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Sammad A, Ahmed T, Ullah K, Hu L, Luo H, Alphayo Kambey P, Faisal S, Zhu H, Li Y, Wang Y. Vitamin C Alleviates the Negative Effects of Heat Stress on Reproductive Processes by Regulating Amino Acid Metabolism in Granulosa Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:653. [PMID: 38929092 PMCID: PMC11201207 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress-induced biochemical alterations in ovarian follicles compromise the function of granulosa cells (GCs) and the developmental competence of oocytes. Summer heat stress can have a far-reaching negative impact on overall fertility and reproductive success. Together with the heat stress, the rise of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), potential confounding hazards of in vitro handling and the absence of systemic body support in ART makes it imperative to study the heat stress ameliorative effects of vitamin C under in vitro conditions. Using in vitro heat stress treatment of 43 °C for two hours in bovine GCs, we studied the effects of vitamin C on cell growth, oxidative stress, apoptosis and cell cycle progression together with a comprehensive metabolomics profiling. This study investigates the molecular milieu underlying the vitamin C (VC)-led alleviation of heat-related disruptions to metabolic processes in bovine GCs. The supplementation of VC ameliorated the detrimental effects of heat stress by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis while restoring cell proliferation. Normal cell function restoration in treated GCs was demonstrated through the finding of significantly high levels of progesterone. We observed a shift in the metabolome from biosynthesis to catabolism, mostly dominated by the metabolism of amino acids (decreased tryptophan, methionine and tyrosine) and the active TCA cycle through increased Succinic acid. The Glutathione and tryptophan metabolism were important in ameliorating the inflammation and metabolism nexus under heat stress. Two significant enzymes were identified, namely tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) and mitochondrial phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (FARS2). Furthermore, our findings provide insight into the significance of B-complex vitamins in the context of heat stress during VC supplementation. This study underscores the importance of VC supplementation in heat stress and designates multiple metabolic intervention faucets in the context of ameliorating heat stress and enhancing reproductive efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sammad
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.)
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Tanveer Ahmed
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Khair Ullah
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lirong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Hanpeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Piniel Alphayo Kambey
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
| | - Shah Faisal
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yinxiong Li
- Center for Health Research and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biocomputing, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (T.A.); (K.U.); (P.A.K.); (S.F.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou 510530, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yachun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (L.H.); (H.L.)
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Zhao B, Suo L, Wu Y, Chen T, Tulafu H, Lu Q, Liu W, Sammad A, Wu C, Fu X. Stress adaptation in Tibetan cashmere goats is governed by inherent metabolic differences and manifested through variable cashmere phenotypes. Genomics 2024; 116:110801. [PMID: 38286347 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Tibetan cashmere goats are not only served as a valuable model for studying adaptation to hypoxia and high-altitude conditions but also playing a pivotal role in bolstering local economies through the provision of premium quality cashmere yarn. In this study, we performed an integration and network analysis of metabolomic, transcriptomic and proteomic to elucidate the role of differentially expressed genes, important metabolites, and relevant cellular and metabolic pathways between the fine (average 12.04 ± 0.03 μm of mean fiber diameter) and coarse cashmere (average 14.88 ± 0.05 μm of mean fber diameter) producing by Tibetan cashmere goats. We identified a distinction of 56 and 71 differential metabolites (DMs) between the F and C cashmere groups under positive and negative ion modes, respectively. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of these DMs highlighted numerous pathways predominantly involved in amino acid and protein metabolism, as indicated by the finding that the most impactful pathway was the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway. In the F group, we identified a distinctive metabolic profile where amino acid metabolites including serine, histidine, asparagine, glutamic acid, arginine, valine, aspartic acid, tyrosine, and methionine were upregulated, while lysine, isoleucine, glutamine, tryptophan, and threonine were downregulated. The regulatory network and gene co-expression network revealed crucial genes, metabolites, and metabolic pathways. The integrative omics analysis revealed a high enrichment of several pathways, notably encompassing protein digestion and absorption, sphingolipid signalling, and the synaptic vesicle cycle. Within the sphere of our integrative analysis, DNMT3B was identified as a paramount gene, intricately associated with significant proteins such as HMCN1, CPB2, GNG12, and LRP1. Our present study delineated the molecular underpinnings governing the variations in cashmere characteristics by conducting comprehensive analyses across metabolomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic dimensions. This research provided newly insights into the mechanisms regulating cashmere traits and facilitated the advancement of selective breeding programs aimed at cultivating high-quality superfine Tibetan cashmere goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingru Zhao
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool-sheep & Cashmere-goat (XJYS1105), Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Langda Suo
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet 850009, China
| | - Yujiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet 850009, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool-sheep & Cashmere-goat (XJYS1105), Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Hanikezi Tulafu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool-sheep & Cashmere-goat (XJYS1105), Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Qingwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool-sheep & Cashmere-goat (XJYS1105), Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi Xinjiang 830011, China; College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Wenna Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool-sheep & Cashmere-goat (XJYS1105), Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi Xinjiang 830011, China; College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Abdul Sammad
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Cuiling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Environment Biodiversity Application and Regulation in Xinjiang/ International Center for the Collaborative Management of Cross-border Pest in Central Asia College of Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi Xinjiang 830017, China.
