GADD45B in the ventral hippocampal CA1 modulates aversive memory acquisition and spatial cognition

AIMS

This study was designed to investigate the role of growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible β (GADD45B) in modulating fear memory acquisition and elucidate its underlying mechanisms.

MAIN METHODS

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) that knockdown or overexpression GADD45B were injected into ventral hippocampal CA1 (vCA1) by stereotactic, and verified by fluorescence and Western blot. The contextual fear conditioning paradigm was employed to examine the involvement of GADD45B in modulating aversive memory acquisition. The Y-maze and novel location recognition (NLR) tests were used to examine non-aversive cognition. The synaptic plasticity and electrophysiological properties of neurons were measured by slice patch clamp.

KEY FINDINGS

Knockdown of GADD45B in the vCA1 significantly enhanced fear memory acquisition, accompanied by an upregulation of long-term potentiation (LTP) expression and intrinsic excitability of vCA1 pyramidal neurons (PNs). Conversely, overexpression of GADD45B produced the opposite effects. Notably, silencing the activity of vCA1 neurons abolished the impact of GADD45B knockdown on fear memory development. Moreover, mice with vCA1 GADD45B overexpression exhibited impaired spatial cognition, whereas mice with GADD45B knockdown did not display such impairment.

SIGNIFICANCE

These results provided compelling evidence for the crucial involvement of GADD45B in the formation of aversive memory and spatial cognition.

Maternal androgen excess inhibits fetal cardiomyocytes proliferation through RB-mediated cell cycle arrest and induces cardiac hypertrophy in adulthood

PURPOSE

Maternal hyperandrogenism during pregnancy is associated with adverse gestational outcomes and chronic non-communicable diseases in offspring. However, few studies are reported to demonstrate the association between maternal androgen excess and cardiac health in offspring. This study aimed to explore the relation between androgen exposure in utero and cardiac health of offspring in fetal and adult period. Its underlying mechanism is also illustrated in this research.

METHODS

Pregnant mice were injected with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from gestational day (GD) 16.5 to GD18.5. On GD18.5, fetal heart tissue was collected for metabolite and morphological analysis. The hearts from adult offspring were also collected for morphological and qPCR analysis. H9c2 cells were treated with 75 μM androsterone. Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, qPCR, and western blot were performed to observe cell proliferation and explore the underlying mechanism.

RESULTS

Intrauterine exposure to excessive androgen led to thinner ventricular wall, decreased number of cardiomyocytes in fetal offspring and caused cardiac hypertrophy, compromised cardiac function in adult offspring. The analysis of steroid hormone metabolites in fetal heart tissue by ultra performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry showed that the content of androgen metabolite androsterone was significantly increased. Mechanistically, H9c2 cells treated with androsterone led to a significant decrease in phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and cell cycle-related protein including cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), and cyclin D1 (CCND1) in cardiomyocytes. This resulted in cell cycle arrest at G1-S phase, which in turn inhibited cardiomyocyte proliferation.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our results indicate that in utero exposure to DHT, its metabolite androsterone could directly decrease cardiomyocytes proliferation through cell cycle arrest, which has a life-long-lasting effect on cardiac health. Our study highlights the importance of monitoring sex hormones in women during pregnancy and the follow-up of cardiac function in offspring with high risk of intrauterine androgen exposure.

Electroacupuncture at "Baihui, Yintang and Shuigou" Acupoints Improves Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment in Mice

OBJECTIVE

To study the effect and mechanism of electroacupuncture at "Baihui, Yintang and Shuigou" acupoints on learning and memory in Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment (PSCI) mice.

METHODS

52 male C57BL/6 mice were used to establish a MACO model by using middle cerebral artery occlusion (n=38), while the Sham only ligated at the distal end of the external carotid artery (n=14). After 28 days, the MCAO was divided into three groups based on the escape latency of Morris water maze: non cognitive impairment (MNP), post-stroke cognitive impairment (MP), and electroacupuncture intervention group (MPEA). In the MPEA, electroacupuncture at "Baihui and Yintang" acupoints was performed for 20 minutes (density wave, 2/15HZ and 1mA) supplemented by acupuncture at "Shuigou" acupoints once a day with a 6-day course of treatment. The intervention last for 2 courses with a 1-day interval. Morris water maze was used to detect the cognitive function of mice in each group; Nissl staining was used to observe hippocampal neurons; Western blot was used to detect the expression of GluA1, Syp, and Syt-1 in the affected hippocampus; IHC was used to detect the expression of Syp in the CA1 region of the contralateral hippocampus.

CONCLUSION

Acupuncture at points "Baihui, Yintang, and Shuigou" can improve the learning and memory abilities of PSCI mice, and its mechanism is related to synaptic plasticity of hippocampus.

Neuronal ApoE4 in Alzheimer's disease and potential therapeutic targets

The most prevalent genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a gene located on chromosome 19 that encodes three alleles (e2, e3, and e4) that give rise to the ApoE subtypes E2, E3, and E4, respectively. E2 and E4 have been linked to increased plasma triglyceride concentrations and are known to play a critical role in lipoprotein metabolism. The prominent pathological features of AD mainly include senile plaques formed by amyloid β (Aβ₄₂) aggregation and neuronal fibrous tangles (NFTs), and the deposited plaques are mainly composed of Aβ hyperphosphorylation and truncated head. In the central nervous system, the ApoE protein is primarily derived from astrocytes, but ApoE is also produced when neurons are stressed or affected by certain stress, injury, and aging conditions. ApoE4 in neurons induces Aβ and tau protein pathologies, leading to neuroinflammation and neuronal damage, impairing learning and memory functions. However, how neuronal ApoE4 mediates AD pathology remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that neuronal ApoE4 may lead to greater neurotoxicity, which increases the risk of AD development. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of neuronal ApoE4 and explains how neuronal ApoE4 mediates Aβ deposition, pathological mechanisms of tau protein hyperphosphorylation, and potential therapeutic targets.

AB0182 THE PROFILE OF POOR PROGNOSTIC FACTORS BASED ON EULAR RECOMMENDATIONS IN CHINESE RA PATIENTS: A SINGLE-CENTER OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Background

Despite the constant updating of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment strategies, whether poor prognostic factors (PPFs) can guide RA treatment is still controversial. There are limited data about the presence of PPFs in Chinese RA patients.

