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Carmona Loayza DA, Lafebre MF. Periodontal disease and COVID-19: Prognosis and potential pathways of association in their pathogenesis. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL HYGIENE : CJDH = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE L'HYGIENE DENTAIRE : JCHD 2023; 57:44-51. [PMID: 36968799 PMCID: PMC10032643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective The objective of this narrative review is to determine if periodontal disease is a factor in the development of a poor prognosis for COVID-19. Method A bibliographic search was conducted in PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Google Scholar, and in the databases of Science Direct, Scopus, Lilacs, Bireme, Scielo, and Web of Science, using the following keywords: "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," and "periodontal diseases." Results Fifty-six records were retrieved from the database searches. After screening, 39 articles were selected for study: 13 reviews, 2 case-control studies, 1 systematic review, 8 letters to the editor, 2 cohort studies, 1 thesis, 7 hypotheses, 1 short communication, 3 commentaries, and 1 scoping review. Discussion Both periodontal disease and COVID-19 produce an inflammatory response. This immune response generates an over-production of inflammatory cytokines that can harm overall health. Conclusion The mouth serves as the entryway for many microorganisms that can harm health in general, among them SARS-CoV-2. It is important to maintain good oral health to lower the inflammatory load present in periodontal disease, lessening the possibility of complications from COVID-19.
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An Outlook on Dental Practices to Avoid the Oral Transmission of COVID-19. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010146. [PMID: 36677438 PMCID: PMC9866409 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiome plays an important role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, whereas its association with SARS-CoV-2 infection remains under investigation. Since the oral path is one of the transmission routes for COVID-19, we attempt to show the relationship between the oral microbiome, COVID-19 infection, and oral hygiene. We highlight the importance of oral hygiene to control the infection, especially for ICU cases with COVID-19. Moreover, we present the current strategies adapted by in-person dental clinics to overcome the spread of COVID-19. New emerging policies and protocols suggested during the pandemic and their future implementation to minimize virus transmission are also summarized in this review.
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Lin W, Gao F, Wang X, Qin N, Chen X, Tam KY, Zhang C, Zhang M, Sha O. The oral manifestations and related mechanisms of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 16:1006977. [PMID: 36687524 PMCID: PMC9846147 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1006977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported to be associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and patients present mostly with respiratory symptoms. There have been an increasing number of reports on oral manifestations, and some of these signs are informative in terms of identifying SARS-CoV-2 infection. The goal of present study was to review and synthesize the clinical characteristics and underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 oral manifestations, as well as to evaluate the factors influencing SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, in order to conduct further in-depth investigations and help clinicians diagnose COVID-19 patients exhibiting oral symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Lin
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nianhong Qin
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianxiong Chen
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kin Yip Tam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China,School of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- The Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,Mingxia Zhang,
| | - Ou Sha
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Ou Sha,
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Poleti ML, Gregório D, Bistaffa AGI, Fernandes KBP, Vilhena FV, Santos PSDS, Simão ANC, Lozovoy MAB, Tatibana BT, Fernandes TMF. USE OF MOUTHWASH AND DENTIFRICE CONTAINING AN ANTIMICROBIAL PHTHALOCYANINE DERIVATIVE FOR THE REDUCTION OF CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF COVID-19: A RANDOMIZED TRIPLE-BLIND CLINICAL TRIAL. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2022; 22:101777. [PMID: 36494114 PMCID: PMC9472577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2022.101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the use of mouthwash and dentifrice containing an antimicrobial phthalocyanine derivative (APD) to reduce the clinical symptoms in patients with COVID-19. METHODS This randomized, triple-blind clinical trial enrolled 134 patients aged 18 years or older who underwent COVID-19 testing through the use of nasopharyngeal swab RT-qPCR in a reference center for the diagnosis of COVID-19, had no clinical contraindications to mouthwash and gargle, and had access to cell phones with communication applications. According to the use of a mouthwash and dentifrice containing antimicrobial phthalocyanine derivatives (APD), patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to the APD or non-APD (control) group. All participants were instructed to floss twice a day, brush teeth for 2 minutes 3 times a day, and gargle/rinse (5 mL) for 1 min/3 times a day for 7 days. An online questionnaire was sent to collect data on the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 3 times: T0 (baseline before using the oral hygiene products), T3 (3 days after), and T7 (7 days after). The investigators, patients, and outcome assessors were blinded to group assignment. The Mann-Whitney, Chi-Square, Fisher's exact, and Cochran's tests were used according to the nature of the variables studied, with the level of significance set at P < .05. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found in the prevalence of symptoms between groups at baseline. A statistically significant reduction in clinical symptoms was found in the control group (fatigue, shortness of breath, hoarse voice, sore throat, nasal congestion, and chest pain) and APD group (cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, hyposmia/anosmia, dysgeusia, hoarse voice, sore throat, nasal congestion, chest pain, diarrhea, and irritability/confusion) during the follow-up period. There were statistically significant differences, with a higher prevalence of symptoms in the control group at T3 and T7. Dysgeusia, sore throat, and irritability/confusion were less prevalent in the APD group at T3, and shortness of breath, hyposmia/anosmia, dysgeusia, hoarse voice, sore throat, diarrhea, and irritability/confusion were more prevalent in the control group at T7. CONCLUSIONS Based on this methodology, the results demonstrated that the regular use of mouthwash and dentifrice-containing APD had a positive impact on the clinical symptoms, as reported by patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Lupion Poleti
