1
|
Liu J, Liu H, Tang H, Ran L, Wang D, Yang F, Zhang H, Teng X, Chen D. Golgi apparatus regulated pyroptosis through the miR-32-5p/Golga7/NLRP3 axis in chicken splenic lymphocytes exposure to ammonia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 362:124923. [PMID: 39260552 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia, a common toxic gas, posed a hazard to both human and chickens. The Golgi apparatus, an essential organelle, helped maintain the internal environment of the organism and supported the protein foundation for the endoplasmic reticulum to be involved in pyroptosis. Thus, the Golgi apparatus has garnered significant attention. The purpose of our research was to explore the mechanisms of Golgin A7 (Golga7) involved in pyroptosis after chicken exposure to ammonia. To reach our goal, we first created an in vitro ammonia model to study the effect of ammonia on chicken splenic lymphocyte pyroptosis. Then, leveraging this model, we established Golga7 and miR-32-5p knockdown and overexpression models to investigate their roles in ammonia-induced pyroptosis. We found the ultrastructural changes in the nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria of chicken splenic lymphocytes exposure to ammonia. The damage of mitochondria increased the level of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which caused the down-regulation of miR-32-5p. The miR-32-5p inhibitor increased the expression of Golga7 and pyroptosis-related genes (NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), Cysteine aspartase-1 (Caspase-1), Golgin A3 (Golga3), Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)), which induced the pyroptosis, but when miR-32-5p mimic/si-Golga7 (Golga7 inhibitor) was utilized, these effects were reduced. Our research demonstrated that miR-32-5p/Golga7 regulated NLRP3 involving in the pyroptosis of chicken splenic cells exposed to ammonia. Our study provided a valuable foundation for the prevention and treatment chickens ammonia poisoning in the livestock production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Haojinming Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Longjun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Danni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Falong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huanrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dechun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine in Sichuan Province, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zargari A, Mazandarani M, Safari R, Hoseinifar H, Hedayati A. Modulation of toxic effects of ammonia on growth, pathology of liver and kidney tissues and relative expression of GH and IGF-1 Genes by CoQ 10 Supplementation in Oncorhynchus mykiss. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1711-1729. [PMID: 38878123 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Reducing the negative impact of environmental and stressful factors is a crucial step in achieving sustainable aquaculture. Therefore, a study was aimed at evaluating the impacts of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) supplementation on growth, relative gene expression of Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), liver and kidney histopathology against stress induced by ammonia in Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fish were given feed containing different levels of CoQ10 for 8 weeks: Control - CoQ10 0%, G1 - CoQ10 0.1%, G2 - CoQ10 0.5% and G3 - CoQ10 1%. At the end of the experiment, fish were exposed to ammonia stress concentration at 0.6mg/L for 24 h to assess liver and kidney tissue damage. Results showed that there was a significant activity increase in GH and IGF-1 genes due to supplementation with CoQ10 alone (p < 0.05). Gene expression for GH increased about two-fold whereas that for IGF-1 experienced a four-fold upregulation compared to controls (p < 0.05). CoQ10's-related antioxidant effects probably minimized liver and kidney cellular injuries, as significant decreases were observed in ammonia-induced mortality (p < 0.05). In summary, adding CoQ10 to the diet is a potential way to improve fish production through controlling the gene expression of GH and IGF-1, as well as making fish populations more resistant to possible future stress caused by ammonia in intensive or super-intensive aquaculture systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Zargari
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mazandarani
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Roghieh Safari
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hossein Hoseinifar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Hedayati
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mao X, Wang Y, Zhang T, Ma J, Zhao J, Xu D. Dietary arginine regulates the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immune response in Culter alburnus. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1251-1264. [PMID: 38578588 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01334-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Culter alburnus is sensitive to stressors. Arginine is a precursor of nitric oxide, which can effectively relieve the level of oxidative stress and improve the antioxidant and immune capacity of fish. The effect of different arginine levels on topmouth culter (Culter alburnus) fry development performance, liver antioxidant capacity, and immune parameters were investigated in this study. Five diets (1.96%, ARG1, control group; 2.28%, ARG2; 2.52%, ARG3; 2.81%, ARG4; 3.09%, ARG5) were used to feed fry (initial weight 0.31 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. The data showed that the final weight (FW), weight gain rate (WGR), and specific growth rate (SGR) of the ARG3 