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Xu Y, Chen B, Guo Z, Chen C, Wang C, Zhou H, Zhang C, Feng Y. Identification of diagnostic markers for moyamoya disease by combining bulk RNA-sequencing analysis and machine learning. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5931. [PMID: 38467737 PMCID: PMC10928210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56367-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Moyamoya disease (MMD) remains a chronic progressive cerebrovascular disease with unknown etiology. A growing number of reports describe the development of MMD relevant to infection or autoimmune diseases. Identifying biomarkers of MMD is to understand the pathogenesis and development of novel targeted therapy and may be the key to improving the patient's outcome. Here, we analyzed gene expression from two GEO databases. To identify the MMD biomarkers, the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and the differential expression analyses were conducted to identify 266 key genes. The KEGG and GO analyses were then performed to construct the protein interaction (PPI) network. The three machine-learning algorithms of support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE), random forest and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) were used to analyze the key genes and take intersection to construct MMD diagnosis based on the four core genes found (ACAN, FREM1, TOP2A and UCHL1), with highly accurate AUCs of 0.805, 0.903, 0.815, 0.826. Gene enrichment analysis illustrated that the MMD samples revealed quite a few differences in pathways like one carbon pool by folate, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, fat digestion and absorption and fructose and mannose metabolism. In addition, the immune infiltration profile demonstrated that ACAN expression was associated with mast cells resting, FREM1 expression was associated with T cells CD4 naive, TOP2A expression was associated with B cells memory, UCHL1 expression was associated with mast cells activated. Ultimately, the four key genes were verified by qPCR. Taken together, our study analyzed the diagnostic biomarkers and immune infiltration characteristics of MMD, which may shed light on the potential intervention targets of moyamoya disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao City, 266000, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao City, 266000, China
| | - Zhongxiang Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao City, 266000, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao City, 266000, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao City, 266000, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao City, 266000, China
| | - Chonghui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao City, 266000, China
| | - Yugong Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao City, 266000, China.
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Siddiqi S, Ain NU, Kauser M, Mukhtar Z, Ansar M, Umair M. Variants in FREM1 and trisomy 18 identified in a neonatal progeria patient. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7935-7939. [PMID: 37470964 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal progeroid disorders are rare disorders with clinical features including low body mass index, proptosis, aged and dysmorphic facial features at the time of birth, prominent veins, sparse scalp hairs, and severe growth retardation. Very few cases have been identified with an unknown genetic cause. Here, we report clinical and genetic findings of a proband with hallmark features of neonatal progeria. METHODS Microarray comparative genomic hybridization, whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were performed using standard methods. RESULTS Array combined genome hybridization data revealed trisomy 18 in the proband (II-1), and WES data identified novel compound heterozygous variants (c.247 C > T; p.H83Y and c.14769868InsA) in the FREM1 gene. CONCLUSION We report a novel complex case of neonatal progeria with atrial septal defects, trisomy 18 without typical features of Edward syndrome. The phenotype of the patient was more consistent with neonatal progeria, thus we speculate it to be caused by the FREM1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Siddiqi
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Noor Ul Ain
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehran Kauser
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Sciences/MLT, Faculty of life sciences, Karakoram International University (KIU), Gilgit, GB, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Mukhtar
- Institute of Biomedical and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Islamabad, Pakistan
- PMAS arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Laboratory of Genetic medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Santos-Rebouças CB, Piergiorge RM, Dos Santos Ferreira C, Seixas Zeitel RD, Gerber AL, Rodrigues MCF, Guimarães APDC, Silva RM, Fonseca AR, Souza RC, de Souza ATAM, Rossi ÁD, Porto LCDMS, Cardoso CC, de Vasconcelos ATR. Host genetic susceptibility underlying SARS-CoV-2-associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Brazilian Children. Mol Med 2022; 28:153. [PMID: 36510129 PMCID: PMC9742658 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a life-threatening complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, which manifests as a hyper inflammatory process with multiorgan involvement in predominantly healthy children in the weeks following mild or asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, host monogenic predisposing factors to MIS-C remain elusive. METHODS Herein, we used whole exome sequencing (WES) on 16 MIS-C Brazilian patients to identify single nucleotide/InDels variants as predisposition factors associated with MIS-C. RESULTS We identified ten very rare variants in eight genes (FREM1, MPO, POLG, C6, C9, ABCA4, ABCC6, and BSCL2) as the most promising candidates to be related to a higher risk of MIS-C development. These variants may propitiate a less effective immune response to infection or trigger the inflammatory response or yet a delayed hyperimmune response to SARS-CoV-2. Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) among the products of the mutated genes revealed an integrated network, enriched for immune and inflammatory response mechanisms with some of the direct partners representing gene products previously associated with MIS-C and Kawasaki disease (KD). In addition, the PPIs direct partners are also enriched for COVID-19-related gene sets. HLA alleles prediction from WES data allowed the identification of at least one risk allele in 100% of the MIS-C patients. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to explore host MIS-C-associated variants in a Latin American admixed population. Besides expanding the spectrum of MIS-C-associated variants, our findings highlight the relevance of using WES for characterising the genetic interindividual variability associated with COVID-19 complications and ratify the presence of overlapping/convergent mechanisms among MIS-C, KD and COVID-19, crucial for future therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Barros Santos-Rebouças
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mina Piergiorge
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristina Dos Santos Ferreira
- Laboratório de Bioinformática - LABINFO, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, LNCC/MCTIC, Getúlio Vargas, Av., 333, Quitandinha, Zip Code: 25651‑075, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel de Seixas Zeitel
- UTI Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Lehmkuhl Gerber
- Laboratório de Bioinformática - LABINFO, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, LNCC/MCTIC, Getúlio Vargas, Av., 333, Quitandinha, Zip Code: 25651‑075, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta Cristine Felix Rodrigues
- Serviço de Reumatologia Pediátrica, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira - IPPMG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Campos Guimarães
- Laboratório de Bioinformática - LABINFO, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, LNCC/MCTIC, Getúlio Vargas, Av., 333, Quitandinha, Zip Code: 25651‑075, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moulin Silva
- UTI Pediátrica, Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Rodrigues Fonseca
- Serviço de Reumatologia Pediátrica, Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira - IPPMG, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rangel Celso Souza
- Laboratório de Bioinformática - LABINFO, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, LNCC/MCTIC, Getúlio Vargas, Av., 333, Quitandinha, Zip Code: 25651‑075, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Átila Duque Rossi
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Cynthia Chester Cardoso
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza Ribeiro de Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Bioinformática - LABINFO, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, LNCC/MCTIC, Getúlio Vargas, Av., 333, Quitandinha, Zip Code: 25651‑075, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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TILRR Aggravates Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Suppressing the PI3K/Akt Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7341504. [PMID: 36065264 PMCID: PMC9440629 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7341504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening lung change, and 40% of ALI cases result from sepsis. However, the effective treatment for sepsis-induced ALI is limited. It is urgent to explore novel therapeutic targets for ALI caused by sepsis. Anti-inflammatory therapy is a potential effective treatment for sepsis-induced ALI. Toll-like/Interleukin-1 receptor regulator (TILRR) could trigger aberrant inflammatory responses. Nevertheless, the role of TILRR in sepsis-induced ALI remains unknown. Besides, the phosphatidylinositol 3′kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway exerts protective effect on sepsis-induced ALI. Thus, the primary aim of the current study was to investigate whether TILRR contributed to sepsis-induced ALI by the PI3K/Akt pathway. To construct the sepsis-induced ALI model, human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMVECs) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Besides, the mRNA levels and protein levels were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qPCR) and Western blot (WB), respectively. Moreover, cell proliferation was identified by the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and Annexin V was utilized to detect apoptosis. Furthermore, levels of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress were tested by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined by the flow cytometer. Results indicated that TILRR was upregulated to suppress the proliferation and induce apoptosis of HPMVECs under LPS treatment. Besides, TILRR induced aberrant inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in HPMVECs under LPS treatment. Mechanistically, TILRR regulated proliferation, apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress in LPS-treated HPMVECs through inactivating the PI3K/Akt pathway. In summary, TILRR aggravated sepsis-induced ALI by suppressing the PI3K/Akt pathway. These results could provide novel therapy targets for sepsis-induced ALI.