- Federal Institute of Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil,Corresponding author: Marcelo Lupion Poleti. Federal Institute of Paraná Rua João XXIII, 600 Jardim Judith, 86.060-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karen Barros Parron Fernandes
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR), Londrina, PR, Brazil,Department of Health Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Paulo Sérgio da Silva Santos
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Andréa Name Colado Simão
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcell Alysson Batisti Lozovoy
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Siewiński M, Bażanów B, Orzechowska B, Gołąb K, Gburek J, Matkowski A, Rapak A, Janocha A, Krata L, Dobrzyński M, Kilar E. Use of natural cysteine protease inhibitors in limiting SARS-Co-2 fusion into human respiratory cells. Med Hypotheses 2022; 168:110965. [PMID: 36313266 PMCID: PMC9598048 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Specific antibodies that humans acquire as a result of disease or after vaccination are needed to effectively suppress infection with a specific variant of SARS CoV-2 virus. The S protein of the D614G variant of coronavirus is used as an antigen in known vaccines to date. It is known that COVID-19 disease resulting from infection with this coronavirus can often be very dangerous to the health and lives of patients. In contrast, vaccines produce antibodies against an older version of the protein S-D614G (January 2020) and therefore have difficulty recognizing new variants of the virus. In our project we propose to obtain specific and precise antibodies by means of so-called controlled infection against specific infectious variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus “here and now”. Currently, several variants of this pathogen have already emerged that threaten the health and lives of patients. We propose to reduce this threat by partially, but not completely, blocking the fusion mechanism of the SARS-CoV-2 virus into human respiratory cells. According to our plan, this can be achieved by inhibiting cathepsin L activity in respiratory cells, after introducing natural and non-toxic cysteine protease inhibitors into this area. We obtain these inhibitors by our own method from natural, “human body friendly” natural resources. We hypothesize that blocking cathepsin L will reduce the number of infecting viruses in cells to such an extent that COVID-19 developing in infected individuals will not threaten their health and life. At the same time, the number of viruses will be sufficient for the body's own immune system to produce precise antibodies against a specific version of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Siewiński
- Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; TherapyRaft comp. Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Bażanów
- Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, C.K.Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland,Corresponding author
| | - Beata Orzechowska
- Laboratory of Virology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gołąb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Gburek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Matkowski
- Wroclaw Medical University, Dept. Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology
| | - Andrzej Rapak
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Janocha
- Wroclaw Medical University, Dept. Physiology, Wrocław, Poland Chałubińskiego 10
| | | | - Maciej Dobrzyński
- Wroclaw Medical University, Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics: Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Kilar
- Wroclaw Medical University, Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology Wroclaw, Poland
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Oral dysbiosis and its linkage with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Microbiol Res 2022; 261:127055. [PMID: 35597076 PMCID: PMC9065653 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The human oral cavity harbours complex microbial communities with various commensal microorganisms that play pivotal roles in maintaining host health and immunity but can elicit local and systemic diseases. The role of commensal microorganisms in SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease susceptibility and enrichment of opportunistic pathobionts in the oral cavity is poorly understood. The present study aims to understand the altered landscape of the oral microbiome and mycobiome in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients (n = 30) and its correlation with risk factors compared to non-infected individuals (n = 24) using targeted amplicon sequencing. Diminution of species richness, an elevated abundance of opportunistic pathogens (Veillonella, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella, Prevotella, Gemella, and Streptococcus) and impaired metabolic pathways were observed in the COVID-19 patients. Similarly, altered oral mycobiome with enrichment of known respiratory disease causing pathogenic fungi were observed in the infected individuals. The data further suggested that reduction in immunomodulatory microorganisms lowers the protection of individuals from SARS-CoV-2. Linear discriminant analysis identified several differentially abundant taxa associated with risk factors (ageing and co-morbidities). We also observed distinct bacterial and fungal community structures of elderly infected patients compared to the younger age group members making them highly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity. Furthermore, we also assessed the dynamics of the oral microbiome and mycobiome in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, host types, co-morbidities, and viral load in the augmentation of specific pathobionts. Overall, the present study demonstrates the microbiome and mycobiome profiling of the COVID-19 infected individuals, the data further suggests that the SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers the prevalence of specific pathobiont.
