1
|
Huang M, Tao X, Bao J, Wang J, Gong X, Luo L, Pan S, Yang R, Gui Y, Zhou H, Xia Y, Yang Y, Sun B, Liu W, Shu X. GADD45B in the ventral hippocampal CA1 modulates aversive memory acquisition and spatial cognition. Life Sci 2024; 346:122618. [PMID: 38614306 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
AIMS This study was designed to investigate the role of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible β (GADD45B) in modulating fear memory acquisition and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Adeno-associated virus (AAV) that knockdown or overexpression GADD45B were injected into ventral hippocampal CA1 (vCA1) by stereotactic, and verified by fluorescence and Western blot. The contextual fear conditioning paradigm was employed to examine the involvement of GADD45B in modulating aversive memory acquisition. The Y-maze and novel location recognition (NLR) tests were used to examine non-aversive cognition. The synaptic plasticity and electrophysiological properties of neurons were measured by slice patch clamp. KEY FINDINGS Knockdown of GADD45B in the vCA1 significantly enhanced fear memory acquisition, accompanied by an upregulation of long-term potentiation (LTP) expression and intrinsic excitability of vCA1 pyramidal neurons (PNs). Conversely, overexpression of GADD45B produced the opposite effects. Notably, silencing the activity of vCA1 neurons abolished the impact of GADD45B knockdown on fear memory development. Moreover, mice with vCA1 GADD45B overexpression exhibited impaired spatial cognition, whereas mice with GADD45B knockdown did not display such impairment. SIGNIFICANCE These results provided compelling evidence for the crucial involvement of GADD45B in the formation of aversive memory and spatial cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengbing Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Jian Bao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Xiaokang Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Laijie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Sijie Pan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yuran Gui
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - HongYan Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yiyuan Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Youhua Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| | - Xiji Shu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cognitive and Affective Disorders, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Zheng W, Zhu Z, Xing B, Yan W, Zhu K, Xiao L, Yang C, Wei M, Yang L, Jin ZB, Bi X, Zhang C. Timp1 Deletion Induces Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:732-742. [PMID: 38113013 PMCID: PMC11178759 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is essential for learning and memory, but it also plays an important role in regulating emotional behavior, as hippocampal excitability and plasticity affect anxiety and fear. Brain synaptic plasticity may be regulated by tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), a known protein inhibitor of extracellular matrix (ECM), and the expression of TIMP1 in the hippocampus can be induced by neuronal excitation and various stimuli. However, the involvement of Timp1 in fear learning, anxiety, and hippocampal synaptic function remains to be established. Our study of Timp1 function in vivo revealed that Timp1 knockout mice exhibit anxiety-like behavior but normal fear learning. Electrophysiological results suggested that Timp1 knockout mice showed hyperactivity in the ventral CA1 region, but the basic synaptic transmission and plasticity were normal in the Schaffer collateral pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that deletion of Timp1 in vivo leads to the occurrence of anxiety behaviors, but that Timp1 is not crucial for fear learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing, 210000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing, 210000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ziyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing, 210000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Biyu Xing
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Weijie Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing, 210000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lingli Xiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Chaojuan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mengping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing, 210000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing, 210000, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Xueyun Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing, 210000, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Neurology and Oncology Drug Development, Nanjing, 210000, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Laboratory of Oral Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, 102206, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jiang S, Fu Y, Cheng HW. Daylight exposure and circadian clocks in broilers: part I-photoperiod effect on broiler behavior, skeletal health, and fear response. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103162. [PMID: 37924580 PMCID: PMC10654592 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine effects of various daylight exposure during the 24-h light-dark (L-D) cycle on growth performance, skeletal health, and welfare state in broilers. Environmental photoperiod and related circadian clock, the 24-h L-D cycle, are important factors in maintaining productive performance, pathophysiological homeostasis, and psychological reaction in humans and animals. Currently, various lighting programs as management tools for providing a satisfactory environmental condition have been used in commercial broiler production. Four hundred thirty-two 1-day-old Rose 308 broiler chicks were assigned to 24 pens (18 birds/pen). The pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 thermal and lighting control rooms, then the birds were exposed to (n = 6): 1) 12L, 2) 16L, 3) 18L, or 4) 20L at 15 d of age. Lighting program effects on bird body weight, behavioral patterns, bone health, and stress levels were evaluated from d 35 to d 45, respectively. The birds of 12L as well as 16L groups, reared under short photoperiods close to the natural 24-h L-D cycle, had improved production performance, leg bone health, and suppressed stress reaction compared to the birds of both 18L and 20L groups. Especially, 12L birds had heavier final body weight and averaged daily weight gain (P < 0.05), higher BMD and BMC with longer and wider femur (P < 0.05), lower H/L ratio (P < 0.05), and more birds reached the observer during the touch test (P < 0.05) but spent shorter latency during the tonic immobility test (P < 0.05). Taken together, the data suggest that supplying 12 h as well as 16L of daily light improves performance and health while decreasing stress levels in broilers, making it a potentially suitable approach for broiler production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Jiang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuechi Fu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Heng-Wei Cheng
