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Huang G, Zhang M, Zhang S, Wang J, Zhang R, Dong L, Huang F, Su D, Deng M. Unveiling biotransformation of free flavonoids into phenolic acids and Chromones alongside dynamic migration of bound Phenolics in Lactobacillus-fermented lychee pulp. Food Chem 2024; 457:140115. [PMID: 38905839 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Lactobacillus strains have emerged as promising probiotics for enhancing the bioactivities of plant-based foods associated with flavonoid biotransformation. Employing microbial fermentation and mass spectrometry, we explored flavonoid metabolism in lychee pulp fermented separately by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Limosilactobacillus fermentum. Two novel metabolites, 3,5,7-trihydroxychromone and catechol, were exclusively identified in L. plantarum-fermented pulp. Concomitant with consumption of catechin and quercetin glycosides, dihydroquercetin glycosides, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid were synthesized by two strains through hydrogenation and fission of C-ring. Quantitative analysis revealed that bound phenolics were primarily located in water-insoluble polysaccharides in lychee pulp. Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside was partially liberated from water-insoluble polysaccharides and migrated to water-soluble polysaccharides during fermentation. Meanwhile, substantial accumulations in short-chain fatty acids (increased 1.45 to 3.08-fold) and viable strains (increased by 1.97 to 2.00 Log10 CFU/mL) were observed in fermentative pulp. These findings provide broader insight into microbial biotransformation of phenolics and possible guidance for personalized nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guitao Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China; Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Jidongtian Wang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Ruifen Zhang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Lihong Dong
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Fei Huang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Dongxiao Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Mei Deng
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China.
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Valentová K. Biotransformation of Natural Products and Phytochemicals: Metabolites, Their Preparation, and Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098030. [PMID: 37175731 PMCID: PMC10178883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The term "biotransformation" refers to the process by which various compounds are biocatalyzed and enzymatically modified, as well as the metabolic changes that occur in organisms as a result of exposure to xenobiotics [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Valentová
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Hsieh MJ, Ho HY, Lo YS, Lin CC, Chuang YC, Abomughaid MM, Hsieh MC, Chen MK. Semilicoisoflavone B Induces Apoptosis of Oral Cancer Cells by Inducing ROS Production and Downregulating MAPK and Ras/Raf/MEK Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4505. [PMID: 36901935 PMCID: PMC10003514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the sixth most common type of cancer worldwide. Despite advancement in treatment, advanced-stage OSCC is associated with poor prognosis and high mortality. The present study aimed to investigate the anticancer activities of semilicoisoflavone B (SFB), which is a natural phenolic compound isolated from Glycyrrhiza species. The results revealed that SFB reduces OSCC cell viability by targeting cell cycle and apoptosis. The compound caused cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and downregulated the expressions of cell cycle regulators including cyclin A and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, 6, and 4. Moreover, SFB induced apoptosis by activating poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and caspases 3, 8, and 9. It increased the expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak, reduced the expressions of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and increased the expressions of the death receptor pathway protein Fas cell surface death receptor (FAS), Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), and TNFR1-associated death domain protein (TRADD). SFB was found to mediate oral cancer cell apoptosis by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The treatment of the cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) caused a reduction in pro-apoptotic potential of SFB. Regarding upstream signaling, SFB reduced the phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, p38, and JNK1/2 and suppressed the activation of Ras, Raf, and MEK. The human apoptosis array conducted in the study identified that SFB downregulated survivin expression to induce oral cancer cell apoptosis. Taken together, the study identifies SFB as a potent anticancer agent that might be used clinically to manage human OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Ho