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7
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Travis BJ, Elste J, Gao F, Joo BY, Cuevas‐Nunez M, Kohlmeir E, Tiwari V, Mitchell JC. Significance of chlorine-dioxide-based oral rinses in preventing SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. Oral Dis 2022; 28 Suppl 2:2481-2491. [PMID: 35841377 PMCID: PMC9349900 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work aims to determine the efficacy of preprocedural oral rinsing with chlorine dioxide solutions to minimize the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission during high-risk dental procedures. METHODS The antiviral activity of chlorine-dioxide-based oral rinse (OR) solutions was tested by pre-incubating with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pseudovirus in a dosage-dependent manner before transducing to human embryonic kidney epithelial (HEK293T-ACE2) cells, which stably expresses ACE-2 receptor. Viral entry was determined by measuring luciferase activity using a luminescence microplate reader. In the cell-to-cell fusion assay, effector Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells co-expressing spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 and T7 RNA polymerase were pre-incubated with the ORs before co-culturing with the target CHO-K1 cells co-expressing human ACE2 receptor and luciferase gene. The luciferase signal was quantified 24 h after mixing the cells. Surface expression of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and ACE-2 receptor was confirmed using direct fluorescent imaging and quantitative cell-ELISA. Finally, dosage-dependent cytotoxic effects of ORs were evaluated at two different time points. RESULTS A dosage-dependent antiviral effect of the ORs was observed against SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and spike glycoprotein mediated cell-to-cell fusion. This demonstrates that ORs can be useful as a preprocedural step to reduce viral infectivity. CONCLUSIONS Chlorine-dioxide-based ORs have a potential benefit for reducing SARS-CoV-2 entry and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Joy Travis
- College of Dental MedicineMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - James Elste
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Dental MedicineMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - Bo Young Joo
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Ellen Kohlmeir
- Core FacilityMidwestern University, IllinoisDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
| | - John C. Mitchell
- College of Dental MedicineMidwestern UniversityDowners GroveIllinoisUSA
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8
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Onoyama K, Matsui S, Kikuchi M, Sato D, Fukamachi H, Kadena M, Funatsu T, Maruoka Y, Baba K, Maki K, Kuwata H. Particle Size Analysis in Aerosol-Generating Dental Procedures Using Laser Diffraction Technique. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:804314. [PMID: 35224541 PMCID: PMC8873144 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.804314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has raised concerns about the risk of airborne infection during dental treatment. Aerosol-generating dental procedures (AGDP) produce droplets and aerosols, but the details of the risks of COVID-19 transmission in AGDP are not well-understood. By discriminating between droplets and aerosols, we devised a method to measure particle size using laser diffraction analysis and evaluated aerosols generated from dental devices for providing a basis for proper infection control procedures. The droplets and aerosols generated from dental devices were characterized by multimodal properties and a wide range of droplet sizes, with the majority of droplets larger than 50 μm. AGDP emitted few aerosols smaller than 5 μm, which are of concern for pulmonary infections due to airborne transmission. In addition, the use of extraoral suction was found to prevent the spread of aerosols from high-speed dental engines. This study suggests that the risk of aerosol infections is considerably limited in regular dental practice and that current standard precautions, such as mainly focusing on protection against droplet and contact infections, are sufficient. While several cases of airborne transmission of COVID-19 in general clinics and emergency hospitals have been reported, cluster outbreaks in dental clinics have not yet been reported, which may indicate that AGDP does not pose a significant threat in contributing to the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Onoyama
- Division of Community-Based Comprehensive Dentistry, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shohei Matsui
- Division of Community-Based Comprehensive Dentistry, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Kikuchi
- Division of Community-Based Comprehensive Dentistry, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sato
- Department of Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Fukamachi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Kadena
- Division of Dentistry for Persons With Disabilities, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Funatsu
- Division of Dentistry for Persons With Disabilities, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasubumi Maruoka
- Division of Community-Based Comprehensive Dentistry, Department of Special Needs Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Baba
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Maki
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kuwata
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hirotaka Kuwata