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Wool-sheep & Cashmere-goat (XJYS1105), Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi Xinjiang 830011, China.
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Samir H, Swelum AA, Abdelnaby EA, El-Sherbiny HR. Incorporation of L-Carnitine in the OvSynch protocol enhances the morphometrical and hemodynamic parameters of the ovarian structures and uterus in ewes under summer climatic conditions. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:246. [PMID: 37996926 PMCID: PMC10668402 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03814-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress negatively impacts the reproductive performance of sheep including the efficiency of estrous synchronization regimens. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of L-Carnitine (LC) administration on the efficacy of the OvSynch protocol in ewes under summer climatic conditions. Ewes were synchronized for estrus using the OvSynch protocol and a dose of LC (20 mg/kg body weight) was intravenously (IV) administered on the same day of PGF2α injection to one group (n = 8; LC group), while other ewes (n = 8; control group) received the same protocol without LC. Ultrasonographic evaluation (including B-mode, color, and pulsed Doppler) was used to assess the morphometrical and hemodynamic parameters of ovarian structures [number, size, and blood flow of follicles (GFs) and corpora lutea (CLs)] and uterus during the estrous phase (Day 0), and on Day 8 post ovulation (luteal phase). Uterine artery blood flow (MUA) was assessed by measuring the resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) at both stages. The serum samples were collected to measure the concentrations of estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using commercial kits. Results revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in the colored pixel area of GFs and uterus in the LC group (392.84 ± 31.86 and 712.50 ± 46.88, respectively) compared to the control one (226.25 ± 17.74 and 322 ± 18.78, respectively) during Day 0. Circulating E2 and TAC levels were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the LC-treated ewes (31.45 ± 1.53 pg/ml and 1.80 ± 0.13 mM/L, respectively) compared to those in the control ewes (21.20 ± 1.30 pg/ml and 0.98 ± 0.09 mM/L, respectively) during Day 0. Moreover, LC improved the colored pixel area of CLs (2038.14 ± 102.94 versus 1098 ± 82.39) and uterus (256.38 ± 39.28 versus 121.75 ± 11.36) and circulating P4 (2.99 ± 0.26 ng/ml versus1.67 ± 0.15 ng/ml) on Day 8. Values of RI of MUA were significantly lower in the LC group compared to the control one on Day 0 and Day 8 (0.48 ± 0.03 versus 0.72 ± 0.03 and 0.58 ± 0.03 versus 0.78 ± 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, LC incorporation in the OvSynch protocol enhanced the morphometrical and hemodynamic parameters of the ovarian structures and the uterus concomitantly with improvements in the TAC, E2, and P4 concentrations in ewes under hot summer conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haney Samir
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Elshymaa A Abdelnaby
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hossam R El-Sherbiny
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
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Zhang C, Wang S, Hu L, Fang H, Chen G, Ma X, Yu Y, Wang Y, Xu Q. Analysis of CircRNA Expression in Peripheral Blood of Holstein Cows in Response to Heat Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10150. [PMID: 37373298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to identify key circRNAs and pathways associated with heat stress in blood samples of Holstein cows, which will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms driving heat stress in cows. Hence, we evaluated changes in milk yield, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate of experimental cows between heat stress (summer) and non-heat stress (spring) conditions with two comparisons, including Sum1 vs. Spr1 (same lactation stage, different individuals, 15 cows per group) and Sum1 vs. Spr2 (same individual, different lactation stages, 15 cows per group). Compared to both Spr1 and Spr2, cows in the Sum1 group had a significantly lower milk yield, while rectal temperature and respiratory rate were significantly higher (p < 0.05), indicating that cows in the Sum1 group were experiencing heat stress. In each group, five animals were chosen randomly to undergo RNA-seq. The results reveal that 140 and 205 differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs were screened in the first and second comparisons, respectively. According to the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, these DE circRNAs were mainly enriched in five signaling pathways, including choline metabolism, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, the HIF-1 signaling pathway, the longevity-regulating pathway, and autophagy. Then, we obtained the top 10 hub source genes of circRNAs according to the protein-protein interaction networks. Among them, ciRNA1282 (HIF1A), circRNA4205 (NR3C1), and circRNA12923 (ROCK1) were enriched in multiple pathways and identified as binding multiple miRNAs. These key circRNAs may play an important role in the heat stress responses of dairy cows. These results provide valuable information on the involvement of key circRNAs and their expression pattern in the heat stress response of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Lirong Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Fang
