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Longhena F, Boujebene R, Brembati V, Sandre M, Bubacco L, Abbate S, Longhi G, Bellucci A. Nanorod-associated plasmonic circular dichroism monitors the handedness and composition of α-synuclein fibrils from Parkinson's disease models and post-mortem brain. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:18882-18898. [PMID: 39318230 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr03002h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Human full-length (fl) αSyn fibrils, key neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD), generate intense optical activity corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance of interacting gold nanorods. Herein, we analysed fibril-enriched protein extracts from mouse and human brain samples as well as from SK-N-SH cell lines with or without human fl and C-terminally truncated (Ctt) αSyn overexpression and exposed them to αSyn monomers, recombinant fl αSyn fibrils or Ctt αSyn fibrils. In vitro-generated human recombinant fl and Ctt αSyn fibrils and fibrils purified from SK-N-SH cells with fl or Ctt αSyn overexpression were also analysed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to gain insights into the nanorod-fibril complexes. We found that under the same experimental conditions, bisignate circular dichroism (CD) spectra of Ctt αSyn fibrils exhibited a blue-wavelength shift compared to that of fl αSyn fibrils. TEM results supported that this could be attributed to the different properties of nanorods. In our experimental conditions, fibril-enriched PD brain extract broadened the longitudinal surface plasmonic band with a bisignate CD couplet centred corresponding to the absorption band maximum. Plasmonic CD (PCD) couplets of in vivo- and in vitro-generated fibrils displayed sign reversal, suggesting their opposite handedness. Moreover, the incubation of in vitro-generated human recombinant fl αSyn fibrils in mouse brain extracts from αSyn null mice resulted in PCD couplet inversion, indicating that the biological environment may shape the handedness of αSyn fibrils. These findings support that nanorod-based PCD can provide useful information on the composition and features of αSyn fibrils from biological materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Longhena
- Department of molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences-Clifford Allbutt Building, University of Cambridge, Hills Road CB2 0AH, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rihab Boujebene
- Department of molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Viviana Brembati
- Department of molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Michele Sandre
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Department of molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, INO-CNR, Research Unit of Brescia, c/o CSMT, Via Branze 35, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Department of molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, INO-CNR, Research Unit of Brescia, c/o CSMT, Via Branze 35, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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Alashmali S. Nutritional roles and therapeutic potentials of dietary sphingomyelin in brain diseases. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 74:185-191. [PMID: 38799143 PMCID: PMC11111474 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids have recently gained interest as potential players in variety of diseases due to their import roles in human body particularly, the brain. As sphingomyelin is the most common type of sphingolipids, deficits in its distribution to brain cells may contribute to neurological anomalies. However, data is limited regarding the impact of different levels of dietary sphingomyelin intake on neural function especially if this approach can boost cognition and prevent neurological disorders. This review evaluates the effect of dietary sphingomyelin and its metabolites (ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate) in animal models and in humans, with a primary focus on its impact on brain health. Additionally, it proposes multiple neuroenhancing effects of sphingomyelin-rich diet. This presents an opportunity to stimulate further research that aims to determine the therapeutic value of dietary sphingomyelin in preventing, improving or slowing the progression of central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoug Alashmali
