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Dowd S, Lagalante L, Rahlfs J, Sharo C, Opulente D, Lagalante A, Elmer J. Sequencing of the Lumbricus terrestris genome reveals degeneracy in its erythrocruorin genes. Biochimie 2024; 219:130-141. [PMID: 37981225 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The erythrocruorin of Lumbricus terrestris (LtEc) is a relatively large macromolecular assembly that consists of at least four different hemoglobin subunits (A, B, C, and D) and four linker subunits (L1, L2, L3, and L4). The complexity and stability of this large structure make LtEc an attractive hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier that could potentially be used as a substitute for donated red blood cells. However, the sequences of the LtEc subunit sequences must be determined before a scalable recombinant expression platform can be developed. The goal of this study was to sequence the L. terrestris genome to identify the complete sequences of the LtEc subunit genes. Our results revealed multiple homologous genes for each subunit (e.g., two homologous A globin genes; A1 and A2), with the exception of the L4 linker. Some of the homologous genes encoded identical peptide sequences (C1 and C2, L1a and L1b), while cDNA and mass spectrometry experiments revealed that some of the homologs are not expressed (e.g., A2). In contrast, multiple sequences for the B, D, L2, and L4 subunits were detected in LtEc samples. These observations reveal novel degeneracy in LtEc and other annelids, along with some new revisions to its previously published peptide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Dowd
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Luke Lagalante
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Jack Rahlfs
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Catherine Sharo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Dana Opulente
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Anthony Lagalante
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Jacob Elmer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA.
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2
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Ostróżka-Cieślik A. Modification of Preservative Fluids with Antioxidants in Terms of Their Efficacy in Liver Protection before Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1850. [PMID: 38339128 PMCID: PMC10855613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Transplantation is currently the only effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver failure. In recent years, many advanced studies have been conducted to improve the efficiency of organ preservation techniques. Modifying the composition of the preservation fluids currently used may improve graft function and increase the likelihood of transplantation success. The modified fluid is expected to extend the period of safe liver storage in the peri-transplantation period and to increase the pool of organs for transplantation with livers from marginal donors. This paper provides a literature review of the effects of antioxidants on the efficacy of liver preservation fluids. Medline (PubMed), Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched using a combination of MeSH terms: "liver preservation", "transplantation", "preservation solution", "antioxidant", "cold storage", "mechanical perfusion", "oxidative stress", "ischemia-reperfusion injury". Studies published up to December 2023 were included in the analysis, with a focus on publications from the last 30 years. A total of 45 studies met the inclusion criteria. The chemical compounds analyzed showed mostly bioprotective effects on hepatocytes, including but not limited to multifactorial antioxidant and free radical protective effects. It should be noted that most of the information cited is from reports of studies conducted in animal models, most of them in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Ostróżka-Cieślik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Kasztanowa 3, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
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3
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Samaja M, Malavalli A, Vandegriff KD. How Nitric Oxide Hindered the Search for Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers as Human Blood Substitutes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14902. [PMID: 37834350 PMCID: PMC10573492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for a clinically affordable substitute of human blood for transfusion is still an unmet need of modern society. More than 50 years of research on acellular hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) have not yet produced a single formulation able to carry oxygen to hemorrhage-challenged tissues without compromising the body's functions. Of the several bottlenecks encountered, the high reactivity of acellular Hb with circulating nitric oxide (NO) is particularly arduous to overcome because of the NO-scavenging effect, which causes life-threatening side effects as vasoconstriction, inflammation, coagulopathies, and redox imbalance. The purpose of this manuscript is not to add a review of candidate HBOC formulations but to focus on the biochemical and physiological events that underly NO scavenging by acellular Hb. To this purpose, we examine the differential chemistry of the reaction of NO with erythrocyte and acellular Hb, the NO signaling paths in physiological and HBOC-challenged situations, and the protein engineering tools that are predicted to modulate the NO-scavenging effect. A better understanding of two mechanisms linked to the NO reactivity of acellular Hb, the nitrosylated Hb and the nitrite reductase hypotheses, may become essential to focus HBOC research toward clinical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, 20143 Milan, Italy
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4
