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Mohammadi M, Mohammadi R. Potential of tetraploid wheats in plant breeding: A review. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112155. [PMID: 38885883 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Domestication syndrome, selection pressure, and modern plant breeding programs have reduced the genetic diversity of the wheat germplasm. For the genetic gains of breeding programs to be sustainable, plant breeders require a diverse gene pool to select genes for resistance to biotic stress factors, tolerance to abiotic stress factors, and improved quality and yield components. Thus, old landraces, subspecies and wild ancestors are rich sources of genetic diversity that have not yet been fully exploited, and it is possible to utilize this diversity. Compared with durum wheat, tetraploid wheat subspecies have retained much greater genetic diversity despite genetic drift and various environmental influences, and the identification and utilization of this diversity can make a greater contribution to the genetic enrichment of wheat. In addition, using the pre-breeding method, the valuable left-behind alleles in the wheat gene pool can be re-introduced through hybridization and introgressive gene flow to create a sustainable opportunity for the genetic gain of wheat. This review provides some insights about the potential of tetraploid wheats in plant breeding and the genetic gains made by them in plant breeding across past decades, and gathers the known functional information on genes/QTLs, metabolites, traits and their direct involvement in wheat resistance/tolerance to biotic/abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mohammadi
- Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Sararood branch, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Sararood branch, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Palombieri S, Bonarrigo M, Cammerata A, Quagliata G, Astolfi S, Lafiandra D, Sestili F, Masci S. Characterization of Triticum turgidum sspp. durum, turanicum, and polonicum grown in Central Italy in relation to technological and nutritional aspects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1269212. [PMID: 38126019 PMCID: PMC10731273 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1269212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Wheat is a staple food, with the two most common species being Triticum aestivum and Triticum turgidum ssp. durum. Moreover, the latter, T. turgidum, includes other tetraploid subspecies, among which the sspp. turanicum (Khorasan wheat) and polonicum (Polish wheat), whose importance has increased in the last decades, representing alternative crops for marginal areas, in addition to being a source of genetic diversity. Methods In this work, different accessions of these three subspecies of T. turgidum have been grown in 2 years in the same environment and have been characterized for technological properties and factors affecting nutritional quality, such as fiber amount and the content of micro- and macro-nutrients in grains, and for root morphological traits. Results These analyses allowed the identification, in particular, of a Polish wheat accession showing better technological performances, a higher amount of positive micro- and macro-elements, and a lower amount of toxic cadmium. The modern variety Svevo and the Polish Pol2 showed the lowest and the highest shoot:root ratio, respectively. The high shoot:root ratio in Pol2 was mainly attributable to the decrease in root growth. Although Pol2 had a lower root biomass, its particular root morphology made it more efficient for nutrient uptake, as evident from the greater accumulation of micro- and macro-nutrients. Discussion These results underline that it is not possible to draw general conclusions about the difference between primitive and modern wheats, but rather a case-by-case approach should be chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuela Palombieri
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marco Bonarrigo
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cammerata
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-Food Processing, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Quagliata
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefania Astolfi
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Domenico Lafiandra
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesco Sestili
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Stefania Masci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Science (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Li M, Liu T, Cao R, Cao Q, Tong W, Song W. Evolution and Expression of the Expansin Genes in Emmer Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14120. [PMID: 37762423 PMCID: PMC10531347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansin proteins, a crucial class of intracellular proteins, are known to play a vital role in facilitating processes like cell wall relaxation and cell growth. Recent discoveries have revealed that expansin proteins also have significant functions in plant growth, development, and response to resistance. However, the expansin gene family, particularly in emmer wheat, has not been thoroughly studied, particularly in terms of evolution. In this study, we identified 63 TdEXPs and 49 TtEXPs from the latest genome versions of wild emmer wheat (WEW) and durum wheat (DW), respectively. The physicochemical properties of the encoded expansin proteins exhibited minimal differences, and the gene structures remained relatively conserved. Phylogenetic analysis categorized the proteins into three subfamilies, namely EXPA, EXPB, and EXLA, in addition to the EXLB subfamily. Furthermore, codon preference analysis revealed an increased usage frequency of the nucleotide "T" in expansin proteins throughout the evolution of WEW and DW. Collinearity analysis demonstrated higher orthology between the expansin proteins of WEW and DW, with a Ka/Ks ratio ranging from 0.4173 to 0.9494, indicating purifying selection during the evolution from WEW to DW. Haplotype analysis of the expansin gene family identified five genes in which certain haplotypes gradually became dominant over the course of evolution, enabling adaptation for survival and improvement. Expression pattern analysis indicated tissue-specific expression of expansin genes in emmer wheat, and some of these genes were quantified through qRT-PCR to assess their response to salt stress. These comprehensive findings present the first systematic analysis of the expansin protein gene family during the evolution from WEW to DW, providing a foundation for further understanding the functions and biological roles of expansin protein genes in emmer wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (M.L.); (T.L.); (R.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Weining Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (M.L.); (T.L.); (R.C.); (Q.C.)