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Y, Zhi W, Qi B, Wang L, Hu X. Update on neurobiological mechanisms of fear: illuminating the direction of mechanism exploration and treatment development of trauma and fear-related disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1216524. [PMID: 37600761 PMCID: PMC10433239 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1216524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear refers to an adaptive response in the face of danger, and the formed fear memory acts as a warning when the individual faces a dangerous situation again, which is of great significance to the survival of humans and animals. Excessive fear response caused by abnormal fear memory can lead to neuropsychiatric disorders. Fear memory has been studied for a long time, which is of a certain guiding effect on the treatment of fear-related disorders. With continuous technological innovations, the study of fear has gradually shifted from the level of brain regions to deeper neural (micro) circuits between brain regions and even within single brain regions, as well as molecular mechanisms. This article briefly outlines the basic knowledge of fear memory and reviews the neurobiological mechanisms of fear extinction and relapse, which aims to provide new insights for future basic research on fear emotions and new ideas for treating trauma and fear-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Zhi
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Qi
- College of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Hu
- College of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pu H, Wang Y, Yang T, Leak RK, Stetler RA, Yu F, Zhang W, Shi Y, Hu X, Yin KJ, Hitchens TK, Dixon CE, Bennett MVL, Chen J. Interleukin-4 mitigates anxiety-like behavior and loss of neurons and fiber tracts in limbic structures in a microglial PPARγ-dependent manner after traumatic brain injury. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106078. [PMID: 36914076 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is commonly followed by intractable psychiatric disorders and long-term changes in affect, such as anxiety. The present study sought to investigate the effect of repetitive intranasal delivery of interleukin-4 (IL-4) nanoparticles on affective symptoms after TBI in mice. Adult male C57BL/6 J mice (10-12 weeks of age) were subjected to controlled cortical impact (CCI) and assessed by a battery of neurobehavioral tests up to 35 days after CCI. Neuron numbers were counted in multiple limbic structures, and the integrity of limbic white matter tracts was evaluated using ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). As STAT6 is a critical mediator of IL-4-specific transcriptional activation, STAT6 knockout mice were used to explore the role of endogenous IL-4/STAT6 signaling axis in TBI-induced affective disorders. We also employed microglia/macrophage (Mi/Mϕ)-specific PPARγ conditional knockout (mKO) mice to test if Mi/Mϕ PPARγ critically contributes to IL-4-afforded beneficial effects. We observed anxiety-like behaviors up to 35 days after CCI, and these measures were exacerbated in STAT6 KO mice but mitigated by repetitive IL-4 delivery. We discovered that IL-4 protected against neuronal loss in limbic structures, such as the hippocampus and the amygdala, and improved the structural integrity of fiber tracts connecting the hippocampus and amygdala. We also observed that IL-4 boosted a beneficial Mi/Mϕ phenotype (CD206+/Arginase 1+/PPARγ+ triple-positive) in the subacute injury phase, and that the numbers of Mi/Mϕ appositions with neurons were robustly correlated with long-term behavioral performances. Remarkably, PPARγ-mKO completely abolished IL-4-afforded protection. Thus, CCI induces long-term anxiety-like behaviors in mice, but these changes in affect can be attenuated by transnasal IL-4 delivery. IL-4 prevents the long-term loss of neuronal somata and fiber tracts in key limbic structures, perhaps due to a shift in Mi/Mϕ phenotype. Exogenous IL-4 therefore holds promise for future clinical management of mood disturbances following TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Pu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yangfan Wang
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Wenting Zhang
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yejie Shi
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - T Kevin Hitchens
- Animal Imaging Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA; Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders & Recovery and Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Carles A, Schlernitzauer A, Vignes M, Cros G, Magous R, Maurice T, Oiry C. Heptafluoroisobutyronitrile (C 4F 7N), a gas used for insulating and arc quenching in electrical switchgear, is neurotoxic in the mouse brain. Toxicology 2022; 480:153319. [PMID: 36100137 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluoronitrile gas (C4F7N, CAS number 42532-60-5) is one of the most promising candidates as insulating and/or breaking medium in high and medium voltage electrical equipment. Besides its promising properties, C4F7N gas is however not devoid of acute toxicity when used pure or in gas mixtures. The toxicity was not extensively analyzed and reported. The aim of the present study was to analyze in mice the consequences of a single exposure to C4F7N gas, at different concentrations and different timepoints after exposure. Male and female Swiss mice were exposed to breathable air or C4F7N gas, at 800 ppmv or 1500 ppmv, for 4 h on day 0. Behavioral tests (spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze and object recognition) were performed on days 1, 7 and 14 to assess memory alterations. The animals were then sacrificed and their brains dissected for biochemical analyses or fixed with paraformaldehyde for histology and immunohistochemistry. Results showed behavioral impairments and memory deficits, with impairments of alternation at days 1 and 7 and object recognition at day 14. Histological alterations of pyramidal neuronal layer in the hippocampus, neuroinflammatory astroglial reaction, and microglial alterations were observed, more marked in female than male mice. Moreover, the biochemical analyses done in the brain of 1500 ppmv exposed female mice showed a reductive stress with decreased lipid peroxidation and release of cytochrome c, leading to apoptosis with increases in caspase-9 cleavage and γ-H2AX/H2AX ratio. Finally, electrophysiological analyses using a multi-electrode array allowed the measure of the extracellular activity of pyramidal neurons in the CA2 area and revealed that exposure to the gas not only prevented the induction of long-term potentiation but even provoked an epileptoid-like activity in some neurons suggesting major alterations of synaptic plasticity. This study therefore showed that an acute exposure of mice to C4F7N gas provoked, particularly in female animals, memory alterations and brain toxicity characterized by a reductive stress, microglial toxicity, loss of synaptic plasticity and apoptosis. Its use in industrial installations must be done with extreme caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Carles
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; ©MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Michel Vignes
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Gérard Cros
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Richard Magous
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Tangui Maurice
- ©MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Catherine Oiry
- ©MMDN, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|