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Shen C, Cheng H, Zong T, Zhu H. The role of normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) in the preservation of ex-vivo liver before transplantation: A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1072937. [PMID: 36845187 PMCID: PMC9947506 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1072937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The discrepancy between the number of patients awaiting liver transplantation and the number of available donors has become a key issue in the transplant setting. There is a limited access to liver transplantation, as a result, it is increasingly dependent on the use of extended criteria donors (ECD) to increase the organ donor pool and address rising demand. However, there are still many unknown risks associated with the use of ECD, among which preservation before liver transplantation is important in determining whether patients would experience complications survive after liver transplantation. In contrast to traditional static cold preservation of donor livers, normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) may reduce preservation injury, improve graft viability, and potentially ex vivo assessment of graft viability before transplantation. Data seem to suggest that NMP can enhance the preservation of liver transplantation to some extent and improve the early outcome after transplantation. In this review, we provided an overview of NMP and its application in ex vivo liver preservation and pre-transplantation, and we summarized the data from current clinical trials of normothermic liver perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyan Shen
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingting Zong
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongli Zhu
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China,National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Northwest University, Xi’an, China,Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Hongli Zhu,
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5
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Li S, Sun W, Ouyang M, Yu B, Chen Y, Wang Y, Zhou D. Hemoglobin‐Related Biomaterials and their Applications. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shaobing Li
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis Department of Orthopedics Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510282 P.R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P.R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis Department of Orthopedics Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510282 P.R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P.R. China
| | - Min Ouyang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis Department of Orthopedics Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510282 P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis Department of Orthopedics Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510282 P.R. China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis Department of Orthopedics Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510282 P.R. China
| | - Dongfang Zhou
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis Department of Orthopedics Zhujiang Hospital Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510282 P.R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Southern Medical University Guangzhou 510515 P.R. China
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6
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Li J, Zha X, Kang Y, Zhang Z, Yan L, Song L, Wang C, Yang J. Oxygen-carrying sequential preservation mitigates liver grafts ischemia-reperfusion injury. iScience 2022; 26:105858. [PMID: 36636350 PMCID: PMC9829800 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen-dependent preservation has been proposed to protect liver grafts from ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), but its underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we proposed an oxygen-carrying sequential preservation (OCSP) method that combined oxygenated static cold storage (SCS) and normothermic mechanical perfusion. We demonstrated that OCSP, especially with high oxygen partial pressure level (500-650mmHg) during the oxygenated SCS phase, was associated with decreased IRI of liver grafts and improved rat survival after transplantation. A negative correlation between autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ERSR) was found under OCSP and functional studies indicated OCSP suppressed ERSR-mediated cell apoptosis through autophagy activation. Further data showed that OCSP-induced autophagy activation and ERSR inhibition were oxygen-dependent. Finally, activated NFE2L2-HMOX1 signaling was found to induce autophagy under OCSP. Together, our findings indicate oxygen-dependent autophagy mitigates liver graft's IRI by ERSR suppression and modulates NFE2L2-HMOX1 signaling under OCSP, providing a theoretical basis for liver preservation using a composite-sequential mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - XiangJun Zha
- Department of Liver Surgery of West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Yan Kang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lvnan Yan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
| | - Lujia Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengdi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Med-X Center for Manufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu610041, China
- Corresponding author
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7
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Drvenica IT, Stančić AZ, Maslovarić IS, Trivanović DI, Ilić VL. Extracellular Hemoglobin: Modulation of Cellular Functions and Pathophysiological Effects. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1708. [PMID: 36421721 PMCID: PMC9688122 DOI: 10.3390/biom12111708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin is essential for maintaining cellular bioenergetic homeostasis through its ability to bind and transport oxygen to the tissues. Besides its ability to transport oxygen, hemoglobin within erythrocytes plays an important role in cellular signaling and modulation of the inflammatory response either directly by binding gas molecules (NO, CO, and CO2) or indirectly by acting as their source. Once hemoglobin reaches the extracellular environment, it acquires several secondary functions affecting surrounding cells and tissues. By modulating the cell functions, this macromolecule becomes involved in the etiology and pathophysiology of various diseases. The up-to-date results disclose the impact of extracellular hemoglobin on (i) redox status, (ii) inflammatory state of cells, (iii) proliferation and chemotaxis, (iv) mitochondrial dynamic, (v) chemoresistance and (vi) differentiation. This review pays special attention to applied biomedical research and the use of non-vertebrate and vertebrate extracellular hemoglobin as a promising candidate for hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers, as well as cell culture medium additive. Although recent experimental settings have some limitations, they provide additional insight into the modulatory activity of extracellular hemoglobin in various cellular microenvironments, such as stem or tumor cells niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana T. Drvenica