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Dong J, Li W, Wang Q, Chen J, Zu Y, Zhou X, Guo Q. Relationships Between Oral Microecosystem and Respiratory Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:718222. [PMID: 35071321 PMCID: PMC8767498 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.718222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral microecosystem is a very complicated ecosystem that is located in the mouth and comprises oral microbiome, diverse anatomic structures of oral cavity, saliva and interactions between oral microbiota and between oral microbiota and the host. More and more evidence from studies of epidemiology, microbiology and molecular biology is establishing a significant link between oral microecosystem and respiratory diseases. Microbiota settling down in oral microecosystem is known as the main source of lung microbiome and has been associated with the occurrence and development of respiratory diseases like pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cystic fibrosis lung disease and asthma. In fact, it is not only indigenous oral microbes promote or directly cause respiratory infection and inflammation when inhaled into the lower respiratory tract, but also internal environment of oral microecosystem serves as a reservoir for opportunistic respiratory pathogens. Moreover, poor oral health and oral diseases caused by oral microecological dysbiosis (especially periodontal disease) are related with risk of multiple respiratory diseases. Here, we review the research status on the respiratory diseases related with oral microecosystem. Potential mechanisms on how respiratory pathogens colonize oral microecosystem and the role of indigenous oral microbes in pathogenesis of respiratory diseases are also summarized and analyzed. Given the importance of oral plaque control and oral health interventions in controlling or preventing respiratory infection and diseases, we also summarize the oral health management measures and attentions, not only for populations susceptible to respiratory infection like the elderly and hospitalized patients, but also for dentist or oral hygienists who undertake oral health care. In conclusion, the relationship between respiratory diseases and oral microecosystem has been established and supported by growing body of literature. However, etiological evidence on the role of oral microecosystem in the development of respiratory diseases is still insufficient. Further detailed studies focusing on specific mechanisms on how oral microecosystem participate in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases could be helpful to prevent and treat respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Dong
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Relationship between the oral cavity and respiratory diseases: Aspiration of oral bacteria possibly contributes to the progression of lower airway inflammation. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:224-230. [PMID: 34760030 PMCID: PMC8566873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global population is aging, and elderly people have a higher incidence of lower airway diseases owing to decline in swallowing function, airway ciliary motility, and overall immunity associated with aging. Furthermore, lower airway diseases in the elderly tend to have a high mortality rate. Their prevention is important for extending healthy life expectancy and improving the quality of life of each individual. In recent years, the relationship between “chronic periodontitis and oral bacteria, especially the periodontopathic ones” and “respiratory diseases” (e.g., pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and influenza) has become clear. In addition, the association of several periodontal pathogens with the onset and aggravation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is also being reported. In support of these findings, oral health management has shown to reduce deaths from pneumonia and prevent influenza in nursing homes and inpatient wards. This has led to clinical and multidisciplinary cooperation between physicians and dentists, among others. However, to date, the mechanisms by which “chronic periodontitis and oral bacteria” contribute to lower airway diseases have not been well understood. Clarifying these mechanisms will lead to a theoretical basis for answering the question, “Why is oral health management effective in preventing lower airway diseases?”
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COVID-19 and Its Repercussions on Oral Health: A Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57111189. [PMID: 34833407 PMCID: PMC8619825 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, a new type of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, the causing agent of COVID-19, was first detected in Wuhan, China. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared a pandemic. The manifestations of COVID-19 are mostly age-dependent and potentially more severe in cases with involved co-morbidities. The gravity of the symptoms depends on the clinical stage of the infection. The most common symptoms include runny nose and nasal congestion, anosmia, dysgeusia or hypogeusia, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, respiratory distress, fatigue, ocular symptoms, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. These systemic conditions are often accompanied by skin and mucosal lesions. Oral lesions reported in patients with COVID-19 include: herpex simplex, candidiasis, geographic tongue, aphthous-like ulcers, hemorrhagic ulcerations, necrotic ulcerations, white hairy tongue, reddish macules, erythematous surfaces, petechiae, and pustular enanthema. It is still unclear if these manifestations are a direct result of the viral infection, a consequence of systemic deterioration, or adverse reactions to treatments. Poor oral hygiene in hospitalized or quarantined COVID-19 patients should also be considered as an aggravating condition. This narrative review is focused on presenting the most relevant data from the literature regarding oral manifestations related to SARS-CoV-2, as well as the challenges faced by the dental system during this pandemic. A routine intraoral examination is recommended in COVID-19 patients, either suspected or confirmed, as, in certain cases, oral manifestations represent a sign of severe infection or even of a life-threatening condition. It is our belief that extensive knowledge of all possible manifestations, including oral lesions, in cases of COVID-19 is of great importance in the present uncertain context, including new, currently emerging viral variants with unknown future impact.
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