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Gong Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ma
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ying Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yachun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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Sulukan E, Baran A, Şenol O, Kankaynar M, Yıldırım S, Bolat İ, Ceyhun HA, Toraman E, Ceyhun SB. Global warming and glyphosate toxicity (I): Adult zebrafish modelling with behavioural, immunohistochemical and metabolomic approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160086. [PMID: 36356745 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Global warming further increases the toxic threat of environmental pollutants on organisms. In order to reveal the dimensions of this threat more clearly, it is of great importance that the studies be carried out with temperature differences as close as possible to the temperature values that will represent the global climate projection. In our study, how the toxicity of glyphosate, which is widely used around the world, on zebrafish changes with temperature increases of 0.5° was investigated on behavioral and molecular basis. For this purpose, adult zebrafish were exposed to glyphosate at concentrations of 1 ppm and 5 ppm for 96 h in four environments with a temperature difference of 0.5° (28.5; 29.0; 29.5; 30.0 °C). At the end of the exposure, half of the zebrafish were sampled and remaining half were left for a 10-day recovery process. At the end of the trials, zebrafish were subjected to circadian rhythm and anxiety tests. In addition, histopathological, immunohistochemical and metabolome analyses were performed on brain tissues. As a result, it has been detected that anxiety and circadian rhythm were disrupted in parallel with the increased temperature and glyphosate concentration, and increased histopathological findings and 5-HT4R and GNAT2 immunopositivity in the brain. As a result of metabolome analysis, more than thirty annotated metabolites have been determined due to the synergistic effect of temperature increase and glyphosate exposure. As a conclusion, it was concluded that even a temperature increase of 0.5° caused an increasing effect of glyphosate toxicity in the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekrem Sulukan
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Aquaculture Department, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Aquaculture Engineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Alper Baran
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Food Quality Control and Analysis, Technical Vocational School, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Onur Şenol
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Meryem Kankaynar
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Serkan Yıldırım
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İsmail Bolat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hacer Akgül Ceyhun
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emine Toraman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Saltuk Buğrahan Ceyhun
- Aquatic Biotechnology Laboratory, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Aquaculture Department, Fisheries Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Aquaculture Engineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey; Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Zhou XY, Li X, Zhang J, Li Y, Wu XM, Yang YZ, Zhang XF, Ma LZ, Liu YD, Wang Z, Chen SL. Plasma metabolomic characterization of premature ovarian insufficiency. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:2. [PMID: 36600288 PMCID: PMC9814329 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-01085-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) patients are predisposed to metabolic disturbances, including in lipid metabolism and glucose metabolism, and metabolic disorders appear to be a prerequisite of the typical long-term complications of POI, such as cardiovascular diseases or osteoporosis. However, the metabolic changes underlying the development of POI and its subsequent complications are incompletely understood, and there are few studies characterizing the disturbed metabolome in POI patients. The aim of this study was to characterize the plasma metabolome in POI by using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) metabolomics and to evaluate whether these disturbances identified in the plasma metabolome relate to ovarian reserve and have diagnostic value in POI. METHODS This observational study recruited 30 POI patients and 30 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls in the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, from January 2018 to October 2020. Fasting venous blood was collected at 9:00 am on days 2-4 of the menstrual cycle and centrifuged for analysis. An untargeted quantitative metabolomic analysis was performed using UHPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS Our study identified 48 upregulated and 21 downregulated positive metabolites, and 13 upregulated and 48 downregulated negative metabolites in the plasma of POI patients. The differentially regulated metabolites were involved in pathways such as caffeine metabolism and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis. Six metabolites with an AUC value > 0.8, including arachidonoyl amide, 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid, dihexyl nonanedioate, 18-HETE, cystine, and PG (16:0/18:1), were correlated with ovarian reserve and thus have the potential to be diagnostic biomarkers of POI. CONCLUSION This UHPLC-MS/MS untargeted metabolomics study revealed differentially expressed metabolites in the plasma of patients with POI. The differential metabolites may not only be involved in the aetiology of POI but also contribute to its major complications. These findings offer a panoramic view of the plasma metabolite changes caused by POI, which may provide useful diagnostic and therapeutic clues for POI disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yu Zhou
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, 510515 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, 510515 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, 510515 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, 510515 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Min Wu
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, 510515 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhen Yang
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, 510515 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Fei Zhang
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, 510515 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin-Zi Ma
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, 510515 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Dong Liu
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, 510515 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Wang
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, 510515 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi-Ling Chen
- grid.416466.70000 0004 1757 959XCenter for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No 1838 Guangzhou Northern Road, Guangzhou, 510515 People’s Republic of China
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Identification of Novel mRNA Isoforms Associated with Acute Heat Stress Response Using RNA Sequencing Data in Sprague Dawley Rats. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121740. [PMID: 36552250 PMCID: PMC9774719 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress tolerance in animals to high temperatures remain unclear. This study identified the differentially expressed mRNA isoforms which narrowed down the most reliable DEG markers and molecular pathways that underlie the mechanisms of thermoregulation. This experiment was performed on Sprague Dawley rats housed at 22 °C (control group; CT), and three acute heat-stressed groups housed at 42 °C for 30 min (H30), 60 min (H60), and 120 min (H120). Earlier, we demonstrated that acute heat stress increased the rectal temperature of rats, caused abnormal changes in the blood biochemical parameters, as well as induced dramatic changes in the expression levels of genes through epigenetics and post-transcriptional regulation. Transcriptomic analysis using RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) data obtained previously from blood (CT and H120), liver (CT, H30, H60, and H120), and adrenal glands (CT, H30, H60, and H120) was performed. The differentially expressed mRNA isoforms (DEIs) were identified and annotated by the CLC Genomics Workbench. Biological process and metabolic pathway analyses were performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database. A total of 225, 5764, and 4988 DEIs in the blood, liver, and adrenal glands were observed. Furthermore, the number of novel differentially expressed transcript lengths with annotated genes and novel differentially expressed transcript with non-annotated genes were 136 and 8 in blood, 3549 and 120 in the liver, as well as 3078 and 220 in adrenal glands, respectively. About 35 genes were involved in the heat stress response, out of which, Dnaja1, LOC680121, Chordc1, AABR07011951.1, Hsp90aa1, Hspa1b, Cdkn1a, Hmox1, Bag3, and Dnaja4 were commonly identified in the liver and adrenal glands, suggesting that these genes may regulate heat stress response through interactions between the liver and adrenal glands. In conclusion, this study would enhance our understanding of the complex underlying mechanisms of acute heat stress, and the identified mRNA isoforms and genes can be used as potential candidates for thermotolerance selection in mammals.
