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Slotkowski R, VanOrmer M, Akbar A, Hahka T, Thompson M, Rapoza R, Ulu A, Thoene M, Lyden E, Mukherjee M, Yuil-Valdes A, Natarajan SK, Nordgren T, Hanson C, Berry AA. Bioactive metabolites of OMEGA-6 and OMEGA-3 fatty acids are associated with inflammatory cytokine concentrations in maternal and infant plasma at the time of delivery. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 60:223-233. [PMID: 38479914 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammation is necessary for a healthy pregnancy. However, unregulated or excessive inflammation during pregnancy is associated with severe maternal and infant morbidities, such as pre-eclampsia, abnormal infant neurodevelopment, or preterm birth. Inflammation is regulated in part by the bioactive metabolites of omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs). N-6 FAs have been shown to promote pro-inflammatory cytokine environments in adults, while n-3 FAs have been shown to contribute to the resolution of inflammation; however, how these metabolites affect maternal and infant inflammation is still uncertain. The objective of this study was to predict the influence of n-6 and n-3 FA metabolites on inflammatory biomarkers in maternal and umbilical cord plasma at the time of delivery. METHODS Inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNFα) for maternal and umbilical cord plasma samples in 39 maternal-infant dyads were analyzed via multi-analyte bead array. Metabolites of n-6 FAs (arachidonic acid and linoleic acid) and n-3 FAs (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) were assayed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Linear regression models assessed relationships between maternal and infant inflammatory markers and metabolite plasma concentrations. RESULTS Increased plasma concentrations of maternal n-6 metabolites were predictive of elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in mothers; similarly, higher plasma concentrations of umbilical cord n-6 FA metabolites were predictive of elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in infants. Higher plasma concentrations of maternal n-6 FA metabolites were also predictive of elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines in infants, suggesting that maternal n-6 FA status has an intergenerational impact on the inflammatory status of the infant. In contrast, maternal and cord plasma concentrations of n-3 FA metabolites had a mixed effect on inflammatory status in mothers and infants, which may be due to the inadequate maternal dietary intake of n-3 FAs in our study population. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that maternal FA status may have an intergenerational impact on the inflammatory status of the infant. Additional research is needed to identify how dietary interventions that modify maternal FA intake prior to or during pregnancy may impact maternal and infant inflammatory status and associated long-term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Slotkowski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981205 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1205, USA.
| | - Matthew VanOrmer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981205 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1205, USA
| | - Anum Akbar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981205 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1205, USA
| | - Taija Hahka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981205 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1205, USA
| | - Maranda Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981205 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1205, USA
| | - Rebekah Rapoza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981205 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1205, USA
| | - Arzu Ulu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Melissa Thoene
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981205 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1205, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lyden
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Maheswari Mukherjee
- Diagnostic Cytology Program, College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ana Yuil-Valdes
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sathish Kumar Natarajan
- Department of Nutrition & Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Tara Nordgren
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Corrine Hanson
- Medical Nutrition Education, College of Allied Health Profession, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ann Anderson Berry
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981205 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1205, USA
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Ziqubu K, Dludla PV, Mabhida SE, Jack BU, Keipert S, Jastroch M, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE. Brown adipose tissue-derived metabolites and their role in regulating metabolism. Metabolism 2024; 150:155709. [PMID: 37866810 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and rejuvenation of metabolically active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans have offered a new approach to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Beyond its accomplished role in adaptive thermogenesis, BAT secretes signaling molecules known as "batokines", which are instrumental in regulating whole-body metabolism via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine action. In addition to the intrinsic BAT metabolite-oxidizing activity, the endocrine functions of these molecules may help to explain the association between BAT activity and a healthy systemic metabolic profile. Herein, we review the evidence that underscores the significance of BAT-derived metabolites, especially highlighting their role in controlling physiological and metabolic processes involving thermogenesis, substrate metabolism, and other essential biological processes. The conversation extends to their capacity to enhance energy expenditure and mitigate features of obesity and its related metabolic complications. Thus, metabolites derived from BAT may provide new avenues for the discovery of metabolic health-promoting drugs with far-reaching impacts. This review aims to dissect the complexities of the secretory role of BAT in modulating local and systemic metabolism in metabolic health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Sihle E Mabhida
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Babalwa U Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Susanne Keipert
