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Raj A, Chandran C S, Dua K, Kamath V, Alex AT. Targeting overexpressed surface proteins: A new strategy to manage the recalcitrant triple-negative breast cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 981:176914. [PMID: 39154820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous cancer that lacks all three molecular markers, Estrogen, Progesterone, and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2). This unique characteristic of TNBC makes it more resistant to hormonal therapy; hence, chemotherapy and surgery are preferred. Active targeting with nanoparticles is more effective in managing TNBC than a passive approach. The surface of TNBC cells overexpresses several cell-specific proteins, which can be explored for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Immunohistochemical analysis has revealed that TNBC cells overexpress αVβ3 integrin, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1), Glucose Transporter 5 (GLUT5), Transmembrane Glycoprotein Mucin 1 (MUC-1), and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). These surface proteins can be targeted using ligands, such as aptamers, antibodies, and sugar molecules. Targeting the surface proteins of TNBC with ligands helps harmonize treatment and improve patient compliance. In this review, we discuss the proteins expressed, which are limited to αVβ3 integrin proteins, ICAM-1, GLUT-5, MUC1, and EGFR, on the surface of TNBC, the challenges associated with the preclinical setup of breast cancer for targeted nanoformulations, internalization techniques and their challenges, suggestions to overcome the limitations of successful translation of nanoparticles, and the possibility of ligand-conjugated nanoparticles targeting these surface receptors for a better therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Raj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka state, India, 576104.
| | - Sarath Chandran C
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government Medical College Kannur, Pariyaram, Kerala, India, 670 503; Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India - 680 596.
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia-2007; Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia-2007.
| | - Venkatesh Kamath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka state, India, 576104.
| | - Angel Treasa Alex
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka state, India, 576104.
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2
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Hadzi-Petrushev N, Stojchevski R, Jakimovska A, Stamenkovska M, Josifovska S, Stamatoski A, Sazdova I, Sopi R, Kamkin A, Gagov H, Mladenov M, Avtanski D. GLUT5-overexpression-related tumorigenic implications. Mol Med 2024; 30:114. [PMID: 39107723 PMCID: PMC11304774 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-024-00879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) overexpression has gained increasing attention due to its profound implications for tumorigenesis. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the key findings and implications associated with GLUT5 overexpression in cancer. GLUT5 has been found to be upregulated in various cancer types, leading to alterations in fructose metabolism and enhanced glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen, a hallmark of cancer cells. This metabolic shift provides cancer cells with an alternative energy source and contributes to their uncontrolled growth and survival. Beyond its metabolic roles, recent research has unveiled additional aspects of GLUT5 in cancer biology. GLUT5 overexpression appears to play a critical role in immune evasion mechanisms, which further worsens tumor progression and complicates therapeutic interventions. This dual role of GLUT5 in both metabolic reprogramming and immune modulation highlights its significance as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving GLUT5 overexpression is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies that can disrupt the unique vulnerabilities of GLUT5-overexpressing cancer cells. This review emphasizes the complexities surrounding GLUT5's involvement in cancer and underscores the pressing need for continued research to unlock its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target, ultimately improving cancer management and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Hadzi-Petrushev
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Radoslav Stojchevski
- Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, New York, NY, 10022, USA
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Anastasija Jakimovska
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Mimoza Stamenkovska
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Slavica Josifovska
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Aleksandar Stamatoski
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University Clinic for Maxillofacial Surgery in Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, 1000, North Macedonia
| | - Iliyana Sazdova
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski', Sofia, 1504, Bulgaria
| | - Ramadan Sopi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, 10 000, Kosovo
| | - Andre Kamkin
- Institute of Physiology of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University" Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Hristo Gagov
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski', Sofia, 1504, Bulgaria
| | - Mitko Mladenov
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, 1000, North Macedonia
- Institute of Physiology of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University" Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dimiter Avtanski
- Friedman Diabetes Institute, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, 110 E 59th Street, New York, NY, 10022, USA.
- Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
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3
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Peschel JM, Reichel LS, Hoffmann T, Enzensperger C, Schubert US, Traeger A, Gottschaldt M. Modification of Branched Poly(ethylene imine) with d-Fructose for Selective Delivery of siRNA into Human Breast Cancer Cells. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300135. [PMID: 37565461 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Branched poly(ethylene imine) (bPEI) is frequently used in RNA interference (RNAi) experiments as a cationic polymer for the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) because of its ability to form stable polyplexes that facilitate siRNA uptake. However, the use of bPEI in gene delivery is limited by its cytotoxicity and a need for target specificity. In this work, bPEI is modified with d-fructose to improve biocompatibility and target breast cancer cells through the overexpressed GLUT5 transporter. Fructose-substituted bPEI (Fru-bPEI) is accessible in three steps starting from commercially available protected fructopyranosides and bPEI. Several polymers with varying molecular weights, degrees of substitution, and linker positions on d-fructose (C1 and C3) are synthesized and characterized with NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography, and elemental analysis. In vitro biological screenings show significantly reduced cytotoxicity of 10 kDa bPEI after fructose functionalization, specific uptake of siRNA polyplexes, and targeted knockdown of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) compared to noncancer cells (HEK293T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Matthias Peschel
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Liên Sabrina Reichel
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tim Hoffmann
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Sigmar Schubert
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
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4
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Song A, Mao Y, Wei H. GLUT5: structure, functions, diseases and potential applications. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:1519-1538. [PMID: 37674366 PMCID: PMC10582729 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) is a membrane transporter that specifically transports fructose and plays a key role in dietary fructose uptake and metabolism. In recent years, a high fructose diet has occupied an important position in the daily intake of human beings, resulting in a significant increase in the incidence of obesity and metabolic diseases worldwide. Over the past few decades, GLUT5 has been well understood to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of human digestive diseases. Recently, the role of GLUT5 in human cancer has received widespread attention, and a large number of studies have focused on exploring the effects of changes in GLUT5 expression levels on cancer cell survival, metabolism and metastasis. However, due to various difficulties and shortcomings, the molecular structure and mechanism of GLUT5 have not been fully elucidated, which to some extent prevents us from revealing the relationship between GLUT5 expression and cell carcinogenesis at the protein molecular level. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the structure and function of mammalian GLUT5 and its relationship to intestinal diseases and cancer and suggest that GLUT5 may be an important target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqian Song
- Department of GastroenterologyBeijing Ditan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100015China
| | - Yuanpeng Mao
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking University Ditan Teaching HospitalBeijing100015China
| | - Hongshan Wei
- Department of GastroenterologyBeijing Ditan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100015China
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking University Ditan Teaching HospitalBeijing100015China
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5
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Soma Nyansa M, Oronova A, Gora N, Geborkoff MR, Ostlund NR, Fritz DR, Werner T, Tanasova M. Turn-on Rhodamine Glycoconjugates Enable Real-Time GLUT Activity Monitoring in Live Cells and In Vivo. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:637-647. [PMID: 37873027 PMCID: PMC10593130 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The direct relationship between facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) and metabolic diseases opens new avenues for sensing metabolic deregulations and drives the development of molecular probes for GLUT-targeted detection of metabolic diseases. Radiotracer-based molecular imaging probes have been effectively utilized in reporting alterations in sugar uptake as an indication of metabolic deregulations, cancer development, or inflammation. Progress in developing fluorophore-based tools facilitated GLUT-specific analyses using more accessible fluorescence-based instrumentation. However, restrictions on the emission range of fluorophores and the requirement for substantial post-treatments to reduce background fluorescence have brought to light the critical directions for improvement of the technology for broader use in screening applications. Here we present turn-on GLUT activity reporters activated upon cells' internalization. We demonstrate a specific delivery of a sizable rhodamine B fluorophore through GLUT5 and showcase a stringent requirement in conjugate structure for maintaining a GLUT-specific uptake. With the turn-on GLUT probes, we demonstrate the feasibility of high-throughput fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry-based GLUT activity screening in live cells and the probes' applicability for assessing sugar uptake alterations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica
Mame Soma Nyansa
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University,1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Adelina Oronova
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University,1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Nazar Gora
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University,1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Micaela Rayne Geborkoff