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Effects of short-term in vitro heat stress on bovine preantral follicles. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhao L, Pan Y, Wang M, Wang J, Wang Y, Han X, Wang J, Zhang T, Zhao T, He H, Cui Y, Yu S. Integrated analysis of the expression profiles of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network in granulosa and cumulus cells from yak ovaries. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:633. [PMID: 36057545 PMCID: PMC9441039 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growing oocytes acquire the ability to mature through two-way communication between gametes and surrounding somatic cumulus cells (CCs). Granulosa cells (GCs) support oocyte growth, regulate meiosis progression, and modulate global oocyte transcription activity. However, the proliferation and differentiation of the yak ovary in GCs and CCs remain unclear. To characterize the important roles of long non-coding RNA, (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and messenger RNA (mRNA), whole-transcriptome analysis was performed. Real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR was performed to verify the selected RNA sequences. Results Important gene ontology terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways related to differentiation and oocyte development were identified for the target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs. In total,6223 mRNAs (2197 upregulated, 4026 downregulated), 643 lncRNAs (204 upregulated, 479 downregulated), and 559 miRNAs (311 upregulated, 248 downregulated) were significantly altered between the two groups. Target genes involved in cell adhesion, cell differentiation, regulation of developmental processes, cell proliferation, embryo development, signal transduction, apoptosis, and aromatic compound biosynthetic processes were significantly enriched. These RNAs were involved in ECM-receptor interaction, MAPK signaling, Hippo signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, cell cycle, cell adhesion, leukocyte trans-endothelial migration, and actin cytoskeleton regulation. Conclusions A comprehensive analysis of the co-expression network of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) will facilitate the understanding of the process of granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation and offer a theoretical basis for the development of oocytes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08848-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Junqian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yaying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaohong Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jinglei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Tongxiang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Honghong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Sijiu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China. .,Gansu Province Livestock Embryo Engineering Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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10
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Dou J, Luo H, Sammad A, Lou W, Wang D, Schenkel F, Yu Y, Fang L, Wang Y. Epigenomics of rats' liver and its cross-species functional annotation reveals key regulatory genes underlying short term heat-stress response. Genomics 2022; 114:110449. [PMID: 35985612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Molecular responses to heat stress are multifaceted and under a complex cellular post-transcriptional control. This study explores the epigenetic and transcriptional alterations induced by heat stress (42 °C for 120 min) in the liver of rats, by integrating ATAC-seq, RNA-Seq, and WGBS information. Out of 2586 differential ATAC-seq peaks induced by heat stress, 36 up-regulated and 22 down-regulated transcript factors (TFs) are predicted, such as Cebpα, Foxa2, Foxo4, Nfya and Sp3. Furthermore, 150,189 differentially methylated regions represent 2571 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). By integrating all data, 45 DEGs are concluded as potential heat stress response markers in rats. To comprehensively annotate and narrow down predicted markers, they are integrated with GWAS results of heat stress parameters in cows, and PheWAS data in humans. Besides better understanding of heat stress responses in mammals, INSR, MAPK8, RHPN2 and BTBD7 are proposed as candidate markers for heat stress in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuan Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hanpeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Abdul Sammad
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenqi Lou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Flavio Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1 Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Lingzhao Fang
- MRC Human Genetics Unit at the Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, United Kingdom.
