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Laureline W, Patrick O, Tu N, Stephane C, Ana D, Daniela F, Chiara S, Igor L, Antonia D. Recurrent benign fibrous histiocytoma of the bone benefits from denosumab followed by malignant transformation: a case report. Skeletal Radiol 2024; 53:2537-2543. [PMID: 38374215 PMCID: PMC11410898 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-024-04610-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Benign fibrous histiocytoma of the bone (BFHB) is a rare mesenchymal tumor, representing less than 1% of all benign bone tumors. This controversial entity is characterized by a mixture of fibroblasts arranged in a storiform pattern, varying amounts of osteoclast-type giant cells and foamy macrophages. Curettage or simple resection is usually curative. However, it was reported that up to 11% of the patients suffer from relapse. Here, we report a case of malignant transformation of BFHB after long-lasting disease stabilization under denosumab therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wetterwald Laureline
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Omoumi Patrick
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology And Interventional Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nguyen Tu
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cherix Stephane
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dolcan Ana
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ferraro Daniela
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saglietti Chiara
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Letovanec Igor
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Digklia Antonia
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Biermann NM, Piechl S, Dinhopl N, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Bertram CA. Case report: Giant cell tumor of bone in the mandible of a goat-diagnostics, surgical treatment, and outcome. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1457223. [PMID: 39176401 PMCID: PMC11338777 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1457223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic processes of the mandible and their treatment are rarely reported in large animal species. Specifically, giant cell tumor of bone is an uncommon tumor in animals and has been associated in humans with locally invasive behavior and a high recurrence rate. En-bloc resection is the treatment of choice, but depending on the localization of the tumor, this may result in functional deficits. This report details the diagnostic work-up, treatment, and long-term outcome of a giant cell tumor of bone involving the rostral mandible and mandibular symphysis of a goat. Extensive rostral mandibulectomy involving the entire mandibular symphysis without surgical fixation of the hemimandibles was performed. Histological and electron microscopic findings of the tumor were consistent with a giant cell tumor of bone. Although a mutation of the H3F3A gene is considered the driver of tumor development in human giant cell tumors, using molecular analysis, this gene mutation could not be confirmed in this case. Follow-up examinations revealed spontaneous secondary fusion of both hemimandibles and no signs of tumor recurrence. Nearly 1 year after surgery, the owners reported no signs of tumor regrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora M. Biermann
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanna Piechl
- Department for Farm Animals and Food System Science, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nora Dinhopl
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Christof A. Bertram
- Department of Biological Sciences and Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Nishio J, Nakayama S, Koga K, Aoki M. Keratin-Positive Giant Cell-Rich Tumor: A Review and Update. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1940. [PMID: 38792018 PMCID: PMC11120402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Keratin-positive giant cell-rich tumor (KPGCT) is an extremely rare and recently described mesenchymal neoplasm that occurs in both soft tissue and bone, frequently found in young women. It has locally recurrent potential if incompletely excised but low risk for metastasis. KPGCT is histologically similar to conventional giant cell tumors of soft tissue but shows the presence of keratin-positive mononuclear cells. Interestingly, KPGCT also shares some morphological features with xanthogranulomatous epithelial tumors. These two tumors have recently been shown to harbor an HMGA2-NCOR2 fusion, arguing in favor of a single entity. Surgery is the treatment of choice for localized KPGCT. Therapeutic options for advanced or metastatic disease are unknown. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the clinical presentation, pathogenesis, histopathology, and treatment of KPGCT. In addition, we will discuss the differential diagnosis of this emerging entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nishio
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Shizuhide Nakayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan;
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Mikiko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (K.K.); (M.A.)
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Nishio J, Nakayama S, Koga K, Aoki M. Giant Cell Tumor of Soft Tissue: An Updated Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2870. [PMID: 38792412 PMCID: PMC11122090 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of soft tissue (GCTST) is a locally aggressive mesenchymal neoplasm of intermediate malignancy that predominantly occurs in the superficial soft tissue of the extremities. It is histologically similar to a giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) and shows a mixture of round to oval mononuclear cells and osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells. Currently, immunohistochemistry plays a very limited role in the diagnosis of GCTST. Primary or secondary malignant GCTST has recently been described and tumors exhibiting high-grade histological features demonstrate higher rates of distant metastasis. GCTST lacks the H3-3A gene mutations that are identified in the vast majority of GCTBs, suggesting a different pathogenesis. Surgery is the standard treatment for localized GCTST. Incomplete surgical resection is usually followed by local recurrence. Radiation therapy may be considered when the close proximity of critical structures prevents microscopically negative surgical margins. The systemic treatment options for advanced or metastatic disease are very limited. This review provides an updated overview of the clinicoradiological features, pathogenesis, histopathology, and treatment for GCTST. In addition, we will discuss the differential diagnosis of this peculiar neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Nishio
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Shizuhide Nakayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan;
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (K.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Mikiko Aoki
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan; (K.K.); (M.A.)