Objectives

To describe the profile of PPFs based on European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations in Chinese RA patients, and explore the significance of these factors in adjusting treatment therapy.

Methods

In this real-world study, RA patients were enrolled from 2012 to 2020. The baseline characteristics and prognostic factors based on EULAR recommendations include acute-phase reactant levels, rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinate peptide (anti-CCP antibody), swollen joint counts (SJC), early bone erosions, and responses to conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARD) at month 3 or month 6 were collected. Disease activity was assessed by disease activity score of 28 joints-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR), DAS28-C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP), simple disease activity index (SDAI), and clinical disease activity index (CDAI). The association of different factors was represented by a Venn diagram. The number of patients presenting with different combinations of prognostic factors was graphically displayed by UpSetR. Correlation between binary variables was analyzed by the Chi-square test.

Results

1252 registered RA patients were enrolled. 901/1252 (72.0%) patients had elevated ESR or CRP and 1027/1164 (88.2%) patients had positive RF or anti-CCP antibody. 397/1252 (31.7%) patients had ors was graphicas. 166/444 (37.0%) patients had early bone erosions, which usually coexisted with other PPFs. 394 (34.4%) of the 1105 patients who received csDMARD therapy as prescribed had persistent moderate or high disease activity (MDA/HDA). Failure of two or more csDMARDs was found in 245 (22.2%) patients. 99% of RA patients had at least one PPF. Patients with MDA/HDA usually coexisted with other PPF. MDA/HDA was significantly correlated with elevated ESR/CRP or high SJC and is not correlated with positive RF/anti-CCP antibody or early bone erosion.

Conclusion

PPFs are prevalent in RA patients in real-world data. It is inappropriate to guide treatment strategies just based on the presence or absence of PPFs. The categories of PPFs should be simplified and the role of different combinations of PPFs in guiding treatment therapies remains to be explored.

References

[1]Hu, H., et al., Burden of rheumatoid arthritis from a societal perspective: A prevalence-based study on the cost of this illness for patients in China. International journal of rheumatic diseases, 2018. 21(8): p. 1572-1580.

[2]Muñoz-Fernández, S., et al., Use of prognostic factors of rheumatoid arthritis in clinical practice and perception of their predictive capacity before and after exposure to evidence. Rheumatology international, 2018. 38(12): p. 2289-2296.

[3]Koga, T., et al., Prognostic Factors Toward Clinically Relevant Radiographic Progression in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in Clinical Practice: A Japanese Multicenter, Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study for Achieving a Treat-to-Target Strategy. Medicine, 2016. 95(17): p. e3476.

[4]Smolen, J.S., et al., EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2020. 79(6): p. 685-699.

[5]Fraenkel, L., et al., 2021 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis care & research, 2021. 73(7): p. 924-939.

Figure 1.

Coexistence of 6 PPFs including positive RF/anti-CCP antibody, elevated ESR/CRP, high SJC, persistent MDA/HDA, failure of two or more csDMARDs, and early bone erosion.

Acknowledgements

This study was based on the contributions of all colleagues in our department during the outpatient visits over the past decade.

Disclosure of Interests

None declared

Two-beam coupling by a hot electron nonlinearity

Transparent conductive oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO) bear the potential to deliver efficient all-optical functionality due to their record-breaking optical nonlinearity at epsilon near zero (ENZ) wavelengths. All-optical applications generally involve more than one beam, but, to our knowledge, the coherent interaction between beams has not previously been discussed in these materials, which have a hot electron nonlinearity. Here we study the optical nonlinearity at ENZ in ITO and show that spatial and temporal interference has important consequences in a two-beam geometry. Our pump-probe results reveal a polarization-dependent transient that is explained by diffraction of pump light into the probe direction by a temperature grating produced by pump-probe interference. We further show that this effect allows tailoring the nonlinearity by tuning the frequency or chirp. Having fine control over the strong and ultrafast ENZ nonlinearity may enable applications in all-optical neural networks, nanophotonics, and spectroscopy.

AB0104 CORRELATION OF PLASMA 14-3-3Η LEVELS WITH DISEASE ACTIVITY MEASURES IN METHOTREXATE-NAÏVE RA PATIENTS TREATED WITH UPADACITINIB MONOTHERAPY IN THE SELECT-EARLY PHASE 3 STUDY

Background:

Early diagnosis and treat-to-target strategies in RA improve clinical and radiographic outcomes. 14-3-3η is a soluble diagnostic biomarker that is involved in the pathogenesis of RA (1) including the potent activation of key signalling cascades such as the JAK-STAT pathway and whose initial expression coincides with a transition to synovitis. In undifferentiated arthralgia, 14-3-3η independently predicts the development of RA. In confirmed RA, 14-3-3η levels decrease with treatment response (2) and those changes are associated with clinical and radiographic outcomes, including the prediction of joint damage progression in patients who have achieved clinical remission. Upadacitinib (UPA), an oral JAK1-selective inhibitor, demonstrated significant and clinically meaningful improvements in RA vs. methotrexate (MTX) in the SELECT-EARLY phase 3 study (3).

Objectives:

To determine the impact of treatment with UPA monotherapy 15 mg QD on the levels of plasma 14-3-3η and to explore its relationship with clinical measures in early MTX-naïve RA patients.

Methods:

Patients from the SELECT-EARLY study were randomly selected (UPA n = 100; MTX n = 100) from the pool of patients with available plasma samples. 14-3-3η tests were performed at Augurex according to standard operating procedures. Concentrations (ng/mL) were log-transformed for analysis. Non-parametric correlations between biomarker data and clinical end points were derived using the Spearman method. Changes in 14-3-3η over time were compared using a Repeated Measure Mixed Linear Model. All statistical analyses were conducted in JMP 14.1 (SAS Institute).