and ARG4 groups were significantly improved, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) reduced significantly. Compared with the ARG1 group, all groups remarkably reduced the crude ash content of the whole body. The activity of hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of hepatic glutathione (GSH) were significantly increased in the ARG3 and ARG4 groups, while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly decreased. Compared with the ARG1 group, arginine levels in ARG2, ARG3, and ARG4 groups up-regulated the expression levels of Nrf2, down-regulated the gene expression level of Keap1 in the liver. And the expression of Nrf2/Keap1 pathway downstream genes Mn-SOD and CAT was up-regulated in ARG2 and ARG3 groups. Furthermore, the expression levels of MyD88 and IL-1β were down-regulated, and the anti-inflammatory gene TGF-β expression levels were up-regulated in the ARG2, ARG3, and ARG4 groups. Additionally, compared to the ARG1 group, there was a significant increase in the relative expression levels of the C3 and C4 genes in the ARG4 group. In conclusion, 2.28-2.81% dietary arginine levels improved the growth performance, promoted antioxidant capacity, and enhance immune response. The optimal level of arginine was determined by the quadratic regression analysis of SGR and FCR to be 2.55% of diet (5.43% of dietary protein) and 2.53% of diet (5.38% of dietary protein), accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Junlei Ma
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Jihao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dongpo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ou-Yang K, Zhang Q, Wang L, Yang H, He Y, Li D, Li L. New insights into endocrine reproductive toxicity of Microcystis aeruginosa combined with ammonia exposure in zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123021. [PMID: 37995953 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The ecological risk posed by MCs-producing M. aeruginosa and elevated ammonia to fish in actual aquatic environments remains uncertain. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted simulations to investigate the endocrine-reproductive toxicity of prolonged exposure (45 d) to Microcystis aeruginosa (2 × 10^6 cells/mL) and 30 mg/L total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) in zebrafish under environmentally relevant conditions. Our results showed that exposure to M. aeruginosa significantly inhibited the body weight, increased gonadosomatic index (GSI), delayed oocyte development, and disrupted endocrine hormonal balance (reduced gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and increased estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T)). Mechanistically, it should be attributed to the over-expression of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis-related genes (cyp11a and cyp17) induced by M. aeruginosa. On the other hand, TAN exposure caused mild damage to zebrafish ovarian tissue and promoted an increase of T levels by inducing the upregulation of steroid hormone synthesis gene (3βhsd) expression in the ovary. It is worth noting that the dysregulation of E2/T ratio in zebrafish ovaries may be attributed to the inhibition of cyp19a1a by both M. aeruginosa and TAN. These results were further confirmed by changes in steroidogenic enzymes activities in the M. aeruginosa or TAN treated groups. Our findings indicated that exposure to M. aeruginosa and TAN had adverse impacts on the reproductive system of zebrafish. And the combined exposure of M. aeruginosa and TAN had more severe effects on the body weight, GSI, pathological changes, hormone levels and HPGL-axis related gene expression in female zebrafish. These results provide compelling evidence regarding the potential risks for reproductive health associated with M. aeruginosa and TAN in eutrophic water bodies experiencing M. aeruginosa blooms, and contribute to the development of effective strategies for monitoring and managing these toxins in aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Ou-Yang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Liangmou Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Ya He
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Dapeng Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Li Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan L, Yao X, Wang P, Zhao C, Zhang B, Qiu L. Effect of polypropylene microplastics on virus resistance in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123054. [PMID: 38043770 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) pollution is a hot issue of global concern. Polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) age quickly in the marine environment and break down into smaller particles because of their relatively low temperature resistance, poor ultraviolet resistance, and poor antioxidant capacity, making them one of the major pollutants in the ocean. We assessed whether long-term exposure to micron-sized PP-MPs influences fish susceptibility to viral diseases. We found that exposure to PP-MPs (1-6 μm and 10-30 μm) at concentrations of 500 and 5000 μg/L resulted in uptake into spleen and kidney tissues of Lateolabrax maculatus. Increased activation of melanomacrophage centers was visible in histopathological sections of spleen from fish exposed to PP-MPs, and greater deterioration was observed in the spleen of fish infected by largemouth bass ulcerative syndrome virus after PP-MPs exposure. Additionally, exposure to PP-MPs led to significant cytotoxicity and a negative impact on the antiviral ability of cells. PP-MPs exposure had inhibitory or toxic effects on the immune system in spotted sea bass, which accelerated virus replication in vivo and decreased the expression of the innate immune- and acquired immune related genes in spleen and kidney tissues, thus increasing fish susceptibility to viral diseases. These results indicate that the long-term presence of micron-sized PP-MPs might impact fish resistance to disease, thereby posing a far-reaching problem for marine organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Yan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yao