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Wijerathna-Yapa A, Ramtekey V, Ranawaka B, Basnet BR. Applications of In Vitro Tissue Culture Technologies in Breeding and Genetic Improvement of Wheat. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2273. [PMID: 36079653 PMCID: PMC9459818 DOI: 10.3390/plants11172273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sources of new genetic variability have been limited to existing germplasm in the past. Wheat has been studied extensively for various agronomic traits located throughout the genome. The large size of the chromosomes and the ability of its polyploid genome to tolerate the addition or loss of chromosomes facilitated rapid progress in the early study of wheat genetics using cytogenetic techniques. At the same time, its large genome size has limited the progress in genetic characterization studies focused on diploid species, with a small genome and genetic engineering procedures already developed. Today, the genetic transformation and gene editing procedures offer attractive alternatives to conventional techniques for breeding wheat because they allow one or more of the genes to be introduced or altered into an elite cultivar without affecting its genetic background. Recently, significant advances have been made in regenerating various plant tissues, providing the essential basis for regenerating transgenic plants. In addition, Agrobacterium-mediated, biolistic, and in planta particle bombardment (iPB) gene delivery procedures have been developed for wheat transformation and advanced transgenic wheat development. As a result, several useful genes are now available that have been transferred or would be helpful to be transferred to wheat in addition to the current traditional effort to improve trait values, such as resistance to abiotic and biotic factors, grain quality, and plant architecture. Furthermore, the in planta genome editing method will significantly contribute to the social implementation of genome-edited crops to innovate the breeding pipeline and leverage unique climate adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akila Wijerathna-Yapa
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Vinita Ramtekey
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Science, Kushmaur, Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275103, India
| | - Buddhini Ranawaka
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy, Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Bhoja Raj Basnet
- Global Wheat Program, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán 56237, Mexico
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Genievskaya Y, Pecchioni N, Laidò G, Anuarbek S, Rsaliyev A, Chudinov V, Zatybekov A, Turuspekov Y, Abugalieva S. Genome-Wide Association Study of Leaf Rust and Stem Rust Seedling and Adult Resistances in Tetraploid Wheat Accessions Harvested in Kazakhstan. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11151904. [PMID: 35893608 PMCID: PMC9329756 DOI: 10.3390/plants11151904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rust (LR) and stem rust (SR) are diseases increasingly impacting wheat production worldwide. Fungal pathogens producing rust diseases in wheat may cause yield losses of up to 50−60%. One of the most effective methods for preventing such losses is the development of resistant cultivars with high yield potential. This goal can be achieved through complex breeding studies, including the identification of key genetic factors controlling rust disease resistance. The objective of this study was to identify sources of tetraploid wheat resistance to LR and SR races, both at the seedling growth stage in the greenhouse and at the adult plant stage in field experiments, under the conditions of the North Kazakhstan region. A panel consisting of 193 tetraploid wheat accessions was used in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with LR and SR resistance, using 16,425 polymorphic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in the seedling and adult stages of plant development. The investigated panel consisted of seven tetraploid subspecies (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum, ssp. turanicum, ssp. turgidum, ssp. polonicum, ssp. carthlicum, ssp. dicoccum, and ssp. dicoccoides). The GWAS, based on the phenotypic evaluation of the tetraploid collection’s reaction to the two rust species at the seedling (in the greenhouse) and adult (in the field) stages, revealed 38 QTLs (p < 0.001), comprising 17 for LR resistance and 21 for SR resistance. Ten QTLs were associated with the reaction to LR at the seedling stage, while six QTLs were at the adult plant stage and one QTL was at both the seedling and adult stages. Eleven QTLs were associated with SR response at the seedling stage, while nine QTLs were at the adult plant stage and one QTL was at both the seedling and adult stages. A comparison of these results with previous LR and SR studies indicated that 11 of the 38 QTLs are presumably novel loci. The QTLs identified in this work can potentially be used for marker-assisted selection of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat for the breeding of new LR- and SR-resistant cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Genievskaya
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (Y.G.); (S.A.); (A.Z.); (Y.T.)
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Nicola Pecchioni
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (N.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Giovanni Laidò
- Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (N.P.); (G.L.)
| | - Shynar Anuarbek
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (Y.G.); (S.A.); (A.Z.); (Y.T.)
| | - Aralbek Rsaliyev
- Laboratory of Phytosanitary Safety, Research Institute of Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeisky 080409, Kazakhstan;
| | - Vladimir Chudinov
- Breeding Department, Karabalyk Agricultural Experimental Station, Nauchnoe 110908, Kazakhstan;
| | - Alibek Zatybekov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (Y.G.); (S.A.); (A.Z.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yerlan Turuspekov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (Y.G.); (S.A.); (A.Z.); (Y.T.)
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Saule Abugalieva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (Y.G.); (S.A.); (A.Z.); (Y.T.)
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-727-394-8006
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