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Modenini G, Abondio P, Sazzini M, Boattini A. Polymorphic transposable elements provide new insights on high-altitude adaptation in the Tibetan Plateau. Genomics 2024; 116:110854. [PMID: 38701989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Several studies demonstrated that populations living in the Tibetan plateau are genetically and physiologically adapted to high-altitude conditions, showing genomic signatures ascribable to the action of natural selection. However, so far most of them relied solely on inferences drawn from the analysis of coding variants and point mutations. To fill this gap, we focused on the possible role of polymorphic transposable elements in influencing the adaptation of Tibetan and Sherpa highlanders. To do so, we compared high-altitude and middle/low-lander individuals of East Asian ancestry by performing in silico analyses and differentiation tests on 118 modern and ancient samples. We detected several transposable elements associated with high altitude, which map genes involved in cardiovascular, hematological, chem-dependent and respiratory conditions, suggesting that metabolic and signaling pathways taking part in these functions are disproportionately impacted by the effect of environmental stressors in high-altitude individuals. To our knowledge, our study is the first hinting to a possible role of transposable elements in the adaptation of Tibetan and Sherpa highlanders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Modenini
- Dept. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Paolo Abondio
- IRCCS Istituto Delle Scienze Neurologiche Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Sazzini
- Dept. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Centre - Alma Mater Research Institute on Global Changes and Climate Change, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio Boattini
- Dept. of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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4
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Kalinichenko LS, Kohl Z, Mühle C, Hassan Z, Hahn A, Schmitt EM, Macht K, Stoyanov L, Moghaddami S, Bilbao R, Eulenburg V, Winkler J, Kornhuber J, Müller CP. Sex-specific pleiotropic changes in emotional behavior and alcohol consumption in human α-synuclein A53T transgenic mice during early adulthood. J Neurochem 2024; 168:269-287. [PMID: 38284431 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Point mutations in the α-synuclein coding gene may lead to the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is often accompanied by other psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety, depression, and drug use disorders, which typically emerge in adulthood. Some of these point mutations, such as SNCA and A30T, have been linked to behavioral effects that are not commonly associated with PD, especially regarding alcohol consumption patterns. In this study, we investigated whether the familial PD point mutation A53T is associated with changes in alcohol consumption behavior and emotional states at ages not yet characterized by α-synuclein accumulation. The affective and alcohol-drinking phenotypes remained unaltered in female PDGF-hA53T-synuclein-transgenic (A53T) mice during both early and late adulthood. Brain region-specific activation of ceramide-producing enzymes, acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), and neutral sphingomyelinase (NSM), known for their neuroprotective properties, was observed during early adulthood but not in late adulthood. In males, the A53T mutation was linked to a reduction in alcohol consumption in both early and late adulthood. However, male A53T mice displayed increased anxiety- and depression-like behaviors during both early and late adulthood. Enhanced ASM activity in the dorsal mesencephalon and ventral hippocampus may potentially contribute to these adverse behavioral effects of the mutation in males during late adulthood. In summary, the A53T gene mutation was associated with diverse changes in emotional states and alcohol consumption behavior long before the onset of PD, and these effects varied by sex. These alterations in behavior may be linked to changes in brain ceramide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov S Kalinichenko
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zacharias Kohl
- Division of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zurina Hassan
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Agnes Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kilian Macht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lyubomir Stoyanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Schayan Moghaddami
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roberto Bilbao
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker Eulenburg
- Department for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Division of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Erlangen (ZSEER), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Jamjoum R, Majumder S, Issleny B, Stiban J. Mysterious sphingolipids: metabolic interrelationships at the center of pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1229108. [PMID: 38235387 PMCID: PMC10791800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1229108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are complex and intertwined. Deficiencies in one or more enzymes in a given pathway are directly linked with genetic diseases, most of them having devastating manifestations. The metabolic pathways undertaken by sphingolipids are diverse and elaborate with ceramide species serving as the hubs of sphingolipid intermediary metabolism and function. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that serve a multitude of cellular functions. Being pleiotropic in function, deficiency or overproduction of certain sphingolipids is associated with many genetic and chronic diseases. In this up-to-date review article, we strive to gather recent scientific evidence about sphingolipid metabolism, its enzymes, and regulation. We shed light on the importance of sphingolipid metabolism in a variety of genetic diseases and in nervous and immune system ailments. This is a comprehensive review of the state of the field of sphingolipid biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Jamjoum