Results:

At baseline, 79% of patients were 14-3-3η positive (≥ 0.19 ng/mL) with similar levels in both arms. Baseline levels of 14-3-3η correlated significantly with baseline disease activity measures (CDAI ρ = 0.164, p = 0.042; DASCRP ρ = 0.222, p = 0.004; and SDAI ρ = 0.177, p = 0.028) but not with baseline mTSS (ρ =-0.021, p = 0.787); of note baseline mTSS were relatively low in this subset of early RA patients (median = 2, IQR [0 – 9.5]). Over time, 14-3-3η levels tended to be lower in both the UPA and MTX groups. However, only treatment with UPA for 24 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in circulating 14-3-3η (p = 0.0002) (Figure 1). In addition, at week 24 in the UPA arm, changes in 14-3-3η levels correlated significantly with changes in concurrent disease activity measures (Δ CDAI ρ = 0.264, p = 0.030; Δ DASCRP ρ = 0.267, p = 0.021; and Δ SDAI ρ = 0.267, p = 0.028) but not with change in mTSS (ρ =-0.186, p = 0.111). In contrast to UPA, the relatively small changes in 14-3-3η induced by MTX did not correlate with any clinical measures.

Figure1

Conclusion:

This study demonstrates that treatment with UPA 15 mg QD monotherapy for 24 weeks significantly reduces the levels of circulating 14-3-3η in MTX-naïve RA patients and that these changes correlate with clinical measures of disease activity. Although we were not able to detect a clear relationship between changes in 14-3-3η and rate of structural damage progression, we would like to hypothesize that the superior clinical activity of UPA over MTX on joint damage may be related to the significant reduction in 14-3-3η induced by UPA; this hypothesis should be tested in a larger RA cohort with a larger proportion of joint damage progressors.

References:

[1]Maksymowych WP et al. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(2):R99.

[2]Hirata S et al. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17(1):280.

[3]van Vollenhoven R et al. Arthritis Rheumatol.;2018 (Suppl 10; vol.70).

Disclosure of Interests:

Thierry Sornasse Shareholder of: AbbVie Inc, Employee of: AbbVie Inc, Simran Chahal Shareholder of: Augurex Life Science Corp, Employee of: Augurex Life Science Corp, Yuan Gui Shareholder of: Augurex Life Science Corp, Employee of: Augurex Life Science Corp, Neeraja Nagarajan Employee of: Augurex Life Science Corp, Alan Friedman Shareholder of: AbbVie Inc, Employee of: AbbVie Inc, Norma Biln Shareholder of: Augurex Life Science Corp, AbbVie Inc, Employee of: Augurex Life Science Corp

0973 Maternal Depression And Infant Sleep Duration Trajectory In The First 3 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study

Introduction

The study was to investigate trajectories of infant sleep duration and associations with trajectories of maternal depression status during 3 years post-partum.

Methods

Data were from the Child Health Promotion Project in Shanghai (CHPPS). Mothers were recruited at the third trimester of pregnancy and followed up together with the infants until 36 months postpartum. Between 2012 and 2013, 262 women (Mage=29.5, SDage=3.2, range: 22-39 years old) were recruited and were followed from June 2012 to August 2015. Sleep duration of the children was assessed using Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ) at 42 days, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, and 36 months postpartum. Center for Epidemiological Survey-Depression Scale (CESD), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) were used to measure the mother’s depression status at late pregnancy, 42 days postpartum, and 12-36 months postpartum, respectively. The group-based trajectory models (GBTM) were used to estimate patterns of infant sleep duration development and maternal depression status.

Results

Two trajectories of infant day sleep duration were identified, defined as “initial short sleepers” (54.8%) and “initial long sleepers” (45.2%). Three trajectories of infant night sleep duration were identified, labeled as “increasing” (8.5%), “stable” (61.7%), and “mild declining” (29.8%). Two trajectories infant total sleep duration were identified, defined as “initial short sleepers” (51.5%) and “initial long sleepers” (48.5%). Two trajectories of maternal depression status were identified, labeled as “low” (74.2%) and “high” (25.8%). After controlling for covariates, women who have higher depression status had infants of shorter day sleep duration. There was no significant association with infant night sleep duration.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that maternal postpartum depression is associated with short infant day sleep duration, but not with infant night sleep duration.

Support

Supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation of China (81773443, 81728017, 81602870, 81601162, 81602868)

[The inhibition of 18β-sodium glycyrrhetinic acid on thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in the nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis rats]

Objective: To explore the effect of 18β-sodium glycyrrhetinic acid on thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in nasal mucosa of allergic rhinitis (AR) rats. Methods: One hundred Wistar rats,half male and half female,were randomly divided into 5 groups by random number table method: control group, AR model group,budesonide group,18β-sodium glycyrrhetinic acid at dose of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg groups, with 20 rats in each group. AR animal models were established by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization in the other four experimental groups. After successful modeling, budesonide and 18β-sodium glycyrrhetinic acid were given in each group,and the detection time points were 2 weeks and 4 weeks. The distribution of TSLP in rat nasal mucosa was detected by immunohistochemistry,and the expression of TSLP in rat nasal mucosa was determined by Western blot at the protein level. The expression of TSLP-mRNA in rat nasal mucosa was detected and compared by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) at mRNA level. The concentrations of IL-4 and OVA-sIgE in rat serum were measured and compared by ELISA. One-way analysis of variance and the least significant difference method were used for the comparison among groups, LSD t test was used for the comparison between the two groups,and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Results: Immunohistochemistry confirmed existence of TSLP in rat nasal mucosa, especially in epithelial cells,endothelial cells and epithelial cilia. Western blot and RT-PCR suggested that the expression of TSLP and TSLP-mRNA in nasal mucosa of AR model group was significantly higher than that of control group (2 weeks TSLP: 1.795 9±0.131 4 vs 0.990 5±0.164 2, 4 weeks TSLP: 1.809 7±0.253 4 vs 0.870 3±0.124 4; 2 weeks TSLP-mRNA:4.582 9±0.697 7 vs 1.108 7±0.081 1, 4 weeks TSLP-mRNA:4.814 4±0.662 8 vs 1.001 0±0.155 3; all P<0.05). After 2 weeks and 4 weeks of drug intervention,the expression of TSLP and TSLP-mRNA was inhibited in nasal mucosa of budesonide group,18β-sodium sodium glycyrrhetinic acid at dose of 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg group,which was significantly different from that of AR model group (2 weeks TSLP: (0.897 8±0.081 8)/(1.072 1±0.113 6)/(1.396 6±0.133 9) vs 1.795 9±0.131 4; 4 weeks TSLP: (1.191 0±0.161 3)/(1.141 0±0.152 3)/(1.200 5±0.189 6) vs 1.809 7±0.253 4; 2 weeks TSLP-mRNA: (1.175 6±0.100 9)/(1.254 4±0.078 2)/(2.037 2±0.559 2) vs 4.582 9±0.697 7; 4 weeks TSLP-mRNA: (1.158 3±0.104 3)/(1.224 0±0.034 0)/(1.275 2±0.099 6) vs 4.814 4±0.662 8; all P<0.05), and not significantly different from control group. With the inhibition of TSLP, the concentrations of IL-4 and OVA-sIgE in rat serum were also decreased. Conclusion: 18β-sodium glycyrrhetinic acid has obvious inhibitory effect on TSLP in nasal mucosa of AR rats, which can control Th2 type immune inflammatory reaction.