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhong L, Liu S, Zuo F, Geng Y, Ouyang P, Chen D, Yang S, Zheng W, Xiong Y, Cai W, Huang X. The IL17 signaling pathway: A potential signaling pathway mediating gill hyperplasia and inflammation under ammonia nitrogen stress was identified by multi-omics analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161581. [PMID: 36638999 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia nitrogen is extremely toxic to aquatic animals, and is also the most common pollutant in the aquatic environment. In order to investigate the effect of high concentration of ambient ammonia nitrogen on fish gills, two groups, including a high ammonia group (T group: TAN = 2.5 mg/L, 10 % 96 h LC50) and a control group (Z group: total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) = 0 mg/L) were set up in this study. The effects of chronic ammonia stress on the gills of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco were investigated by histopathological, enzymatic, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses after 28 d of stress at different ammonia nitrogen concentrations. Histopathological observations revealed significant inflammatory cell infiltration, necrotic and abscission at the base of the gill filaments, and massive proliferation of cells at the base of the gill lamellae. Ammonia nitrogen stress led to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and decreased catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities in gills, indicating significant oxidative stress in gills. And further transcriptomic analysis revealed that 807 differential expression genes (DEGs) were generated in the gills, of which 587 DEGs were up-regulated and 220 DEGs were down-regulated. In addition, proteomics analysis identified 1073 differential expression proteins (DEPs) in gills, including 983 up- and 90 down-regulated DEPs. Pathway enrichment analysis of the DEGs and DEPs revealed that multiple inflammation-related signaling pathways were activated in the gill, including the significantly enriched IL17 signaling pathway. This suggests that IL17 signaling pathway might have a significant impact during signaling transduction. Further analysis of network regulation by mapping DEGs and DEPs to KEGG pathway revealed that IL17 signaling pathway mediated inflammation and cell proliferation in gills under ammonia stress. The results of this study provided new insights into the response of fish gills to ammonia nitrogen stress, and the IL17 signaling pathway may be a potential therapeutic target for reducing ammonia nitrogen gill toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhong
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - FengYuan Zuo
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyong Yang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Center for Conservation and Utilization of Rare and Endemic Fishes in Sichuan, Chengdu 611247, Sichuan, China
| | - Yinlin Xiong
- Center for Conservation and Utilization of Rare and Endemic Fishes in Sichuan, Chengdu 611247, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenlong Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Responses of Micropterus salmoides under Ammonia Stress and the Effects of a Potential Ammonia Antidote. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030397. [PMID: 36766286 PMCID: PMC9913073 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is a common environmental limiting factor in aquaculture. To investigate the effects of ammonia stress and explore the protective effect of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on Micropterus salmoides (M. salmoides), tissue sections and parameters related to oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in M. salmoides were carried out during the ammonia stress test and feeding test. The results demonstrated that the LC50 for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h under ammonia stress in M. salmoides were 25.78 mg/L, 24.40 mg/L, 21.90 mg/L, and 19.61 mg/L, respectively. Under ammonia stress, the structures of the tissues were damaged, and the GSH content decreased, while the MDA content increased with the increase in stress time and ammonia concentration. The NO content fluctuated significantly after the ammonia nitrogen stress. In the 15-day feeding test, with the increased NCG addition amount and feeding time, the GSH content increased while the MDA and NO contents decreased gradually in the NCG addition groups (NL group: 150 mg/kg; NM group: 450 mg/kg; NH group: 750 mg/kg) when compared with their control group (CK group: 0 mg/kg). In the ammonia toxicology test after feeding, the damage to each tissue was alleviated in the NL, NM, and NH groups, and the contents of GSH, MDA, and NO in most tissues of the NH group were significantly different from those in the CK group. The results suggested that ammonia stress caused tissue damage in M. salmoides, provoking oxidative stress and inflammatory response. The addition of NCG to the feed enhances the anti-ammonia ability of M. salmoides. Moreover, the gill and liver might be the target organs of ammonia toxicity, and the brain and kidney might be the primary sites where NCG exerts its effects. Our findings could help us to find feasible ways to solve the existing problem of environmental stress in M. salmoides culture.
Collapse
|