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Sano J, Chijiiwa Y, Nishio J. Giant Cell Tumor of the Acromion: Case Report and Literature Review. In Vivo 2024; 38:506-510. [PMID: 38148094 PMCID: PMC10756488 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive neoplasm that typically occurs in the ends (epiphyses) of long bones of young adults. Flat bones are uncommon sites of involvement. Herein, we describe an unusual case of pathologically proven GCT of the acromion. CASE REPORT The patient was a 39-year-old woman with no history of trauma who presented with a 3-month history of right posterior shoulder pain. Physical examination revealed mild swelling and tenderness in the posterior aspect of the right shoulder. Plain radiograph showed a purely lytic lesion, suggestive of a bone tumor. Computed tomography demonstrated an intraosseous lytic lesion with associated cortical thinning and lack of periosteal reaction. On magnetic resonance imaging, the lesion exhibited slightly higher signal intensity compared to skeletal muscle on T1-weighted sequences and heterogeneous high signal intensity on T2-weighted sequences. Strong enhancement was observed following gadolinium administration. The lesion was treated by extensive curettage with adjuvant therapy comprising ethanol and the remaining cavity was filled with polymethylmethacrylate bone cement. Histologically, the lesion was composed of round or spindle-shaped mononuclear cells admixed with numerous osteoclast-like giant cells. Immunohistochemically, the mononuclear neoplastic cells were diffusely positive for H3.3 G34W. The patient was asymptomatic and there was no evidence of local recurrence or distant metastasis 5 months after surgery. CONCLUSION Although rare, acromial GCTB should be considered in the differential diagnosis of posterior shoulder pain, especially in young and early middle-aged adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Sano
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Chijiiwa
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Nishio
- Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tan X, Zhang Y, Wei D, Yang Y, Xiang F. Denosumab for giant cell tumors of bone from 2010 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:3053-3075. [PMID: 37103655 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Giant cell tumors of the bone (GCTB) are considered moderately malignant bone tumors. Denosumab, as a neoadjuvant therapy, provides new possibilities for treating GCTB. However, even after multiple studies and long-term clinical trials, there are limitations in the treatment process. Research data and Medical Subject Headings terms related to denosumab and GCTB were collected from January 2010 to October 2022 using the Web of Science and MeSH ( https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov ) browsers. These data were imported into CiteSpace and VOSviewer softwares for bibliometric analysis. Overall, 445 publications on denosumab and GCTB were identified. Over the last 12 years, the growth rate of the total number of publications has remained relatively stable. The USA published the highest number of articles (83) and had the highest centrality (0.42). Amgen Inc. and Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) First Ortoped Rizzoli were identified as the most influential institutions. Many authors have made outstanding contributions to this field. Lancet Oncology had the highest journal impact factor (54.433). Local recurrence and drug dosage are current research hotspots, and future development trends will mainly focus on prognostic markers of GCTB and the development of new therapies. Further research is required to analyze denosumab's safety and efficacy and understand its local recurrence of GCTB, to identify the optimal dose. Future progress in this field will likely focus on exploring new diagnostic and recurrence markers to monitor disease progression and examine new therapeutic targets and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopaedic Engineering, Luzhou, China
| | - Daiqing Wei
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopaedic Engineering, Luzhou, China
| | - Yunkang Yang
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
- Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopaedic Engineering, Luzhou, China.
| | - Feifan Xiang
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
- Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopaedic Engineering, Luzhou, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China.