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lo
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chieh Lin
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chuang
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ming-Chang Hsieh
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
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4
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Xing N, Meng X, Wang S. Isobavachalcone: A comprehensive review of its plant sources, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, pharmacological activities and related molecular mechanisms. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3120-3142. [PMID: 35684981 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Isobavachalcone (IBC), also known as isobapsoralcone, is a natural flavonoid widely derived from many medicinal plants, including Fabaceae, Moraceae, and so forth. IBC has been paid more and more attention by researchers in recent years due to its pharmacological activity in many diseases. This review aims to describe in detail the plant sources, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, pharmacological activities, and molecular mechanisms of IBC on various diseases. We found that IBC can be obtained not only by extraction but also by chemical synthesis. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that IBC has low bioavailability, but can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and is widely distributed in the brain. Its pharmacological activities mainly include anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, neuroprotective, bone protection, and other activities. In particular, IBC shows strong anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential due to its anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities. However, due to its hepatotoxicity, there may be more drug interactions. Therefore, more and more in-depth studies are needed for its clinical application. Mechanically, IBC can induce the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibit AKT, ERK, and Wnt pathways, and promote apoptosis of cancer cells through mitochondrial or endoplasmic reticulum pathways. IBC can inhibit the NF-κB pathway and the production of multiple inflammatory mediators by activating NRF2/HO-1 pathway, thus producing anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, we discussed the limitations of current research on IBC and put forward some new perspectives and challenges, which provide a strong basis for clinical application and new drug development of IBC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xianli Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Łużny M, Kaczanowska D, Gawdzik B, Wzorek A, Pawlak A, Obmińska-Mrukowicz B, Dymarska M, Kozłowska E, Kostrzewa-Susłow E, Janeczko T. Regiospecific Hydrogenation of Bromochalcone by Unconventional Yeast Strains. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123681. [PMID: 35744806 PMCID: PMC9228445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to select yeast strains capable of the biotransformation of selected 2′-hydroxybromochalcones. Small-scale biotransformations were carried out using four substrates obtained by chemical synthesis (2′-hydroxy-2″-bromochalcone, 2′-hydroxy-3″-bromochalcone, 2′-hydroxy-4″-bromochalcone and 2′-hydroxy-5′-bromochalcone) and eight strains of non-conventional yeasts. Screening allowed for the determination of the substrate specificity of selected microorganisms and the selection of biocatalysts that carried out the hydrogenation of tested compounds in the most effective way. It was found that the position of the bromine atom has a crucial influence on the degree of substrate conversion by the tested yeast strains. As a result of the biotransformation of the 2′-hydroxybromochalcones, the corresponding 2′-hydroxybromodihydrochalcones were obtained. The products obtained belong to the group of compounds with high potential as precursors of sweet substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Łużny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ł.); (D.K.); (M.D.); (E.K.); (E.K.-S.)
| | - Dagmara Kaczanowska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ł.); (D.K.); (M.D.); (E.K.); (E.K.-S.)
| | - Barbara Gawdzik
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; (B.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Alicja Wzorek
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Uniwersytecka 7, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; (B.G.); (A.W.)
| | - Aleksandra Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (A.P.); (B.O.-M.)
| | - Bożena Obmińska-Mrukowicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 31, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (A.P.); (B.O.-M.)
| | - Monika Dymarska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ł.); (D.K.); (M.D.); (E.K.); (E.K.-S.)
| | - Ewa Kozłowska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ł.); (D.K.); (M.D.); (E.K.); (E.K.-S.)
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ł.); (D.K.); (M.D.); (E.K.); (E.K.-S.)