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Saurav Majumder
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Batoul Issleny
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
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6
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Ito N, Tsuji M, Adachi N, Nakamura S, Sarkar AK, Ikenaka K, Aguirre C, Kimura AM, Kiuchi Y, Mochizuki H, Teplow DB, Ono K. Extracellular high molecular weight α-synuclein oligomers induce cell death by disrupting the plasma membrane. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:139. [PMID: 37770475 PMCID: PMC10539356 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS), the causative protein of Parkinson's disease and other α-synucleinopathies, aggregates from a low molecular weight form (LMW-αS) to a high molecular weight αS oligomer (HMW-αSo). Aggregated αS accumulates intracellularly, induces intrinsic apoptosis, is released extracellularly, and appears to propagate disease through prion-like spreading. Whether extracellular αS aggregates are cytotoxic, damage cell wall, or induce cell death is unclear. We investigated cytotoxicity and cell death caused by HMW-αSo or LMW-αS. Extracellular HMW-αSo was more cytotoxic than LMW-αS and was a crucial factor for inducing plasma membrane damage and cell death. HMW-αSo induced reactive oxygen species production and phospholipid peroxidation in the membrane, thereby impairing calcium homeostasis and disrupting plasma membrane integrity. HMW-αSo also induced extrinsic apoptosis and cell death by activating acidic sphingomyelinase. Thus, as extracellular HMW-αSo causes neuronal injury and death via cellular transmission and direct plasma membrane damage, we propose an additional disease progression pathway for α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohito Ito
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
| | - Mayumi Tsuji
- Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Naoki Adachi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Shiro Nakamura
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Avijite Kumer Sarkar
- Department of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3026, USA
| | - Kensuke Ikenaka
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - César Aguirre
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Michael Kimura
- Brain Research Institute Center for Integrated Human Brain Science, Department of Functional Neurology and Neurosurgery, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8122, Japan
| | - Yuji Kiuchi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
- Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, LA, 10833, USA
| | - Kenjiro Ono
- Department of Neurology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan.
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Battis K, Xiang W, Winkler J. The Bidirectional Interplay of α-Synuclein with Lipids in the Central Nervous System and Its Implications for the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13270. [PMID: 37686080 PMCID: PMC10487772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The alteration and aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) play a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases collectively termed as synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The bidirectional interaction of α-syn with lipids and biomembranes impacts not only α-syn aggregation but also lipid homeostasis. Indeed, lipid composition and metabolism are severely perturbed in PD. One explanation for lipid-associated alterations may involve structural changes in α-syn, caused, for example, by missense mutations in the lipid-binding region of α-syn as well as post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, acetylation, nitration, ubiquitination, truncation, glycosylation, and glycation. Notably, different strategies targeting the α-syn-lipid interaction have been identified and are able to reduce α-syn pathology. These approaches include the modulation of post-translational modifications aiming to reduce the aggregation of α-syn and modify its binding properties to lipid membranes. Furthermore, targeting enzymes involved in various steps of lipid metabolism and exploring the neuroprotective potential of lipids themselves have emerged as novel therapeutic approaches. Taken together, this review focuses on the bidirectional crosstalk of α-syn and lipids and how alterations of this interaction affect PD and thereby open a window for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (K.B.); (W.X.)