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Wu R, Wu X, Weng X, Xiu Y, Xu G, Liu X, Liu X. Giant cell tumor of bone with H3F3B mutation: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32995. [PMID: 36800629 PMCID: PMC9936042 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Giant cell tumor of bone is a locally aggressive and rarely metastasizing neoplasm that typically affects the ends of long bones or the axial skeleton of young to middle-aged adults. As many as 69% to 100% of giant cell tumors harbor H3F3A gene mutations, while H3F3B gene mutations have rarely been reported. PATIENT CONCERNS A 53-year-old male patient who underwent right distal femoral tumor resection. DIAGNOSES Preoperative CT plain scan indicated giant cell tumor of bone with pathological fracture. Laboratory findings were as follows: serum calcium was 2.23 mmol/L (reference range: 2.1-2.55 mmol/L) and serum phosphorus was 1.35 mmol/L (reference range: 0.81-1.45 mmol/L). INTERVENTIONS The histological morphology showed the typical features of a conventional GCT. The immunoprecipitation analysis results were as follows: H3.3G34W(-), H3.3G34R(-), H3.3G34V(-), and H3K36M(-). Sanger sequencing showed that the H3F3A and H3F3B gene mutations were wild type. The high-throughput gene sequencing results revealed the H3F3B gene mutations H3.3p.Gly35Trp and H3.3p.Val36Leu. OUTCOMES The patient was stable with no recurrence in 12 months follow-up. LESSONS Giant cell tumor of bone with H3F3B gene mutations is extremely rare. In the pathological diagnosis of bone tumors, we need to analyze clinical presentation, imaging features, histology, immunophenotype, and cytogenetic/molecular alterations, in order to get a correct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruinuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xikang Wu
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Weng
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingjie Xiu
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Diagnostic Bone Oncology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiajing Liu
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Luo Y, Tang J, Huang J, Hu D, Bai Y, Chen J, Sun K, Zhang H, Liu Z. Diagnostic value of H3F3A mutation and clinicopathological features of giant cell tumours in non-long bones. J Bone Oncol 2022; 38:100467. [PMID: 36619849 PMCID: PMC9813520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2022.100467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims A histone H3F3A (H3.3) mutation involving a substitution in H3.3 G34 recently has been reported in GCTB within the frequency range (from 69 % to 96 %) and is a helpful diagnostic indicator of GCTB. However, the relationship between H3F3A mutations and the clinicopathological feature of GCTB involving non-long bones (irregular bones and small bones) is unclear. Methods and results H3F3A mutations were observed in a cohort of specimens (230 samples of GCTB) using immunohistochemistry and Sanger sequencing. The relationship between H3F3A mutations and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with GCTB occurring in the non-long bones of the appendicular skeleton was investigated. No significant difference between H3F3A mutations in GCTB arising in non-long bones and the classic sites was found (P = 0.483). GCTB in non-long bones occurred more common in female (31/49, 63.3 %) than in male patients (P = 0.016). GCTB with H3.3 G34L/V/R mutation occurred more often in younger patients compared with those with H3.3 G34W mutation (P = 0.009). The majority of GCTB with soft tissue extension developed in irregular bones but not in small bones (P = 0.061). The H3.3 G34L/V/R mutations rate (7/45) in the non-long bones was significantly higher than that in long bones. The recurrence rate of the GCTB in long bones and non-long bones was 23.3 % (45/193) including 43 cases with local recurrene and 2 cases with lung metastasis. No recurrence occurred in cases with G34V/L/R mutations. Conclusions H3F3A was an effective diagnostic marker for GCTB of the non-long bones. The younger patients with GCTB of the non-long bones harboured H3.3 G34L/V/R mutations and may had a female preference and rarely recurrent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Luo
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200233 Shanghai, People Republic of China
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200233 Shanghai, People Republic of China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200233 Shanghai, People Republic of China
| | - Dingjun Hu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200233 Shanghai, People Republic of China
| | - Yueqing Bai
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200233 Shanghai, People Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200233 Shanghai, People Republic of China
| | - Keyang Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200233 Shanghai, People Republic of China
| | - Huizhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200233 Shanghai, People Republic of China,Corresponding authors at: Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200233 Shanghai, People Republic of China,Corresponding authors at: Department of Pathology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 600 Yishan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
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Xiang F, Liu H, Deng J, Ma W, Chen Y. Progress on Denosumab Use in Giant Cell Tumor of Bone: Dose and Duration of Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5758. [PMID: 36497239 PMCID: PMC9739142 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is an aggressive non-cancerous bone tumor associated with risks of sarcoma and metastasis. Once malignancy occurs, the prognosis is generally poor. Surgery remains the main treatment for GCTB. Multidisciplinary management is a feasible option for patients wherein surgical resection is not an option or for those with serious surgery-related complications. Denosumab is an anti-nuclear factor kappa B ligand approved for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, bone metastases, and advanced or inoperable GCTB. However, the guidelines for treating GCTB are unclear; its short-term efficacy and safety in inoperable patients have been demonstrated. Lengthier therapies (high cumulative doses) or pre-operative adjuvant therapy may be associated with severe complications and high local recurrence rates. Short-term administration helps attain satisfactory local control and functionality. As a result, lately, the impact of different doses and lengths of treatment on the efficacy of denosumab in GCTB treatment, the incidence of complications, and recurrence rates have gained attention. The efficacy and safety of denosumab against GCTB, its impact on imaging assessment, related complications, and recurrence of GCTB were previously reviewed. For further research direction, this paper reviews the progress of studies evaluating the impact of the dose and duration of denosumab therapy for GCTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
- Department of Orthopedic, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Huipan Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jia Deng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Wenzhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
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