- Group for Immunology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Z. Stančić
- Group for Immunology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irina S. Maslovarić
- Group for Immunology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Drenka I. Trivanović
- Group for Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Lj. Ilić
- Group for Immunology, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11129 Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Puissant-Lubrano B, Bouthemy C, Congy-Jolivet N, Milhes J, Minville V, Kamar N, Demini L, Zal F, Renaudineau Y. The oxygen carrier M101 alleviates complement activation, which may be beneficial for donor organ preservation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1006761. [PMID: 36172347 PMCID: PMC9511029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1006761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During organ transplantation, ischemia/reperfusion injury and pre-formed anti-HLA antibodies are the main cause of delayed graft function and recovery through the activation of the complement system. By supplying oxygen during transplantation, M101 is suspected to avoid complement activation, however, a direct effect exerted by M101 on this pathway is unknown. This was tested by using functional assays (lymphocytotoxic crossmatch test, C3d Luminex-based assay, 50% complement hemolysis [CH50], and 50% alternative complement pathway [AP50/AH50]), and quantitative assays (C3, C3a, C4, C5, C5a, C6, C7, C8, C9 and sC5b-9). M101 interferes with the anti-HLA lymphocytotoxic crossmatch assay, and this effect is complement-dependent as M101 inhibits the classical complement pathway (CH50) in a dose-dependent and stable manner. Such inhibition was independent from a proteolytic effect (fractions C3 to C9) but related to a dose-dependent inhibition of the C3 convertase as demonstrated by exploring downstream the release of the anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a), C3d, and sC5b-9. The C3 convertase inhibition in the presence of M101 was further demonstrated in the AP50/AH50 assay. In conclusion, the use of M101 avoids the activation of the complement pathway, which constitutes an additional advantage for this extracellular hemoglobin to preserve grafts from ischemia/reperfusion injury and preformed anti-HLA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Puissant-Lubrano
- Immunology department laboratory, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Charlène Bouthemy
- Immunology department laboratory, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Congy-Jolivet
- Immunology department laboratory, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France
- CRCT, INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean Milhes
- Immunology department laboratory, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Minville
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Toulouse University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France
| | - Nassim Kamar
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation , Toulouse University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Franck Zal
- HEMARINA, Aéropôle Centre, Morlaix, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- Immunology department laboratory, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Toulouse University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France
- INFINITy, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Yves Renaudineau,
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Broquard C, Lancelot T, Lefebvre S, Courcot L, Gaudron SM. Larval growth of the polychaete Arenicola marina under different temperature and food conditions: consequences on bioenergetic models. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac033. [PMID: 35693035 PMCID: PMC9181616 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arenicola marina, a marine benthic polychaete, is widespread on sandy beaches in Europe and considered as an ecosystem engineer despite commonly used as bait by fishermen. Data regarding the bioenergetics of the lugworm larval stages are still incomplete. Trochophore is initially lecithotroph and then becomes planktotroph while growing as metatrochophore on subtidal area, a quite stable daily temperature environment compared with the foreshore, where juveniles and adult live, with daily temperature fluctuating up to 15°C. These discrepancies in temperature ranges may influence the temperature corrections (TCs) that control metabolic rates during the life cycle of A. marina. We carried out laboratory experiments in microcosms by inducing artificial spawning of lugworms, and then undertaken in vitro fertilization to obtain embryos and, finally, to follow, the larval development up to 10 segments with chaetae for 50 days under three temperature conditions (13°C, 15°C and 17°C) and two food conditions ('fed' and 'non-fed'). The first feeding ('birth') of A. marina larvae was deciphered anatomically for a size between 450 and 500 μm and described at 17 days post-fertilization for larvae reared at 15°C and 17°C. Using a biphasic model with a von Bertalanffy growth before 'birth' and an exponential growth after 'birth', among the three temperature treatments, the 15°C condition exhibited the best larval performance. TC based on embryonic and larval metabolic rates gave an Arrhenius temperature of ~6661 K and a higher boundary temperature tolerance range of ~294.5 K. Both temperature values differ from those calculated from TC based mostly on juvenile and adult metabolic rates. We claim to use two sets of Arrhenius temperatures according to the life history stages of A. marina while using Dynamic Energy Budget model. This model was developed initially in order to manage the conservation of the lugworm species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sébastien Lefebvre
- UMR 8187 Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG), Université de Lille, ULCO, CNRS, IRD, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Lucie Courcot
- UMR 8187 Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG), Université de Lille, ULCO, CNRS, IRD, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sylvie M Gaudron
- Corresponding author: UMR 8187 Laboratoire d'Océanologie et de Géosciences (LOG), Station marine de Wimereux (Université de Lille), 28 Avenue Foch, B.P. 80,62930, Wimereux, France. Tel: 0033 (0)3 21 99 29 61.