[Effects of 18β-sodium glycyrrhetinic acid on TNF-α expression in rats with allergic rhinitis]

Objective:To observe the effect of 18β-sodium glycyrrhetinic acid(18β-SGA) on the expression of TNF-α in nasal mucosa of rats with allergic rhinitis（AR）, and explore the intervention mechanism of 18β-SGA on AR. Method:One hundred and six SPF-level Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group, AR group, budesonide group, 18β-SGA low dose group and high dose group. After the AR rat model was constructed by ovalbumin, the rats were given drug intervention and sacrificed after 2 and 4 weeks of intervention. The nasal mucosa of the rats was taken for immunohistochemical staining, RT-qPCR and Western-blotting to localize and quantify the expression of TNF-α. Result:By immunohistochemistry, Western-blotting and RT-PCR, TNF-α was mainly found in the columnar epithelium, vascular endothelium, glandular and some inflammatory cytoplasm of nasal mucosa. And the expression of TNF-α in the nasal mucosa of AR rats was significantly increased than the normal group at the protein and mRNA levels (P<0.01). After intervention with different doses of 18β-SGA, the expression of TNF-α was significantly decreased (P<0.01), especially after 4 weeks of 18β-SGA low dose group(P<0.01). Conclusion:Different doses of 18β-SGA have therapeutic effects on AR, and its mechanism of action may be related to the inhibition of TNF-α expression.

Collective effects of common single nucleotide polymorphisms and genetic risk prediction in type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a common autoimmune disease and may be related to multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Previous genetic studies have focused on looking for individual polymorphic risk variants. Here, we studied the overall levels of genetic diversity in T1D patients by making use of a previously published study including 1865 cases and 2828 reference samples with genotyping data for 500 K common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We determined the minor allele (MA) status of each SNP in the reference samples and calculated the total number of MAs or minor allele contents (MAC) of each individual. We found the average MAC of cases to be greater than that of the reference samples. By focusing on MAs with strong linkage to cases, we further identified a set of 112 SNPs that could predict 19.19% of cases. These results suggest that overall genetic variation over a threshold level may be a risk factor in T1D and provide a new genetic method for predicting the disorder.

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1-dependent regulation of the expression and oncogenic functions of p21(CIP1/WAF1) in the liver

The SOCS1 gene coding for suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 is frequently repressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and hence SOCS1 is considered a tumor suppressor in the liver. However, the tumor-suppressor mechanisms of SOCS1 are not yet well understood. SOCS1 is known to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production and signaling and to promote activation of the p53 tumor suppressor. However, we observed that SOCS1-deficient mice developed numerous and large liver tumor nodules following treatment with the hepatocarcinogen diethylnitrosamine (DEN) without showing increased interleukin-6 production or activation of p53. On the other hand, the livers of DEN-treated Socs1-null mice showed elevated levels of p21(CIP1/WAF1) protein (p21). Even though p21 generally functions as a tumor suppressor, paradoxically many cancers, including HCC, are known to express elevated levels of p21 that correlate with poor prognosis. We observed elevated p21 expression also in the regenerating livers of SOCS1-deficient mice and in cisplatin-treated Socs1-null hepatocytes, wherein the p21 protein showed increased stability. We show that SOCS1 interacts with p21 and promotes its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Besides, the DEN-treated livers of Socs1-null mice showed increased nuclear and cytosolic p21 staining, and the latter was associated with growth factor-induced, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent phosphorylation of p21 in SOCS1-deficient hepatocytes. Cytosolic p21 is often associated with malignancy and chemo-resistance in many cancers. Accordingly, SOCS1-deficient hepatocytes showed increased resistance to apoptosis that was reversed by shRNA-mediated p21 knockdown. In the regenerating livers of Socs1-null mice, increased p21 expression coincided with elevated cyclinD levels. Correspondingly, SOCS1-deficient hepatocytes showed increased proliferation to growth factor stimulation that was reversed by p21 knockdown. Overall, our findings indicate that the tumor-suppressor functions of SOCS1 in the liver could be mediated, at least partly, via regulation of the expression, stability and subcellular distribution of p21 and its paradoxical oncogenic functions, namely, resistance to apoptosis and increased proliferation.

Regulation of MET receptor tyrosine kinase signaling by suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) is considered as a tumor suppressor protein in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Previously, we have shown that SOCS1-deficient hepatocytes displayed increased responsiveness to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) due to enhanced signaling via the MET receptor tyrosine kinase. As aberrant MET activation occurs in many tumors including HCC, here we elucidated the mechanisms of SOCS1-mediated regulation. SOCS1 attenuated HGF-induced proliferation of human and mouse HCC cell lines and their growth as tumors in NOD.scid.gamma mice. Tumors formed by SOCS1 expressing HCC cells showed significantly reduced MET expression, indicating that SOCS1 not only attenuates MET signaling but also regulates MET expression. Mechanistically, SOCS1 interacted with MET via the Src homology 2 domain and this interaction was promoted by MET tyrosine kinase activity. The SOCS1-mediated reduction in MET expression does not require the juxtamembrane Y1003 residue implicated in Cbl-mediated downmodulation. Moreover, the proteasome inhibitor MG-132, but not the inhibitors of lysosomal degradation bafilomycin and chloroquine, reversed the SOCS1-mediated reduction in MET expression, indicating that this process is distinct from Cbl-mediated downmodulation. Accordingly, SOCS1 promoted polyubiquitination of MET via K48-dependent but not K63-mediated ubiquitin chain elongation. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated downmodulation of Cbl did not abolish SOCS1-mediated reduction in MET expression in HCC cells. SOCS1-dependent ubiquitination of endogenous MET receptor occurred rapidly following HGF stimulation in HCC cells, leading to proteasomal degradation of phosphorylated MET receptor. These findings indicate that SOCS1 mediates its tumor suppressor functions, at least partly, by binding to MET and interfering with downstream signaling pathways as well as by promoting the turnover of the activated MET receptor. We propose that loss of this control mechanism due to epigenetic repression of SOCS1 could contribute to oncogenic MET signaling in HCC and other cancers, and that MET inhibitors might be useful in treating these patients.