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Mubariz F, Saadin A, Lingenfelter N, Sarkar C, Banerjee A, Lipinski MM, Awad O. Deregulation of mTORC1-TFEB axis in human iPSC model of GBA1-associated Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1152503. [PMID: 37332877 PMCID: PMC10272450 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1152503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the GBA1 gene are the single most frequent genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Neurodegenerative changes in GBA1-associated PD have been linked to the defective lysosomal clearance of autophagic substrates and aggregate-prone proteins. To elucidate novel mechanisms contributing to proteinopathy in PD, we investigated the effect of GBA1 mutations on the transcription factor EB (TFEB), the master regulator of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP). Using PD patients' induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), we examined TFEB activity and regulation of the ALP in dopaminergic neuronal cultures generated from iPSC lines harboring heterozygous GBA1 mutations and the CRISPR/Cas9-corrected isogenic controls. Our data showed a significant decrease in TFEB transcriptional activity and attenuated expression of many genes in the CLEAR network in GBA1 mutant neurons, but not in the isogenic gene-corrected cells. In PD neurons, we also detected increased activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 (mTORC1), the main upstream negative regulator of TFEB. Increased mTORC1 activity resulted in excess TFEB phosphorylation and decreased nuclear translocation. Pharmacological mTOR inhibition restored TFEB activity, decreased ER stress and reduced α-synuclein accumulation, indicating improvement of neuronal protiostasis. Moreover, treatment with the lipid substrate reducing compound Genz-123346, decreased mTORC1 activity and increased TFEB expression in the mutant neurons, suggesting that mTORC1-TFEB alterations are linked to the lipid substrate accumulation. Our study unveils a new mechanism contributing to PD susceptibility by GBA1 mutations in which deregulation of the mTORC1-TFEB axis mediates ALP dysfunction and subsequent proteinopathy. It also indicates that pharmacological restoration of TFEB activity could be a promising therapeutic approach in GBA1-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad Mubariz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Afsoon Saadin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas Lingenfelter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marta M. Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ola Awad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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9
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Oliviero B, Dei Cas M, Zulueta A, Maiello R, Villa A, Martinelli C, Del Favero E, Falleni M, Montavoci L, Varchetta S, Mele D, Donadon M, Soldani C, Franceschini B, Maestri M, Piccolo G, Barabino M, Bianchi PP, Banales JM, Mantovani S, Mondelli MU, Caretti A. Ceramide present in cholangiocarcinoma-derived extracellular vesicle induces a pro-inflammatory state in monocytes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7766. [PMID: 37173330 PMCID: PMC10182100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34676-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare cancer characterized by a global increasing incidence. Extracellular vesicles (EV) contribute to many of the hallmarks of cancer through transfer of their cargo molecules. The sphingolipid (SPL) profile of intrahepatic CCA (iCCA)-derived EVs was characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The effect of iCCA-derived EVs as mediators of inflammation was assessed on monocytes by flow cytometry. iCCA-derived EVs showed downregulation of all SPL species. Of note, poorly-differentiated iCCA-derived EVs showed a higher ceramide and dihydroceramide content compared with moderately-differentiated iCCA-derived EVs. Of note, higher dihydroceramide content was associated with vascular invasion. Cancer-derived EVs induced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in monocytes. Inhibition of synthesis of ceramide with Myriocin, a specific inhibitor of the serine palmitoyl transferase, reduced the pro-inflammatory activity of iCCA-derived EVs, demonstrating a role for ceramide as mediator of inflammation in iCCA. In conclusion, iCCA-derived EVs may promote iCCA progression by exporting the excess of pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory ceramides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Oliviero
- Division of Clinical Immunology - Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Aida Zulueta
- Neurorehabilitation Unit of Milan Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Maiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Villa
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carla Martinelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Falleni
- Pathology Division, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Montavoci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Varchetta
- Division of Clinical Immunology - Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dalila Mele
- Division of Clinical Immunology - Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Donadon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Hepatobiliary and General Surgery, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Soldani
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Immunopathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Franceschini
- Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Immunopathology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Maestri
- Division of General Surgery 1, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Piccolo
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Barabino
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Pietro Bianchi
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Jesus M Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, "Instituto de Salud Carlos III"), San Sebastian-Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Stefania Mantovani
- Division of Clinical Immunology - Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
- SC Immunologia clinica - Malattie infettive, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mario U Mondelli