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Natural Immunity against HIV-1: Progression of Understanding after Association Studies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061243. [PMID: 35746714 PMCID: PMC9227919 DOI: 10.3390/v14061243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural immunity against HIV has been observed in many individuals in the world. Among them, a group of female sex workers enrolled in the Pumwani sex worker cohort remained HIV uninfected for more than 30 years despite high-risk sex work. Many studies have been carried out to understand this natural immunity to HIV in the hope to develop effective vaccines and preventions. This review focuses on two such examples. These studies started from identifying immunogenetic or genetic associations with resistance to HIV acquisition, and followed up with an in-depth investigation to understand the biological relevance of the correlations of protection, and to develop and test novel vaccines and preventions.
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Kashem MA, Li L, Yuan XY, Plummer FA, Luo M. Toll-like Interleukin -1 Receptor Regulator (TILRR) Protein, a Major Modulator of Inflammation, is Expressed in Normal Human and Macaque Tissues and PBMCs. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2925-2937. [PMID: 35592073 PMCID: PMC9113122 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s357866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose TILRR is a modulator of genes in the NF-κB inflammation pathway. It regulates inflammation-responsive genes, the secretion of inflammatory mediators, and the migration of immune cells. Because inflammation drives the pathogenesis of many infectious and inflammatory diseases, it is important to know the expression of TILRR protein in tissues and cells. This study examined TILRR protein expression in healthy adult human and macaques’ tissues and PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells). Methods and Results Tissues (trachea, lungs, stomach, small intestine [ileum], cecum, colon, rectum, vagina, cervix, uterus, and penis) and PBMCs from humans and macaques were lysed in RIPA (radioimmunoprecipitation assay) lysis buffer. The TILRR protein was examined by fluorescent Western blot analysis. The relative fluorescence units (rfu) of TILRR protein expression were quantified by Image Studio software (LI-COR). The results showed that adult healthy female (n=1) rectal and cervicovaginal tissues expressed a higher level of TILRR protein than the other tissues (trachea, lungs, stomach, small intestine [ileum], cecum, colon, uterus, and penis) examined. Like humans, the lungs, colon, and rectal tissues of healthy adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) (n=2) expressed the TILRR protein. In addition, PBMCs of healthy adult women (n=4), adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) (n=4), and adult male and female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) (n=4) showed a similar expression level of TILRR protein (p= 0.2858). TILRR protein was not detected in most of the human cell lines examined, except in Jurkat cells. Conclusion Our study for the first time showed that TILRR protein is expressed in healthy adult human and monkey tissues and PBMCs. The TILRR protein in these tissues and PBMCs may play a role in the inflammatory response of these tissues and cells in response to infectious pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Lin Li
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xin-Yong Yuan
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Correspondence: Ma Luo, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, 745 Logan Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3L5, Canada, Tel +1 204-789-5072, Fax +1 204-789-2018, Email
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Kashem MA, Lischynski J, Stojak B, Li L, Yuan XY, Liang B, Kimani J, Plummer FA, Luo M. High level of plasma TILRR protein is associated with faster HIV seroconversion. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103955. [PMID: 35339895 PMCID: PMC8960884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TILRR (Toll-like Interleukin-1 Receptor Regulator) is a modulator of many genes in NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling. It promotes the production of inflammatory mediators and the migration of immune cells. Recently, we showed that TILRR protein circulates in human blood. Thus, it could influence systemic inflammation. Systemic and mucosal inflammations increase the susceptibility to HIV infection. In this study, we analyzed the TILRR protein levels of the archived plasma samples of women enrolled in the Pumwani cohort to determine whether the plasma TILRR protein levels before seroconversion are correlated with differential risk of HIV seroconversion. Methods TILRR protein of 941 archived HIV negative plasma samples from 390 women who were HIV negative at the cohort enrollment was quantified with an in-house developed multiplex bead array method. Proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines were measured using a 14-plex bead array method. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between plasma TILRR protein and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was conducted to evaluate whether the median plasma TILRR protein levels correlate with increased risk of HIV seroconversion. Findings The level of plasma TILRR protein was positively correlated with plasma IL-1β (rho: 0.2593, p<0.0001), MCP-1 (rho: 0.2377, p<0.0001), and IL-17A (rho: 0.1225, p=0.0216). Women with median plasma TILRR protein levels ≥100 ng/ml seroconverted significantly faster than women with plasma TILRR protein levels <100 ng/ml (log-rank= 100.124, p<0.0001; relative risk= 3.72 and odds ratio= 15.29). Furthermore, the factors causing genital inflammation, such as STIs (sexually transmitted infections), vaginal discharge, and genital ulcers were not statistically significantly different among women with different median plasma TILRR protein levels. Interpretation The high plasma TILRR protein levels are highly correlated with several plasma proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. High median plasma TILRR protein (≥100 ng/ml) strongly predicted an increased risk of HIV seroconversion. Reducing plasma TILRR protein levels may reduce the risk of HIV acquisition. Funding The study was funded by an operating grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), operating grant-PA: CHVI Vaccine Discovery and Social Research (http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/193.html), and National Microbiology Laboratory of Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh; National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Lischynski
- The Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Brittany Stojak
- The Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lin Li
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xin-Yong Yuan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Binhua Liang
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya; Center for STD/HIV Research & Training, University of Nairobi
| | - Francis A Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Kashem MA, Yuan XY, Li L, Kimani J, Plummer F, Luo M. TILRR (Toll-like Interleukin-1 Receptor Regulator), an Important Modulator of Inflammatory Responsive Genes, is Circulating in the Blood. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4927-4943. [PMID: 34594127 PMCID: PMC8478437 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s325553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose TILRR (Toll-like interleukin-1 receptor regulator), a variant of FREM1 (Fras-related extracellular matrix 1), is a modulator of many genes in NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling and inflammatory responses. It enhanced the expression of multiple genes in the NF-κB signaling pathway and promoted the production of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. TILRR is an extracellular matrix protein and expressed in cells and tissues, and has never been considered to exist in the blood. The study aimed to identify circulating TILRR protein in human plasma as a biomarker of systemic inflammation. Methods and Results We developed a multiplex bead array method (Bio-Plex) using 4 monoclonal antibodies targeting different protein domains of FREM1/TILRR to investigate whether TILRR can be detected in blood plasma. The results of the multiplex bead array method were validated by Western blot analysis of affinity-purified TILRR from patient plasma samples. We subsequently analyzed 640 plasma samples from women enrolled in the Pumwani Sex Worker cohort (PSWC) (Nairobi, Kenya). Our study showed that TILRR exists in all patient plasma samples, but its quantities vary greatly among the patients, ranging from 2.38 ng/mL to 5196.79 ng/mL. The plasma TILRR below 2.38 ng/mL can only be detected by affinity purification and Western blot analysis. Conclusion Our in-house developed multiplex bead array method can successfully quantify TILRR protein in plasma samples. Because TILRR is an important modulator of many inflammation-responsive genes, it may be an inflammation biomarker in blood and play a role in modulating systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, Mb, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xin-Yong Yuan
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Lin Li
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, Mb, Canada
| | - Joshua Kimani
- Institute for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Plummer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ma Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Winnipeg, Mb, Canada.,National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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