Effect of intermittent normobaric hyperoxia for treatment of neuropathic pain in Chinese patients with spinal cord injury

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective, randomized and controlled study.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of intermittent normobaric hyperoxia (InHO) for treatment of neuropathic pain in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI).

SETTING

The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China.

METHODS

Patients with SCI from Hunan Province were recruited from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanhua University. History, duration, localization and characteristics of pain were recorded. Visual analog scale (VAS), the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) and Short Form-36 walk-wheel (SF-36ww) was used to investigate the effect of InHO. Patients were randomly assigned to study and control groups. In study group, patients were exposed to pure oxygen via non-rebreathing reservoir mask, which increased the provided oxygen at a rate of 7 l min^-1 for 1 or 4 h daily in 2 weeks. While in control group, patients breathed air via non-rebreathing reservoir mask at the same rate.

RESULTS

A total of 62 SCI patients with neuropathic pain were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 36.85±10.71 years. Out of 62 patients, 21 were tetraplegic and 41 were paraplegic. Overall, 14 patients had complete SCI while 48 patients had incomplete injuries. Three groups were similar with respect to age, gender, duration, smoker or not, level and severity of injury. In the 4 h per day InHO groups, a statistically significant reduction of the VAS values was observed (P<0.05). Significant difference was also found in SF-36ww pain scores and PGIC (P<0.05). However, such an effect was not evident in the control group.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed that in treatment of neuropathic pain of SCI patients, InHO may be effective.

PERSPECTIVE

This article presents InHO may effectively complement pharmacological treatment in patients with SCI and neuropathic pain.

A functional variant in IL12B promoter modulates its expression and associates with increased risk of allergic asthma

The interleukin-12B (IL12B) gene encodes the p40 chain of IL-12, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that antagonizes Th2 phenotype and, hence, may have a critical role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. In this report, we describe the identification of a novel IL12B promoter polymorphism (T-to-A exchange) at position -536. The IL12B -536AA genotype was significantly associated with asthma in the Chinese populations (P=0.011, odds ratio=2.227). The risk-associated A allele was linked to reduced expression of IL12B mRNA levels and IL12B production in asthmatic patients. Luciferase reporter assay provided evidence that risk-associated A allele reduced the promoter activity of IL12B gene compared with those of the promoter containing the protective T allele. We further observed that decreasing binding effects between the risk alleles A of IL12B and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) through A allele sequence mediated streptavidin-conjugated agarose pulldown and biotin-labelled A allele mediated electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We also observed additive effects of the risk alleles of IL12B and decreased mRNA levels of C/EBPα in asthmatic patients. Therefore, we postulated that the presence of -536A allele in IL12B promoter could predispose to the development of allergic asthma.

Exome sequencing-driven discovery of coding polymorphisms associated with common metabolic phenotypes

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS

Human complex metabolic traits are in part regulated by genetic determinants. Here we applied exome sequencing to identify novel associations of coding polymorphisms at minor allele frequencies (MAFs) >1% with common metabolic phenotypes.

METHODS

The study comprised three stages. We performed medium-depth (8×) whole exome sequencing in 1,000 cases with type 2 diabetes, BMI >27.5 kg/m(2) and hypertension and in 1,000 controls (stage 1). We selected 16,192 polymorphisms nominally associated (p < 0.05) with case-control status, from four selected annotation categories or from loci reported to associate with metabolic traits. These variants were genotyped in 15,989 Danes to search for association with 12 metabolic phenotypes (stage 2). In stage 3, polymorphisms showing potential associations were genotyped in a further 63,896 Europeans.

RESULTS

Exome sequencing identified 70,182 polymorphisms with MAF >1%. In stage 2 we identified 51 potential associations with one or more of eight metabolic phenotypes covered by 45 unique polymorphisms. In meta-analyses of stage 2 and stage 3 results, we demonstrated robust associations for coding polymorphisms in CD300LG (fasting HDL-cholesterol: MAF 3.5%, p = 8.5 × 10(-14)), COBLL1 (type 2 diabetes: MAF 12.5%, OR 0.88, p = 1.2 × 10(-11)) and MACF1 (type 2 diabetes: MAF 23.4%, OR 1.10, p = 8.2 × 10(-10)).

CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION

We applied exome sequencing as a basis for finding genetic determinants of metabolic traits and show the existence of low-frequency and common coding polymorphisms with impact on common metabolic traits. Based on our study, coding polymorphisms with MAF above 1% do not seem to have particularly high effect sizes on the measured metabolic traits.

The expression of histone demethylase JMJD1A in renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α has been shown to play a central role in RCC tumorigenesis by acting as a transcription factor. Histone demethylase JMJD1A is an iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase which catalyze the demethylation of mono- and dimethylated H3K9. JMJD1A can be upregulated by hypoxia via HIF-1 and associated with cancer. The expression of JMJD1A was determined in 10 kidney cancer tissue and adjacent tissue by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the expression of JMJD1A was investigated in cell line 786-0 through adding nickle or cobalt ion to mimic hypoxic environment. The expression of JMJD1A was higher in cancer tissue than adjacent tissue, and in hypoxic environment than normal environment. In cancer tissue, the JMJD1A mainly located around blood vessels which indicated that JMJD1A is involved tumor angiogenesis.

CONCLUSION

the increased expression of JMJD1A might be associated with the progression of kidney cancer.

KEYWORDS

renal cell carcinoma, histone demethylase, JMJD1A, hypoxia-inducible factor, iron.