- Division of Clinical Immunology - Infectious Diseases, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
- SC Immunologia clinica - Malattie infettive, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Viale Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Anna Caretti
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Lee RMQ, Koh TW. Genetic modifiers of synucleinopathies-lessons from experimental models. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:kvad001. [PMID: 38596238 PMCID: PMC10913850 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a pleiotropic protein underlying a group of progressive neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Together, these are known as synucleinopathies. Like all neurological diseases, understanding of disease mechanisms is hampered by the lack of access to biopsy tissues, precluding a real-time view of disease progression in the human body. This has driven researchers to devise various experimental models ranging from yeast to flies to human brain organoids, aiming to recapitulate aspects of synucleinopathies. Studies of these models have uncovered numerous genetic modifiers of α-synuclein, most of which are evolutionarily conserved. This review discusses what we have learned about disease mechanisms from these modifiers, and ways in which the study of modifiers have supported ongoing efforts to engineer disease-modifying interventions for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Min Qi Lee
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Tong-Wey Koh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Block S3 #05-01, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117558, Singapore
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11
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Hepowit NL, Blalock E, Lee S, Bretland KM, MacGurn JA, Dickson RC. Reduced sphingolipid biosynthesis modulates proteostasis networks to enhance longevity. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:472-491. [PMID: 36640272 PMCID: PMC9925692 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As the elderly population increases, chronic, age-associated diseases are challenging healthcare systems around the world. Nutrient limitation is well known to slow the aging process and improve health. Regrettably, practicing nutrient restriction to improve health is unachievable for most people. Alternatively, pharmacological strategies are being pursued including myriocin which increases lifespan in budding yeast. Myriocin impairs sphingolipid synthesis, resulting in lowered amino acid pools which promote entry into a quiescent, long-lived state. Here we present transcriptomic data during the first 6 hours of drug treatment that improves our mechanistic understanding of the cellular response to myriocin and reveals a new role for ubiquitin in longevity. Previously we found that the methionine transporter Mup1 traffics to the plasma membrane normally in myriocin-treated cells but is not active and undergoes endocytic clearance. We now show that UBI4, a gene encoding stressed-induced ubiquitin, is vital for myriocin-enhanced lifespan. Furthermore, we show that Mup1 fused to a deubiquitinase domain impairs myriocin-enhanced longevity. Broader effects of myriocin treatment on ubiquitination are indicated by our finding of a significant increase in K63-linked ubiquitin polymers following myriocin treatment. Although proteostasis is broadly accepted as a pillar of aging, our finding that ubiquitination of an amino acid transporter promotes longevity in myriocin-treated cells is novel. Addressing the role of ubiquitination/deubiquitination in longevity has the potential to reveal new strategies and targets for promoting healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel L. Hepowit
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Eric Blalock
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sangderk Lee
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Bretland
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jason A. MacGurn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Robert C. Dickson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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12
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Vallés AS, Barrantes FJ. The synaptic lipidome in health and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:184033. [PMID: 35964712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Adequate homeostasis of lipid, protein and carbohydrate metabolism is essential for cells to perform highly specific tasks in our organism, and the brain, with its uniquely high energetic requirements, posesses singular characteristics. Some of these are related to its extraordinary dotation of synapses, the specialized subcelluar structures where signal transmission between neurons occurs in the central nervous system. The post-synaptic compartment of excitatory synapses, the dendritic spine, harbors key molecules involved in neurotransmission tightly packed within a minute volume of a few femtoliters. The spine is further compartmentalized into nanodomains that facilitate the execution of temporo-spatially separate functions in the synapse. Lipids play important roles in this structural and functional compartmentalization and in mechanisms that impact on synaptic transmission. This review analyzes the structural and dynamic processes involving lipids at the synapse, highlighting the importance of their homeostatic balance for the physiology of this complex and highly specialized structure, and underscoring the pathologies associated with disbalances of lipid metabolism, particularly in the perinatal and late adulthood periods of life. Although small variations of the lipid profile in the brain take place throughout the adult lifespan, the pathophysiological consequences are clinically manifested mostly during late adulthood. Disturbances in lipid homeostasis in the perinatal period leads to alterations during nervous system development, while in late adulthood they favor the occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Vallés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (UNS-CONICET), 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Francisco J Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biomedical Research (BIOMED), UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina.