| | - Yachun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, National Engineering Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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11
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Sammad A, Luo H, Hu L, Zhao S, Gong J, Umer S, Khan A, Zhu H, Wang Y. Joint Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Prevails the Biological Mechanisms Underlying the Pro-Survival Fight in In Vitro Heat-Stressed Granulosa Cells. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060839. [PMID: 35741360 PMCID: PMC9220676 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies reported the physical, transcriptome, and metabolome changes in in vitro acute heat-stressed (38 °C versus 43 °C for 2 h) bovine granulosa cells. Granulosa cells exhibited transient proliferation senescence, oxidative stress, an increased rate of apoptosis, and a decline in steroidogenic activity. In this study, we performed a joint integration and network analysis of metabolomic and transcriptomic data to further narrow down and elucidate the role of differentially expressed genes, important metabolites, and relevant cellular and metabolic pathways in acute heat-stressed granulosa cells. Among the significant (raw p-value < 0.05) metabolic pathways where metabolites and genes converged, this study found vitamin B6 metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, histidine metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Important significant convergent biological pathways included ABC transporters and protein digestion and absorption, while functional signaling pathways included cAMP, mTOR, and AMPK signaling pathways together with the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway. Among the cancer pathways, the most important pathway was the central carbon metabolism in cancer. Through multiple analysis queries, progesterone, serotonin, citric acid, pyridoxal, L-lysine, succinic acid, L-glutamine, L-leucine, L-threonine, L-tyrosine, vitamin B6, choline, and CYP1B1, MAOB, VEGFA, WNT11, AOX1, ADCY2, ICAM1, PYGM, SLC2A4, SLC16A3, HSD11B2, and NOS2 appeared to be important enriched metabolites and genes, respectively. These genes, metabolites, and metabolic, cellular, and cell signaling pathways comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms underlying the intricate fight between death and survival in acute heat-stressed bovine granulosa cells and essentially help further our understanding (and will help the future quest) of research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sammad
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (H.L.); (L.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Hanpeng Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (H.L.); (L.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Lirong Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (H.L.); (L.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Shanjiang Zhao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Jianfei Gong
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Saqib Umer
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Adnan Khan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (H.L.); (L.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (S.Z.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yachun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (H.L.); (L.H.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
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12
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Sammad A, Luo H, Hu L, Zhu H, Wang Y. Transcriptome Reveals Granulosa Cells Coping through Redox, Inflammatory and Metabolic Mechanisms under Acute Heat Stress. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091443. [PMID: 35563749 PMCID: PMC9105522 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress affects granulosa cells (GCs) and the ovarian follicular microenvironment, causing poor oocyte developmental competence and fertility. This study aimed to investigate the physical responses and global transcriptomic changes in bovine GCs to acute heat stress (43 °C for 2 h) in vitro. Heat-stressed GCs exhibited transient proliferation senescence and resumed proliferation at 48 h post-stress, while post-stress immediate culture-media change had a relatively positive effect on proliferation resumption. Increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis was observed in the heat-stress group. In spite of the upregulation of inflammatory (CYCS, TLR2, TLR4, IL6, etc.), pro-apoptotic (BAD, BAX, TNFSF9, MAP3K7, TNFRSF6B, FADD, TRADD, RIPK3, etc.) and caspase executioner genes (CASP3, CASP8, CASP9), antioxidants and anti-apoptotic genes (HMOX1, NOS2, CAT, SOD, BCL2L1, GPX4, etc.) were also upregulated in heat-stressed GCs. Progesterone and estrogen hormones, along with steroidogenic gene expression, declined significantly, in spite of the upregulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis. Out of 12,385 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 330 significant DEGs (75 upregulated, 225 downregulated) were subjected to KEGG functional pathway annotation, gene ontology enrichment, STRING network analyses and manual querying of DEGs for meaningful molecular mechanisms. High inflammatory response was found to be responsible for oxidative-stress-mediated apoptosis of GCs and nodes towards the involvement of the NF-κB pathway and repression of the Nrf2 pathway. Downregulation of MDM4, TP53, PIDD1, PARP3, MAPK14 and MYC, and upregulation of STK26, STK33, TGFB2, CDKN1A and CDKN2A, at the interface of the MAPK and p53 signaling pathway, can be attributed to transient cellular senescence and apoptosis in GCs. The background working of the AMPK pathway through upregulation of AKT1, AMPK, SIRT1, PYGM, SLC2A4 and SERBP1 genes, and downregulation of PPARGCIA, IGF2, PPARA, SLC27A3, SLC16A3, TSC1/2, KCNJ2, KCNJ16, etc., evidence the repression of cellular transcriptional activity and energetic homeostasis modifications in response to heat stress. This study presents detailed responses of acute-heat-stressed GCs at physical, transcriptional and pathway levels and presents interesting insights into future studies regarding GC adaptation and their interaction with oocytes and the reproductive system at the ovarian level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sammad
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (H.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Hanpeng Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (H.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Lirong Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (H.L.); (L.H.)
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yachun Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, MARA, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.S.); (H.L.); (L.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (Y.W.)
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