Developmental expression of ACRV1 in humans and mice

To identify the developmental expression of the ACRV1 gene in humans and mice, testes cDNA samples were collected at different post-natal days (days 4, 9, 18, 35, 54, and 6 months) from Balb/c mice and were hybridised to the mouse whole genome 430 2.0 Array (Affymetrix Inc.) chip. The characteristics of ACRV1 were analysed using various cellular and molecular biotechnologies. The results showed that the expression of mouse ACRV1 was not detected in mouse testes on days 4, 9, and 18 but was present on days 35, 54, and 6 months. Using RT-PCR analysis of mouse ACRV1, we determined that mouse ACRV1 was expressed specifically in the mouse testis, and its expression began at days 35. Western blot analysis demonstrated that human ACRV1 was primarily expressed in human testes, and immunofluorescent and immunohistochemistry staining showed that human ACRV1 protein was predominantly located in round and elongated spermatids in human testes, indicating that ACRV1 may play an important role in mammalian spermatogenesis and may be a target of a contraceptive vaccine.

Overexpression of the acid-labile subunit of the IGF ternary complex in transgenic mice

The ternary complex, composed of IGF-I or IGF-II, IGF-binding protein-3, and the acid-labile subunit, is responsible for transport of the majority of the IGF-I and IGF-II present in the circulation. Acid-labile subunit is developmentally and hormonally regulated, suggesting an important, although unclear, role in regulating the availability and action of the IGFs. To investigate the biological role of acid-labile subunit, we generated transgenic mice, which constitutively overexpress a human acid-labile subunit cDNA driven by the cytomegalovirus promoter. Two independent transgenic strains, CMVALS-1 and CMVALS-2, with mean serum levels of human acid-labile subunit of 19.3 +/- 4.2 and 20.2 +/- 3.2 microg/ml respectively, were characterized. Total acid-labile subunit, endogenous plus transgene derived, was measured by Western blotting and was found to be significantly increased in transgenic compared with wild-type mice (1.51 +/- 0.02-fold; P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in serum IGF-binding protein-3 or IGF-I levels between transgenic and wild-type mice. Similar chromatographic elution patterns were observed when sera from transgenic and wild-type mice were preincubated with [(125)I]IGF-I, indicating that acid-labile subunit overexpression had no measurable effect on compartmentalization of IGF-I in the circulation. Transgene-derived human acid-labile subunit mRNA was detected in 17-d-old embryos and all adult mouse tissues examined. A significant reduction in litter size was also observed in each of the acid-labile subunit transgenic mouse strains. This reduction in litter size was due to a maternal effect, as it was apparent when transgenic female mice were crossed with wild-type male mice, but not when male transgenic mice were crossed with female wild-type mice. The transgenic mice were phenotypically normal at birth, but demonstrated a significant reduction in postnatal body weight gain, particularly during the first 3 wk of life. Over the first 3 months of life, average body weights were significantly reduced by 5.3 +/- 0.6%, 4.2 +/- 0.6%, 8.1 +/- 0.9%, and 5.6 +/- 0.8%, compared with those in wild-type mice, for male and female CMVALS-1 mice and male and female CMVALS-2 mice, respectively. Double transgenic mice, generated by crossing acid-labile subunit transgenic mice with transgenic mice that overexpress IGF-binding protein-3, demonstrated a significantly more marked reduction in body weight gain than acid-labile subunit transgenic mice. These data demonstrate that overexpression of acid-labile subunit has significant effects on postnatal growth and reproduction. As there is little measurable alteration in the circulating components of the IGF system, these effects are most likely to be mediated via disturbances in tissue IGF availability.

[A new algorithm for displaying the cutting isosurface of structures]

The existing algorithms for displaying the cutting isosurface of the structure are not suitable for interactive display because they spend too much time on calculation when a fair amount of data is submitted to processing. This paper presents a new algorithm for accelerating the cutting of structure by using the area partition and the increment calculation to reduce the unnecessary calculation in cutting the structure. It is suitable for real time interactive displaying, especially in the case of a vast amount of data.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) binds to fibronectin (FN): demonstration of IGF-I/IGFBP-3/fn ternary complexes in human plasma

We used a yeast two-hybrid system to identify binding partners for insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3). A partial complementary DNA encoding the carboxyl-terminal of fibronectin (FN), including the cell binding site, the heparin-binding domain, and the fibrin-binding domain, was identified in a screen of a human placental complementary DNA library. The interaction of IGFBP-3 with FN and the 40-kDa heparin-binding carboxyl-terminal fragment of FN was confirmed using Western ligand blotting. Both glycosylated and nonglycosylated IGFBP-3 bound to FN with a K(d) of approximately 0.3 nmol/L. IGF-I and IGFBP-1 had no effect on IGFBP-3 binding to FN. Competitive inhibition of IGFBP-3 binding to FN was observed in the presence of IGFBP-5 and heparin. The binding affinity of the immobilized IGFBP-3/FN complex for [(125)I]IGF-I (K(d) = 0.8 nmol/L) was similar to that of IGFBP-3 alone. The presence of IGF-I/IGFBP-3/FN ternary complexes in human plasma was demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation of IGFBP-3 and [(125)I]IGF-I with anti-FN monoclonal antibody. These data indicate that FN may have a role in the transportation of IGFBP-3 and IGF-I in the circulation and the sequestration of these proteins in tissues.

Phenotypic manifestations of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 overexpression in transgenic mice

In cell culture systems insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) can both enhance and inhibit IGF-I action. To investigate the biological role of IGFBP-3 in vivo, transgenic (Tg) mice that constitutively overexpress the human IGFBP-3 complementary DNA (cDNA) driven by the mouse phosphoglycerate kinase I (PGK) and the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters were examined. Serum levels of human IGFBP-3 in CMVBP-3 and PGKBP-3 Tg mice were 4.7 and 5.8 microgram/ml, respectively and total IGFBP-3 was increased 4.9- and 7.7-fold compared with that in wild-type (Wt) mice. In PGKBP-3 Tg mice the levels of transgene expression were similar in all tissues. Although CMVBP-3 mice demonstrated similar levels of expression of the transgene as PGKBP-3 mice in most tissues, markedly elevated expression was apparent in the kidney and heart. The transgene-derived IGFBP-3 circulated as a 150-kDa ternary complex, and serum IGF-I levels were elevated 1.9- to 2.8-fold in Tg mice compared with Wt mice. A significant reduction in birth weight of approximately 10% and a modest reduction in litter size were apparent in both Tg strains. Early postnatal growth, as assessed by both body weight and length, was significantly reduced in Tg mice compared with Wt mice. This was more marked in PGKBP-3 than in CMVBP-3 mice, who demonstrated a propensity to adiposity after weaning. The relative organ weights of brain and kidney were reduced in both Tg strains, whereas liver size and epididymal fat were significantly increased in CMVBP-3, but not PGKBP-3, mice. Our data indicate that overexpression of IGFBP-3 is associated with modest intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation despite elevated circulating IGF-I levels.

