pathways, encompassing both retrograde signaling and hormonal signaling. The former comprises ROS (reactive oxygen species), heme, GUN (genomes uncoupled), MEcPP (methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate), β-CC (β-cyclocitral), and PAP (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphate). The latter involves phytohormones like ABA, ethylene, auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, strigolactone, brassinolide, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. Together, these elements create a coordinated regulatory network tailored to plant development and adaptation. An intriguing example is how drought-mediated improvement of fruit quality provides insights into chloroplast-derived signaling, aiding the shift from vegetative to reproductive growth. In this context, we explore the integration of CHLH's multifaceted roles into chloroplast-derived signaling, which lays the foundation for plant development and adaptation, as well as fruit ripening and quality. In the future, manipulating chloroplast-derived signaling may offer a promising avenue to enhance crop yield and quality through the homeostasis, function, and regulation of Chls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuanyue Shen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, 7 Beinong Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China.
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6
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Shi J, An G, Weber APM, Zhang D. Prospects for rice in 2050. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1037-1045. [PMID: 36805595 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A key to achieve the goals put forward in the UN's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, it will need transformative change to our agrifood systems. We must mount to the global challenge to achieve food security in a sustainable manner in the context of climate change, population growth, urbanization, and depletion of natural resources. Rice is one of the major staple cereal crops that has contributed, is contributing, and will still contribute to the global food security. To date, rice yield has held pace with increasing demands, due to advances in both fundamental and biological studies, as well as genomic and molecular breeding practices. However, future rice production depends largely on the planting of resilient cultivars that can acclimate and adapt to changing environmental conditions. This Special Issue highlight with reviews and original research articles the exciting and growing field of rice-environment interactions that could benefit future rice breeding. We also outline open questions and propose future directions of 2050 rice research, calling for more attentions to develop environment-resilient rice especially hybrid rice, upland rice and perennial rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Shi
- Department of Genetic and Developmental Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yazhou Bay Institute of Deepsea Sci-Tech, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gynheung An
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Department of Genetic and Developmental Science, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Yazhou Bay Institute of Deepsea Sci-Tech, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Agricultural Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, Australia
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7
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Wang H, Zhong L, Fu X, Huang S, Zhao D, He H, Chen X. Physiological analysis reveals the mechanism of accelerated growth recovery for rice seedlings by nitrogen application after low temperature stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1133592. [PMID: 36875613 PMCID: PMC9978396 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1133592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature and overcast rain are harmful to directly seeding early rice, it can hinder rice growth and lower rice biomass during the seedling stage, which in turn lowers rice yield. Farmers usually use N to help rice recuperate after stress and minimize losses. However, the effect of N application on the growth recovery for rice seedlings after such low temperature stress and its associated physiological changes remain unclearly. Two temperature settings and four post-stress N application levels were used in a bucket experiment to compare B116 (strong growth recovery after stress) with B144 (weak growth recovery). The results showed that the stress (average daily temperature at 12°C for 4 days) inhibited the growth of rice seedlings. Compared to the zero N group, the N application group's seedling height, fresh weight and dry weight significantly increased after 12 days. In particular, the increases in all three growth indicators were relatively higher than that of N application at normal temperature, indicating the importance of N application to rice seedlings after low temperature stress. The antioxidant enzyme activity of rice seedlings increased significantly after N application, which reduced the damaging effect of ROS (reactive oxygen species) to rice seedlings. At the same time, the soluble protein content of seedlings showed a slow decrease, while the H2O2 and MDA (malondialdehyde) content decreased significantly. Nitrogen could also promote nitrogen uptake and utilization by increasing the expression of genes related to NH 4 + and NO 3 - uptake and transport, as well as improving the activity of NR (nitrate reductase) and GS (glutamine synthetase) in rice. N could affect GA3 (gibberellin A3) and ABA (abscisic acid) levels by regulating the anabolism of GA3 and ABA. The N application group maintained high ABA levels as well as low GA3 levels from day 0 to day 6, and high GA3 levels as well as low ABA levels from day 6 to day 12. The two rice varieties showed obvious characteristics of accelerated growth recovery and positive physiological changes by nitrogen application after stress, while B116 generally showed more obvious growth recovery and stronger growth-related physiological reaction than that of B144. The N application of 40 kg hm-2 was more conducive to the rapid recovery of rice growth after stress. The above results indicated that appropriate N application promoted rice seedling growth recovery after low temperature stress mainly by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and nitrogen metabolizing enzymes as well as regulating the levels of GA3 and ABA. The results of this study will provide a reference for the regulation of N on the recovery of rice seedling growth after low temperature and weak light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Super Rice Engineering Technology Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Super Rice Engineering Technology Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoquan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Super Rice Engineering Technology Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shiying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Super Rice Engineering Technology Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Desheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Super Rice Engineering Technology Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haohua He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Super Rice Engineering Technology Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Super Rice Engineering Technology Center, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
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Panigrahy M, Panigrahi KCS, Poli Y, Ranga A, Majeed N. Integrated Expression Analysis of Small RNA, Degradome and Microarray Reveals Complex Regulatory Action of miRNA during Prolonged Shade in Swarnaprabha Rice. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050798. [PMID: 35625525 PMCID: PMC9138629 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged shade during the reproductive stage can result in significant yield losses in rice. For this study, we elucidated the role of microRNAs in prolonged-shade tolerance (~20 days of shade) in a shade-tolerant rice variety, Swarnaprabha (SP), in its reproductive stage using small RNA and degradome sequencing with expression analysis using microarray and qRT-PCR. This study demonstrates that miRNA (miR) regulation for shade-tolerance predominately comprises the deactivation of the miR itself, leading to the upregulation of their targets. Up- and downregulated differentially expressed miRs (DEms) presented drastic differences in the category of targets based on the function and pathway in which they are involved. Moreover, neutrally regulated and uniquely expressed miRs also contributed to the shade-tolerance response by altering the differential expression of their targets, probably due to their differential binding affinities. The upregulated DEms mostly targeted the cell wall, membrane, cytoskeleton, and cellulose synthesis-related transcripts, and the downregulated DEms targeted the transcripts of photosynthesis, carbon and sugar metabolism, energy metabolism, and amino acid and protein metabolism. We identified 16 miRNAs with 21 target pairs, whose actions may significantly contribute to the shade-tolerance phenotype and sustainable yield of SP. The most notable among these were found to be miR5493-OsSLAC and miR5144-OsLOG1 for enhanced panicle size, miR5493-OsBRITTLE1-1 for grain formation, miR6245-OsCsIF9 for decreased stem mechanical strength, miR5487-OsGns9 and miR168b-OsCP1 for better pollen development, and miR172b-OsbHLH153 for hyponasty under shade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusmita Panigrahy
- Biofuel & Bioprocessing Research Centre, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar 751002, India
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Khurda 752050, India; (A.R.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (K.C.S.P.); Tel.: +91-8762086581 (M.P.); +91-6742494139 (K.C.S.P.)
| | - Kishore Chandra Sekhar Panigrahi
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Khurda 752050, India; (A.R.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (K.C.S.P.); Tel.: +91-8762086581 (M.P.); +91-6742494139 (K.C.S.P.)
| | - Yugandhar Poli
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad 500030, India;
| | - Aman Ranga
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Khurda 752050, India; (A.R.); (N.M.)
| | - Neelofar Majeed
- National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Khurda 752050, India; (A.R.); (N.M.)
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