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ł.); (D.K.); (M.D.); (E.K.); (E.K.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-713-205-195
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Mohamed TA, Ali SK, Elshamy AI, Saleh IA, Ibrahim MAA, Atia MAM, Alshammari SO, Mohamed AEHH, Hussien TA, Hamed AR, Saedi HRE, Abdel-Azim NS, Shams KA, Efferth T, Saker M, Paré PW, Hegazy MEF. Plant cell cultures: An enzymatic tool for polyphenolic and flavonoid transformations. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 100:154019. [PMID: 35325826 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the pharmaceutical sector, tissue culture techniques for large-scale production of natural chemicals can be a less expensive alternative to large-scale synthesis. Although recent biotransformation research have used plant cell cultures to target a wide range of bioactive compounds, more compiled information and synopses are needed to better understand metabolic pathways and improve biotransformation efficiencies. PURPOSE This report reviews the biochemical transformation of phenolic natural products by plant cell cultures in order to identify potential novel biotechnological approaches for ensuring more homogeneous and stable phenolic production year-round under controlled environmental conditions. METHODS Articles on the use of plant cell culture for polyphenolic and flavonoid transformations (1988 - 2021) were retrieved from SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science through electronic and manual search in English. Following that, the authors chose the required papers based on the criteria they defined. The following keywords were used for the online search: biotransformation, Plant cell cultures, flavonoids, phenolics, and pharmaceutical products. RESULTS The initial search found a total of 96 articles. However, only 70 of them were selected as they met the inclusion criteria defined by the authors. The analysis of these studies revealed that plant tissue culture is applicable for the large-scale production of plant secondary metabolites including the phenolics, which have high therapeutic value. CONCLUSION Plant tissue cultures could be employed as an efficient technique for producing secondary metabolites including phenolics. Phenolics possess a wide range of therapeutic benefits, as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Callus culture, suspension cultures, transformation, and other procedures have been used to improve the synthesis of phenolics. Their production on a large scale is now achievable. More breakthroughs will lead to newer insights and, without a doubt, to a new era of phenolics-based pharmacological agents for the treatment of a variety of infectious and degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik A Mohamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Sherin K Ali
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Abdelsamed I Elshamy
- Natural Compounds Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim A Saleh
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A A Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A M Atia
- Molecular Genetics and Genome Mapping Laboratory, Genome Mapping Department, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Shifaa O Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Taha A Hussien
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, New Assiut City, Assiut 10, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Hamed
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Hesham R El Saedi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm S-10691, Sweden; nternational Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, El-Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32512, Egypt
| | - Nahla S Abdel-Azim
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Khaled A Shams
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| | - Mahmoud Saker
- Genetic Engineering and Biotech. Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Paul W Paré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mohamed-Elamir F Hegazy
- Chemistry of Medicinal Plants Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
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Huo C, Han F, Xiao Y, Kim HJ, Lee IS. Microbial Transformation of Yakuchinone A and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Its Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073992. [PMID: 35409351 PMCID: PMC9000044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Yakuchinone A (1) is a bioactive diarylheptanoid isolated from the dried fruits of Alpinia oxyphylla. Microbial transformation has been recognized as an efficient method to produce new biologically active derivatives from natural products. In the present study, microbial transformation of yakuchinone A was performed with the fungus Mucor hiemalis KCTC 26779, which led to the isolation of nine new metabolites (2, 3a, 3b, and 4–9). Their structures were elucidated as (3S)-oxyphyllacinol (2), (3S,7R)- and (3S,7S)-7-hydroxyoxyphyllacinol (3a and 3b), (3S)-oxyphyllacinol-4′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (4), (3S)-4″-hydroxyoxyphyllacinol (5), (3S)-3″-hydroxyoxyphyllacinol (6), (3S)-2″-hydroxyoxyphyllacinol (7), (3S)-2″-hydroxyoxyphyllacinol-2″-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (8), and (3S)-oxyphyllacinol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (9) based on the comprehensive spectroscopic analyses and the application of modified Mosher’s method. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against melanoma, as well as breast, lung, and colorectal cancer cell lines. Compound 9, which was O-glucosylated on the diarylheptanoid alkyl chain, exhibited the most selective cytotoxic activities against melanoma cell lines with the IC50 values ranging from 6.09 to 9.74 μM, indicating that it might be considered as a possible anti-cancer lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huo
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.H.); (F.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Fubo Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.H.); (F.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yina Xiao
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.H.); (F.H.); (Y.X.)
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun 58554, Jeonnam, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.J.K.); (I.-S.L.)
| | - Ik-Soo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (C.H.); (F.H.); (Y.X.)
- Correspondence: (H.J.K.); (I.-S.L.)
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