[Multi-resolution blending rendering of the medical structure]

This paper presents a new medical data visualization method called multi-resolution blending rendering which has been developed for visualizing the large medical volume data sets. Different from those multi-resolution rendering methods which simplify the structures by polygon mesh optimization technique, the new method uses different resolution levels to represent different parts of a structure at the same time. So, it can preserve the integrality of the structure and emphasize the important part of the structure when simplifying the structure. The new method also takes advantage of the good qualities of the wavelet transform and constructs the multi-resolution blending model of the structure by orthogonal wavelet transform and transition operator. The experiment proves that our method can effectively simplify the model of the structure, enormously reduce the number of the triangle of the structure and speed up the structure rendering. It is especially suitable for interactive observations on a complex medical structure.

Characterization of androgen receptors in a well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line (Ishikawa)

Androgen receptors (AR) have been identified in the human endometrium, but their role in endometrial function and development towards endometrial receptivity remains poorly understood. In an effort to study the regulation and possible function in endometrial epithelium, we utilized the well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line, Ishikawa, as a model system. This cell line has proven to be stable, hormonally responsive, contains both estrogen and progesterone receptors, and has been shown to express endometrial proteins in a hormone responsive manner. In the present study, we demonstrate that Ishikawa cells also express AR, based on immunohistochemical staining, radioactive binding studies, RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis. The expression of AR is induced in Ishikawa cells by estrogens, similar to that reported for normal endometrium. Further, using an estrogen-responsive gene that has been characterized in this cell line, alkaline phosphatase, we show that androgens act as antiestrogens in diethylstilbestrol (DES) treated cells, inhibiting enzymatic activity in a dose-dependent manner. These data support a physiologic role for AR in the endometrium. Elevations in endometrial AR in certain clinical situations such as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) may amplify the effects of androgens on the endometrium leading to suspected defects in uterine receptivity, higher than expected infertility and high miscarriage rates observed in patients with this disorder.

Interleukin-1beta, Src- and non-Src tyrosine kinases, and nitric oxide synthase induction in rat aorta in vitro

We studied the potential roles for endogenous interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and for several signaling pathways in the spontaneous induction in vitro of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in endothelium-denuded rat aorta rings. Added IL-1beta augmented, whereas the IL-1beta receptor antagonist IL-1ra blocked, spontaneous iNOS induction. Furthermore, increases in IL-1beta mRNA preceded those of iNOS mRNA. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase and phosphatidyl inositol 3' kinase inhibition did not block iNOS induction, whereas nuclear factor kappaB inhibition did. The sarcoma virus tyrosine kinase (Src) family-selective inhibitor 4-amino-5(4-methylphenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP1) blocked the upregulation of IL-1beta mRNA and the subsequent induction of iNOS but not the induction of iNOS stimulated by exogenously added IL-1beta. In contrast, the non-Src inhibitors TP 47/AG 213 and genistein and the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor vanadate did not affect the spontaneous upregulation of IL-1beta mRNA but blocked both the IL-1beta-mediated and spontaneous induction of iNOS. We conclude that 1) the upregulation of tissue IL-1beta, via a signaling pathway involving a Src family kinase, plays a key role in rat vascular iNOS induction and 2) non-Src tyrosine kinases play roles downstream from IL-1beta for iNOS induction.

Blockade of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin adversely affects implantation in the mouse

The role of endometrial and embryonic integrins during implantation remains unresolved although work in animal models and in humans supports their involvement in this process. Temporal and spatial distribution of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin on both embryo and endometrium in women and mice coincides with the time of initial attachment during implantation. In mice, the endometrial and embryonic alpha(v)beta(3) integrin is present at the time of implantation, as shown by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization demonstrates the presence of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin on the subluminal stromal cells of the uterus. Functional blockade of this integrin on the day of implantation by intrauterine injection of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against alpha(v) or beta(3) integrin subunits, arg-gly-asp (RGD)-containing peptides, or of the disintegrin echistatin, reduced the number of implantation sites compared to controls receiving BSA. These studies demonstrate that, like the human, the murine alpha(v)beta(3) integrin is expressed at the time of implantation in the endometrium and on the blastocyst, and may play a critical role in the cascade of events leading to successful implantation.

[A new algorithm for direct volume rendering of medic image series]

In this paper, a new algorithm based on Voxel Model is proposed. This algorithm combines the advantages of surface rendering and direct volume rendering. In the process of 3D reconstruction, OpenGL graphic standard and hardware accelerator can be used. By doing so, better reconstruction, result and fast speed can be achieved. Also, it is simple to turn this algorithm into programs.

Regulation of HOXA-10 and its expression in normal and abnormal endometrium

HOXA-10 is a member of a family of genes that serve as transcription factors during development and have been shown to be important for uterine function. Using immunohistochemistry and RNAse protection assays (RPA), HOXA-10 was shown to be expressed in both epithelial and stromal cells with increased expression during the window of implantation. By in-vitro culture of isolated endometrial epithelium or stroma, HOXA-10, expression was increased after treatment with oestradiol (10(-8) mol/l) with or without progesterone (10(-6) mol/l). In stromal cells, oestradiol and progesterone both appeared to increase HOXA-10 expression and were additive. Relaxin (30 ng/ml) appeared to further increase stromal HOXA-10 expression. HOXA-10 expression during the window of implantation was compared in normal menstrual cycles to endometrium from women with endometriosis and suspected defects in uterine receptivity. Little or no difference was seen in luminal, glandular or endothelial HOXA-10 expression but a significant reduction in stroma HOXA-10 expression was noted in women with endometriosis. In conclusion, HOXA-10 is a hormone-regulated endometrial transcription factor that appears to be responsive to both ovarian steroids and relaxin. The appearance of this nuclear protein during the window of implantation in epithelium and stroma may offer new insight into the regulation of uterine receptivity and assist in the identification of other genes that are critical to the establishment of a successful pregnancy.