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10
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Bardallo RG, da Silva RT, Carbonell T, Palmeira C, Folch-Puy E, Roselló-Catafau J, Adam R, Panisello-Rosello A. Liver Graft Hypothermic Static and Oxygenated Perfusion (HOPE) Strategies: A Mitochondrial Crossroads. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5742. [PMID: 35628554 PMCID: PMC9143961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Marginal liver grafts, such as steatotic livers and those from cardiac death donors, are highly vulnerable to ischemia-reperfusion injury that occurs in the complex route of the graft from "harvest to revascularization". Recently, several preservation methods have been developed to preserve liver grafts based on hypothermic static preservation and hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) strategies, either combined or alone. However, their effects on mitochondrial functions and their relevance have not yet been fully investigated, especially if different preservation solutions/effluents are used. Ischemic liver graft damage is caused by oxygen deprivation conditions during cold storage that provoke alterations in mitochondrial integrity and function and energy metabolism breakdown. This review deals with the relevance of mitochondrial machinery in cold static preservation and how the mitochondrial respiration function through the accumulation of succinate at the end of cold ischemia is modulated by different preservation solutions such as IGL-2, HTK, and UW (gold-standard reference). IGL-2 increases mitochondrial integrity and function (ALDH2) when compared to UW and HTK. This mitochondrial protection by IGL-2 also extends to protective HOPE strategies when used as an effluent instead of Belzer MP. The transient oxygenation in HOPE sustains the mitochondrial machinery at basal levels and prevents, in part, the accumulation of energy metabolites such as succinate in contrast to those that occur in cold static preservation conditions. Additionally, several additives for combating oxygen deprivation and graft energy metabolism breakdown during hypothermic static preservation such as oxygen carriers, ozone, AMPK inducers, and mitochondrial UCP2 inhibitors, and whether they are or not to be combined with HOPE, are presented and discussed. Finally, we affirm that IGL-2 solution is suitable for protecting graft mitochondrial machinery and simplifying the complex logistics in clinical transplantation where traditional (static preservation) and innovative (HOPE) strategies may be combined. New mitochondrial markers are presented and discussed. The final goal is to take advantage of marginal livers to increase the pool of suitable organs and thereby shorten patient waiting lists at transplantation clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel G. Bardallo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (R.G.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Rui T. da Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.T.d.S.); (C.P.)
- Experimental Pathology Department, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (E.F.-P.); (J.R.-C.)
| | - Teresa Carbonell
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (R.G.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Carlos Palmeira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade Coimbra, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal; (R.T.d.S.); (C.P.)
| | - Emma Folch-Puy
- Experimental Pathology Department, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (E.F.-P.); (J.R.-C.)
| | - Joan Roselló-Catafau
- Experimental Pathology Department, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (E.F.-P.); (J.R.-C.)
| | - René Adam
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-PH, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Arnau Panisello-Rosello
- Experimental Pathology Department, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-IDIBAPS, CIBEREHD, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (E.F.-P.); (J.R.-C.)
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-PH, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France;
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11
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Brüggenwirth IMA, van der Plas WS, van Leeuwen OB, Thorne AM, Rayar M, de Meijer VE, Porte RJ. Oxygenated versus non-oxygenated flush out and storage of donor livers-An experimental study. Artif Organs 2021; 46:201-209. [PMID: 34866205 PMCID: PMC9299999 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background During donor organ procurement and subsequent static cold storage (SCS), hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels are progressively depleted, which contributes to ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI). We sought to investigate a simple approach to prevent ATP depletion and IRI using a porcine donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver reperfusion model. Methods After 30 min warm ischemia, porcine livers were flushed via the portal vein with cold (4°C) non‐oxygenated University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solution (n = 6, control group) or with oxygenated UW (n = 6, OxyFlush group). Livers were then subjected to 4 h SCS in non‐oxygenated (control) or oxygenated (OxyFlush) UW, followed by 4 h normothermic reperfusion using whole blood. Hepatic ATP levels were compared, and hepatobiliary function and injury were assessed. Results At the end of SCS, ATP was higher in the OxyFlush group compared to controls (delta ATP of +0.26 vs. −0.68 µmol/g protein, p = 0.04). All livers produced bile and metabolized lactate, and there were no differences between the groups. Grafts in the OxyFlush group had lower blood glucose levels after reperfusion (p = 0.04). Biliary pH, glucose and bicarbonate were not different between the groups. Injury markers including liver transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, cell‐free DNA and flavin mononucleotide in the SCS solution and during reperfusion were also similar. Histological assessment of the parenchyma and bile ducts did not reveal differences between the groups. Conclusion Oxygenated flush out and storage of DCD porcine livers prevents ATP depletion during ischemia, but this does not seem sufficient to mitigate early signs of IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M A Brüggenwirth
- Department of Surgery, Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn S van der Plas
- Department of Surgery, Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Otto B van Leeuwen
- Department of Surgery, Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adam M Thorne
- Department of Surgery, Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Rayar
- Department of Surgery, Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Rennes, Service de Chirurgie Hépatobiliaire et Digestive, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent E de Meijer
- Department of Surgery, Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Porte
- Department of Surgery, Section of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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