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Gómez-Ferrer M, Amaro-Prellezo E, Albiach-Delgado A, Ten-Domenech I, Kuligowski J, Sepúlveda P. Identification of omega-3 oxylipins in human milk-derived extracellular vesicles with pro-resolutive actions in gastrointestinal inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1293737. [PMID: 38054009 PMCID: PMC10694275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1293737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Premature infants (PIs) are at risk of suffering necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and infants consuming human milk (HM) show a lower incidence than infants receiving formula. The composition of HM has been studied in depth, but the lipid content of HM-derived small extracellular vesicles (HM sEVs) remains unexplored. Identifying these molecules and their biological effects has potential for the treatment of intestinal disorders in PIs and could contribute to the development of HM-based fortified formulas. Methods We isolated HM sEVs from HM samples and analyzed their oxylipin content using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, which revealed the presence of anti-inflammatory oxylipins. We then examined the efficacy of a mixture of these oxylipins in combating inflammation and fibrosis, in vitro and in a murine model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Results HM-related sEVs contained higher concentrations of oxylipins derived from docosahexaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. Three anti-inflammatory oxylipins, 14-HDHA, 17-HDHA, and 19,20-DiHDPA (ω3 OXLP), demonstrated similar efficacy to HM sEVs in preventing cell injury, inducing re-epithelialization, mitigating fibrosis, and modulating immune responses. Both ω3 OXLP and HM sEVs effectively reduced inflammation in IBD-model mice, preventing colon shortening, infiltration of inflammatory cells and tissue fibrosis. Discussion Incorporating this unique cocktail of oxylipins into fortified milk formulas might reduce the risk of NEC in PIs and also provide immunological and neurodevelopmental support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gómez-Ferrer
- Regenerative Medicine and Heart Transplantation Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Amaro-Prellezo
- Regenerative Medicine and Heart Transplantation Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Abel Albiach-Delgado
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Ten-Domenech
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Sepúlveda
- Regenerative Medicine and Heart Transplantation Unit, Health Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Cardiology Service, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Carlos III Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Fougère H, Greffard K, Guillot M, Rudkowska I, Pronovost E, Simonyan D, Marc I, Bilodeau JF. Docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae oil supplementation in mothers of preterm infants is associated with a modification in breast milk oxylipins profile. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:103. [PMID: 37452341 PMCID: PMC10347746 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are derived from enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation of n-3 and n-6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. They are known to be involved in inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to describe the breast milk oxylipin profile following a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation of mothers of preterm infants. We examined the oxylipins profile in breast milk collected at day 14 post-delivery, of 40 mothers who delivered before 29 weeks of gestation and who were supplemented with either DHA-rich algae oil (S-DHA) or a placebo (PL). These mothers were selected from the MOBYDIck cohort (NCT02371460 registered on 25/05/2015 in ClinicalTrials.gov) according to the supplementation received (S-DHA vs. PL) and the DHA content quartiles as measured in breast milk (Low vs. High) to generate four study groups. Milk oxylipins, as ng/mL of milk, were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Ten oxylipins derived from DHA were higher in the S-DHA-High group than the other three groups (P < 0.001). The 18-HEPE, was also higher in the S-DHA-High group (0.11 ± 0.01) compared to the other groups (P = 0.0001). Compared to the PL-Low group, there was a reduction in pro-inflammatory prostaglandins found in the S-DHA-High group with lower levels of prostaglandins PGF2α (0.21 ± 0.45 in the S-DHA-High group vs. 1.87 ± 0.44 in the PL-Low group, P = 0.03) and of PGE2 (0.33 ± 0.26 in the S-DHA-High group vs. 1.28 ± 0.25 in the PL-Low group, P = 0.04).In sum, the DHA supplementation was linked with a predominance of anti-inflammatory oxylipins in breast milk of mothers who delivered very preterm, like 17(S)-HDHA and 18-HEPE, precursors of D and E resolvins respectively. This was also accompanied with a lower level of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Fougère
- Département de Pédiatrie, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Karine Greffard
- Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Mireille Guillot
- Département de Pédiatrie, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Iwona Rudkowska
- Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
- Département de Kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Etienne Pronovost
- Département de Pédiatrie, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - David Simonyan
- Plateforme de Recherche Clinique et Évaluative, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Marc
- Département de Pédiatrie, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bilodeau
- Axe Endocrinologie et Néphrologie, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Something Smells Fishy: How Lipid Mediators Impact the Maternal-Fetal Interface and Neonatal Development. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010171. [PMID: 36672679 PMCID: PMC9855822 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal pregnancy relies on inflammation for implantation, placentation, and parturition, but uncontrolled inflammation can lead to poor maternal and infant outcomes. Maternal diet is one modifiable factor that can impact inflammation. Omega-3 and -6 fatty acids obtained through the diet are metabolized into bioactive compounds that effect inflammation. Recent evidence has shown that the downstream products of omega-3 and -6 fatty acids may influence physiology during pregnancy. In this review, the current knowledge relating to omega-3 and omega-6 metabolites during pregnancy will be summarized.
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Oxylipins as Potential Regulators of Inflammatory Conditions of Human Lactation. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12100994. [PMID: 36295896 PMCID: PMC9610648 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation can be associated with obesity or subclinical mastitis (SCM), which is associated with poor infant growth in low- to middle-income country settings. It is unknown what physiological mechanisms are involved in low milk supply, but our research group has shown that mothers with low milk supply have higher inflammatory markers. Studies investigating oxylipin signaling have the potential to help explain mechanisms that mediate the impacts of inflammation on milk production. Animal studies have reported various elevated oxylipins during postpartum inflammation, mastitis, and mammary involution in ruminant models. Several investigations have quantified oxylipins in human milk, but very few studies have reported circulating oxylipin concentrations during lactation. In addition, there are technical considerations that must be addressed when reporting oxylipin concentrations in human milk. First, the majority of milk oxylipins are esterified in the triglyceride pool, which is not routinely measured. Second, total milk fat should be considered as a covariate when using milk oxylipins to predict outcomes. Finally, storage and handling conditions of milk samples must be carefully controlled to ensure accurate milk oxylipin quantitation, which may be affected by highly active lipases in human milk.