Proteinase-activated receptor 4 (PAR4): action of PAR4-activating peptides in vascular and gastric tissue and lack of cross-reactivity with PAR1 and PAR2

We studied the actions of the human and murine proteinase-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) derived receptor-activating peptides (APs), GYPGQV-NH2 (GQV-NH2) and GYPGKF-NH2 (GKF-NH2), (i) to activate-desensitize either PAR1 or PAR2 in cultured cell systems (calcium signalling in PAR1/PAR2-bearing human HEK cells and in rat KNRK cells expressing either rat or human PAR2) and (ii) to affect contractility in rat aorta (RA) and rat gastric longitudinal muscle (LM) preparations in vitro. We found that neither PAR1 nor PAR2 was affected by concentrations of the PAR4-APs (800 microM) that caused both an endothelium-dependent nitric oxide mediated relaxation of preconstricted RA tissue and a contractile response in the LM preparation. The potencies (EC50 values 300 to 400 microM) of GQV-NH2 and GKF-NH2 for causing a relaxant effect were identical and comparable with the potency of GQV-NH2 for causing a contractile effect in the LM. However, the potencies of the PAR4-APs in the RA and LM preparations were 20- to 150-fold lower than the potency of the receptor-selective PAR1-AP, TFLLR-NH2. We conclude that the PAR4-APs do not activate either PAR1 or PAR2, and we suggest that along with PAR1 and PAR2, PAR4 may also be present in rat vascular and gastric smooth muscle.

Differential induction of nitric oxide synthase in rat gastric and vascular smooth muscle tissue: distinct tissue distribution and distinctive signaling pathways

In rat aorta rings (RA) and in gastric circular muscle (CM) and gastric longitudinal muscle (LM) preparations maintained in vitro, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction was monitored functionally (1 mM L-arginine-induced relaxation), biochemically (appearance of iNOS mRNA), and immunohistochemically. Functional iNOS (L-arginine-mediated relaxation) was induced in RA and CM tissues (but NOT in the LM preparation) over 2 to 5 h. iNOS induction was detected by immunocytochemistry in RA smooth muscle elements and in macrophage-like cells in CM. Functional iNOS induction correlated with iNOS mRNA induction. In the RA and CM, functional iNOS induction was blocked by both actinomycin D and cycloheximide; actinomycin D also blocked the appearance of iNOS mRNA in both tissues. In contrast, cycloheximide blocked CM (but not RA) iNOS mRNA induction. In CM tissue, functional iNOS induction was not affected by genistein, tyrphostin 47/AG213, or vanadate. But, in the RA, both genistein and tyrphostin 47/AG213 blocked the appearance of functional iNOS; neither inhibitor prevented the appearance of RA iNOS mRNA. Vanadate, in the RA tissue, blocked both the appearance of iNOS mRNA and the induction of functional iNOS. In RA tissue, but not in the CM, inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation blocked the appearance of both functional iNOS and iNOS mRNA. We conclude that in different smooth muscle preparations (aorta versus gastric), there can be a differential induction of iNOS mRNA and "functional" iNOS not only in different cellular elements but also in terms of different signaling pathways.

[Visible human data set and it's application]

The Visible Human Project is an outgrowth of the NLM's 1986 Long-Range Pian. It is creating a complete, anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of the male and female human body. This paper makes a brief description about VHP and it's significance, how to get VH data set and how to use it.

Changes in intracellular and extracellular calcium concentration of the myocardial cells during heart failure in children

OBJECTIVE

To explore the relationship between heart failure and changes in intracellular calcium concentration of the myocardium.

METHODS

The intra-and extracellular concentration of ionized calcium and total calcium of myocardium in 11 cases of heart failure was measured using calcium fluorescence indicator Fura-2 and atom absorption spectrophotometry. The activity of the erythrocyte membrane pump was determined with hemolysate chemical method.

RESULTS

The concentration of ionized calcium in myocardial cells and the erythrocyte was significantly higher in the patients with heart failure (280.85 +/- 47.8 nmol/L, 1.76 +/- 0.04 F335/F385) than in those without heart failure (121.88 +/- 13.15 nmol/L, 1.47 +/- 0.08 F335/F385). Total calcium in the erythrocyte was also increased markedly in the patients with heart failure, but the activity of the erythrocyte membrane pump was lower than in those without heart failure. The intracellular calcium of the peripheral erythrocyte and the activity of membrane pump returned to normal after the heart failure was cured.

CONCLUSION

There is excessive calcium accumulation in the myocardium and erythrocyte and the latter may be cause of the disturbance of myocardial diastolic function during heart failure.

[On diagnostics of malignant meningioma and invasive meningioma]

We have made a clinicopathological study of 90 cases of malignant meningiomas and 18 cases of invasive meningiomas. The results show that the diagnostic features of malignant meningioma include increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, tumorous giant cells, numerous mitotic figures, focal necrosis, cystic change and hemorrhage. The diagnosis of malignant meningioma can be more positively made when invasive growth, recurrence and metastasis are present. In making the diagnosis of invasive meningioma, both changes of benign meningioma and invasive growth should be present.

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in Acanthopanax senticosus

Mature embryos of Acanthopanax senticosus explanted on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 0.5 mg/1 2,4-D developed somatic embryos directly from swollen cotyledon and embryo axes within one to two months. When the somatic embryos were transferred to medium supplemented with 2,4-D (0.5 mg/1) or IAA (1-3 mg/1) or Zeatin (0.5 mg/1) and NAA (0.2 mg/1), additional somatic embryos developed. Most (93%) embryos germinated on the above medium without 2,4-D. Sixty-two percent of the plantlets survived in soil. Histological observations revealed that the somatic embryos originated from cell masses of epidermal and sub-epidermal origin. There was no cytological separation zone between the somatic embryos and cultured expiants. Consequently, embryos were difficult to separate from their expiant tissue.