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13
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Jiao F, Zhou B, Meng L. The regulatory mechanism and therapeutic potential of transcription factor EB in neurodegenerative diseases. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 29:37-59. [PMID: 36184826 PMCID: PMC9804079 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) is involved in the degradation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Transcription factor EB (TFEB), a major regulator of ALP, has emerged as a leading factor in addressing neurodegenerative disease pathology, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), PolyQ diseases, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we delineate the regulation of TFEB expression and its functions in ALP. Dysfunctions of TFEB and its role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases are reviewed. We summarize the protective effects and molecular mechanisms of some TFEB-targeted agonists in neurodegenerative diseases. We also offer our perspective on analyzing the pros and cons of these agonists in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases from the perspective of drug development. More studies on the regulatory mechanisms of TFEB in other biological processes will aid our understanding of the application of TFEB-targeted therapy in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Jiao
- School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina
| | - Bojie Zhou
- School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina
| | - Lingyan Meng
- School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina,Shandong Key Laboratory of Behavioral Medicine, School of Mental HealthJining Medical UniversityJiningChina
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14
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Ma M, Moulton MJ, Lu S, Bellen HJ. 'Fly-ing' from rare to common neurodegenerative disease mechanisms. Trends Genet 2022; 38:972-984. [PMID: 35484057 PMCID: PMC9378361 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genome sequencing have enabled researchers and clinicians to probe vast numbers of human variants to distinguish pathogenic from benign variants. Model organisms have been crucial in variant assessment and in delineating the molecular mechanisms of some of the diseases caused by these variants. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has played a valuable role in this endeavor, taking advantage of its genetic technologies and established biological knowledge. We highlight the utility of the fly in studying the function of genes associated with rare neurological diseases that have led to a better understanding of common disease mechanisms. We emphasize that shared themes emerge among disease mechanisms, including the importance of lipids, in two prominent neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew J Moulton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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15
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Ceramide and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Their Potential Involvement in Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147806. [PMID: 35887154 PMCID: PMC9324343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (ND) are progressive diseases of the nervous system, often without resolutive therapy. They are characterized by a progressive impairment and loss of specific brain regions and neuronal populations. Cellular and animal model studies have identified several molecular mechanisms that play an important role in the pathogenesis of ND. Among them are alterations of lipids, in particular sphingolipids, that play a crucial role in neurodegeneration. Overall, during ND, ceramide-dependent pro-apoptotic signalling is promoted, whereas levels of the neuroprotective spingosine-1-phosphate are reduced. Moreover, ND are characterized by alterations of the metabolism of complex sphingolipids. The finding that altered sphingolipid metabolism has a role in ND suggests that its modulation might provide a useful strategy to identify targets for possible therapies. In this review, based on the current literature, we will discuss how bioactive sphingolipids (spingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide) are involved in some ND (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and their possible involvement in therapies.
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Nguyen K, Sanchez CL, Brammer-Robbins E, Pena-Delgado C, Kroyter N, El Ahmadie N, Watkins JM, Aristizabal-Henao JJ, Bowden JA, Souders CL, Martyniuk CJ. Neurotoxicity assessment of QoI strobilurin fungicides azoxystrobin and trifloxystrobin in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells: Insights from lipidomics and mitochondrial bioenergetics. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:290-304. [PMID: 35700754 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Strobilurin fungicides are quinone outside inhibitors (QoI) used to treat fungal pathogens for agricultural and residential use. Here, we compared the potential for neurotoxicity of the widely used strobilurins, azoxystrobin (AZS) and trifloxystrobin (TFS), in differentiated human SH-SY5Y cells. Fungicides did not include cytotoxicity up to 200 µM but both induced loss of cell viability at 48 h, with TFS showing slightly higher toxicity that AZS. Caspase 3/7 activity was induced in SH-SY5Y cells by both fungicides at 48 h (50 µM for AZS and 25 µM for TFS). ATP levels were reduced following a 24-hour exposure to > 25 µM AZS and > 6.25 µM TFS and both fungicides rapidly impaired oxidative respiration (~12.5 µM for AZS and ~3.125 µM TFS) and decreased oligomycin-induced ATP production, maximal respiration, and