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Nathan Randal Ostlund
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Delaney Raine Fritz
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Marina Tanasova
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University,1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
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6
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Pastuch-Gawołek G, Szreder J, Domińska M, Pielok M, Cichy P, Grymel M. A Small Sugar Molecule with Huge Potential in Targeted Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:913. [PMID: 36986774 PMCID: PMC10056414 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of cancer-related diseases is still growing. Despite the availability of a large number of anticancer drugs, the ideal drug is still being sought that would be effective, selective, and overcome the effect of multidrug resistance. Therefore, researchers are still looking for ways to improve the properties of already-used chemotherapeutics. One of the possibilities is the development of targeted therapies. The use of prodrugs that release the bioactive substance only under the influence of factors characteristic of the tumor microenvironment makes it possible to deliver the drug precisely to the cancer cells. Obtaining such compounds is possible by coupling a therapeutic agent with a ligand targeting receptors, to which the attached ligand shows affinity and is overexpressed in cancer cells. Another way is to encapsulate the drug in a carrier that is stable in physiological conditions and sensitive to conditions of the tumor microenvironment. Such a carrier can be directed by attaching to it a ligand recognized by receptors typical of tumor cells. Sugars seem to be ideal ligands for obtaining prodrugs targeted at receptors overexpressed in cancer cells. They can also be ligands modifying polymers' drug carriers. Furthermore, polysaccharides can act as selective nanocarriers for numerous chemotherapeutics. The proof of this thesis is the huge number of papers devoted to their use for modification or targeted transport of anticancer compounds. In this work, selected examples of broad-defined sugars application for improving the properties of both already-used drugs and substances exhibiting anticancer activity are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pastuch-Gawołek
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Julia Szreder
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Monika Domińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Pielok
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Piotr Cichy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mirosława Grymel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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7
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Gyimesi G, Hediger MA. Transporter-Mediated Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031151. [PMID: 36770817 PMCID: PMC9919865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of small organic and inorganic molecules is one of the cornerstones of cellular metabolism. Among transmembrane transporters, solute carrier (SLC) proteins form the largest, albeit very diverse, superfamily with over 400 members. It was recognized early on that xenobiotics can directly interact with SLCs and that this interaction can fundamentally determine their efficacy, including bioavailability and intertissue distribution. Apart from the well-established prodrug strategy, the chemical ligation of transporter substrates to nanoparticles of various chemical compositions has recently been used as a means to enhance their targeting and absorption. In this review, we summarize efforts in drug design exploiting interactions with specific SLC transporters to optimize their therapeutic effects. Furthermore, we describe current and future challenges as well as new directions for the advanced development of therapeutics that target SLC transporters.
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8
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Oronova A, Tanasova M. Late-Stage Functionalization through Click Chemistry Provides GLUT5-Targeting Glycoconjugate as a Potential PET Imaging Probe. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:173. [PMID: 36613618 PMCID: PMC9820411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeting of facilitative sugar transporters (GLUTs) has been utilized in the development of tools for diagnostics and therapy. The interest in this area is promoted by the phenomenon of alterations in cellular metabolic processes that are linked to multitudes of metabolic disorders and diseases. However, nonspecific targeting (e.g., glucose-transporting GLUTs) leads to a lack of disease detection efficiency. Among GLUTs, GLUT5 stands out as a prominent target for developing specific molecular tools due to its association with metabolic diseases, including cancer. This work reports a non-radiolabeled fluoride (19F) coumarin-based glycoconjugate of 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol as a potential PET imaging probe that targets the GLUT5 transporter. Inherent fluorescent properties of the coumarin fluorophore allowed us to establish the probe's uptake efficiency and GLUT5-specificity in a GLUT5-positive breast cell line using fluorescence detection techniques. The click chemistry approach employed in the design of the probe enables late-stage functionalization, an essential requirement for obtaining the radiolabeled analog of the probe for future in vivo cancer imaging applications. The high affinity of the probe to GLUT5 allowed for the effective uptake in nutrition-rich media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Oronova
- Chemistry Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Marina Tanasova
- Chemistry Department, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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9
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Kansal R. Fructose Metabolism and Acute Myeloid Leukemia. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AND HYPOTHESIS IN MEDICINE 2022; 7:25-38. [DOI: 10.14218/erhm.2021.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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