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Gonzalez-Riano C, Santos M, Díaz M, García-Beltran C, Lerin C, Barbas C, Ibáñez L, Sánchez-Infantes D. Birth Weight and Early Postnatal Outcomes: Association with the Cord Blood Lipidome. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183760. [PMID: 36145136 PMCID: PMC9505183 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Being born small or large for gestational age (SGA and LGA, respectively), combined with suboptimal early postnatal outcomes, can entail future metabolic alterations. The exact mechanisms underlying such risks are not fully understood. Lipids are a highly diverse class of molecules that perform multiple structural and metabolic functions. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism underlies the onset and progression of many disorders leading to pathological states. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the relationships between birth weight, early postnatal outcomes, and cord blood serum lipidomes. We performed a non-targeted lipidomics-based approach to ascertain differences in cord blood lipid species among SGA, LGA, and appropriate-for-GA (AGA) newborns. Moreover, we longitudinally assessed (at birth and at ages of 4 and 12 months) weight and length, body composition (DXA), and clinical parameters. We disclosed distinct cord blood lipidome patterns in SGA, LGA, and AGA newborns; target lipid species distinctly modulated in each SGA, AGA, and LGA individual were associated with parameters related to growth and glucose homeostasis. The distinct lipidome patterns observed in SGA, AGA, and LGA newborns may play a role in adipose tissue remodeling and future metabolic risks. Maternal dietary interventions may potentially provide long-term benefits for the metabolic health of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gonzalez-Riano
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Marcelo Santos
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Díaz
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Beltran
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carles Lerin
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Lourdes Ibáñez
- Endocrinology Department, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.I.); (D.S.-I.)
| | - David Sánchez-Infantes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus Alcorcón, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.I.); (D.S.-I.)
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Johnson CM, Rosario R, Brito A, Agrawal K, Fanter R, Lietz G, Haskell M, Engle-Stone R, Newman JW, La Frano MR. Multi-assay nutritional metabolomics profiling of low vitamin A status versus adequacy is characterized by reduced plasma lipid mediators among lactating women in the Philippines: A pilot study. Nutr Res 2022; 104:118-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Álvarez P, Ramiro-Cortijo D, Montes MT, Moreno B, Calvo MV, Liu G, Esteban Romero A, Ybarra M, Cordeiro M, Clambor Murube M, Valverde E, Sánchez-Pacheco A, Fontecha J, Gibson R, Saenz de Pipaon M. Randomized controlled trial of early arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid enteral supplementation in very preterm infants. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:947221. [PMID: 36090567 PMCID: PMC9452757 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.947221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in blood long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) and oxylipin concentrations in very preterm infants from birth to 36 weeks' postmenstrual age (WPA) after providing an emulsified arachidonic acid (ARA):docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplement at two different concentrations. STUDY DESIGN This prospective, randomized trial assigned infants to receive a supplement (1) 80:40 group (80 mg/kg/day ARA and 40 mg/kg/day DHA, n = 9) or (2) 120:60 group (120 mg/kg/day ARA and 60 mg/kg/day DHA, n = 9). Infants received supplement daily from birth until 36 WPA. At baseline, 21 days of life and 36 WPA, the LCPUFAs were measured in plasma by gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry. Additionally, LCPUFAs and oxylipins were analyzed in whole blood by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Furthermore, a sample of oral mucosa was obtained to analyze single-nucleotide polymorphism located in the FADS1 gene by PCR. RESULTS Gestational age was similar between groups (80:40 = 28+6 [27+3; 30+3] completed weeks+days ; 120:60 = 29+6 [27+3; 30+5] completed weeks+days , p = 0.83). At 36 WPA, the change in plasma ARA was significantly different between groups (80:40 group = 0.15 [-0.67; 0.69] %nmol, 120:60 = 1.68 [1.38; 3.16] %nmol, p = 0.031). In whole blood, the levels of ARA-derived oxylipins (5-, 8-, 9-, 11-, 15-HETE and 8,9-EET) and EPA-derived oxylipins (18-HEPE) significantly increase from baseline to 36 WPA in the 120:60 group than the 80:40 group. CONCLUSION Supplementation at high doses (120:60 mg/kg/day) increased levels of ARA, and EPA- and ARA-derived oxylipins compared to low doses (80:40 mg/kg/day). Differences were detected in EPA metabolites without a significant increase in plasma DHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Álvarez
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Ramiro-Cortijo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Montes
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Moreno
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María V Calvo
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ge Liu
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI Women and Kids, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ana Esteban Romero
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Ybarra
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Malaika Cordeiro
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Clambor Murube
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Valverde
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Sánchez-Pacheco
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fontecha
- Food Lipid Biomarkers and Health Group, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Gibson
- SAHMRI Women and Kids, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Miguel Saenz de Pipaon
- Department of Neonatology, La Paz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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