mitochondrial spare capacity. AZS at 100 µM showed a continual impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) between 4 and 48 h while TFS at > 50 µM decreased MMP at 24 h. Taken together, TFS exerted higher mitochondrial toxicity at lower concentrations compared to AZS in SH-SY5Y cells. To discern toxicity mechanisms of strobilurin fungicides, lipidomics was conducted in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to 6.25 µM and 25 µM AZS, and a total of 1595 lipids were detected, representing 49 different lipid classes. Lipid classes with the largest proportion of lipids detected in SH-SY5Y cells included triglycerides (17%), phosphatidylethanolamines (8%), ether-linked triglycerides (8%), phosphatidylcholines (7%), ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamines (6%), and diacylglycerols (5%). Together, these 5 lipid classes accounted for over 50% of the total lipids measured in SH-SY5Y cells. Lipids that were increased by AZS included acyl carnitine, which plays a role in long chain fatty acid utilization for mitochondrial β-oxidation, as well as non-modified, ether linked, and oxidized triacylglycerols, suggesting compensatory upregulation of triglyceride biosynthesis. The ceramide HexCer-NS, linked to neurodegenerative diseases, was decreased in abundance following AZS exposure. In summary, strobilurin fungicides rapidly inhibit mitochondrial oxidative respiration and alter the abundance of several lipids in neuronal cells, relevant for understanding environmental exposure risks related to their neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaai Nguyen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christina L Sanchez
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Elizabeth Brammer-Robbins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Carlos Pena-Delgado
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Noa Kroyter
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Nader El Ahmadie
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Watkins
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Juan J Aristizabal-Henao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; BERG LLC, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - John A Bowden
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher L Souders
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; UF Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Signorelli P, Conte C, Albi E. The Multiple Roles of Sphingomyelin in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091311. [PMID: 34572524 PMCID: PMC8469734 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances over the past decade have improved our understanding of the role of sphingolipid in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease. Much attention has been paid to ceramide derived molecules, especially glucocerebroside, and little on sphingomyelin, a critical molecule for brain physiopathology. Sphingomyelin has been proposed to be involved in PD due to its presence in the myelin sheath and for its role in nerve impulse transmission, in presynaptic plasticity, and in neurotransmitter receptor localization. The analysis of sphingomyelin-metabolizing enzymes, the development of specific inhibitors, and advanced mass spectrometry have all provided insight into the signaling mechanisms of sphingomyelin and its implications in Parkinson's disease. This review describes in vitro and in vivo studies with often conflicting results. We focus on the synthesis and degradation enzymes of sphingomyelin, highlighting the genetic risks and the molecular alterations associated with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Signorelli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy;
| | - Carmela Conte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Albi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Regulates the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Breast Cancer Cells by Modulating Cholesterol Homeostasis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080562. [PMID: 34436503 PMCID: PMC8399758 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism affects endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and modulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Our previous study demonstrated that 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) attenuated EMT by blocking the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signaling pathway and activating ER stress in MDA-MB-231 cells. To further assess the detailed mechanisms between cholesterol metabolism, ER stress, and EMT, LXR-623 (an agonist of LXRα) and simvastatin were used to increase and decrease cholesterol efflux and synthesis, respectively. Here, we found that high HP-β-CD concentrations could locally increase cholesterol levels in the ER by decreasing LXRα expression and increasing Hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) expression in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells, which triggered ER stress and inhibited EMT. Meanwhile, tunicamycin-induced ER stress blocked the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. However, low HP-β-CD concentrations can decrease the level of membrane cholesterol, enhance the TGF-β receptor I levels in lipid rafts, which helped to activate TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, inhibit ER stress and elevate EMT. Based on our findings, the use of high HP-β-CD concentration can lead to cholesterol accumulation in the ER, thereby inducing ER stress, which directly suppresses TGF-β pathway-induced EMT. However, HP-β-CD is proposed to deplete membrane cholesterol at low concentrations and concurrently inhibit ER stress and induce EMT by promoting the TGF-β signaling pathways.
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