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Sudar M, Milčić N, Česnik Katulić M, Szekrenyi A, Hernández K, Fekete M, Wardenga R, Majerić Elenkov M, Qi Y, Charnock S, Vasić-Rački Đ, Fessner WD, Clapés P, Findrik Blažević Z. Cascade enzymatic synthesis of a statin side chain precursor - the role of reaction engineering in process optimization. RSC Adv 2024; 14:21158-21173. [PMID: 38966813 PMCID: PMC11223575 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Statins are an important class of drugs used to lower blood cholesterol levels and are often used to combat cardiovascular disease. In view of the importance of safe and reliable supply and production of statins in modern medicine and the global need for sustainable processes, various biocatalytic strategies for their synthesis have been investigated. In this work, a novel biocatalytic route to a statin side chain precursor was investigated in a one-pot cascade reaction starting from the protected alcohol N-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-phenylacetamide, which is oxidized to the corresponding aldehyde in the first reaction step, and then reacts with two equivalents of acetaldehyde to form the final product N-(2-((2S,4S,6S)-4,6-dihydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)ethyl)-2-phenylacetamide (phenylacetamide-lactol). To study this complex reaction, an enzyme reaction engineering approach was used, i.e. the kinetics of all reactions occurring in the cascade (including side reactions) were determined. The obtained kinetic model together with the simulations gave an insight into the system and indicated the best reactor mode for the studied reaction, which was fed-batch with acetaldehyde feed to minimize its negative effect on the enzyme activity during the reaction. The mathematical model of the process was developed and used to simulate different scenarios and to find the reaction conditions (enzyme and coenzyme concentration, substrate feed concentration and flow rate) at which the highest yield of phenylacetamide-lactol (75%) can be obtained. In the end, our goal was to show that this novel cascade route is an interesting alternative for the synthesis of the statin side chain precursor and that is why we also calculated an initial estimate of the potential value addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sudar
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Savska c. 16 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia +385 1 4597 133 +385 1 4597 157 +385 1 4597 101
| | - Nevena Milčić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Savska c. 16 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia +385 1 4597 133 +385 1 4597 157 +385 1 4597 101
| | - Morana Česnik Katulić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Savska c. 16 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia +385 1 4597 133 +385 1 4597 157 +385 1 4597 101
| | - Anna Szekrenyi
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Karel Hernández
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, IQAC-CSIC Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Melinda Fekete
- Enzymicals AG Walther-Rathenau-Straße 49b 17489 Greifswald Germany
- piCHEM Forschungs-und Entwicklungs GmbH Parkring 3 8074 Raaba-Grambach Austria
| | - Rainer Wardenga
- Enzymicals AG Walther-Rathenau-Straße 49b 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | | | - Yuyin Qi
- Prozomix Ltd Haltwhistle Northumberland NE49 9HA UK
| | | | - Đurđa Vasić-Rački
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Savska c. 16 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia +385 1 4597 133 +385 1 4597 157 +385 1 4597 101
| | - Wolf-Dieter Fessner
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Pere Clapés
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Biotransformation and Bioactive Molecules Group, IQAC-CSIC Jordi Girona 18-26 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Zvjezdana Findrik Blažević
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology Savska c. 16 HR-10000 Zagreb Croatia +385 1 4597 133 +385 1 4597 157 +385 1 4597 101
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Sigg A, Klimacek M, Nidetzky B. Pushing the boundaries of phosphorylase cascade reaction for cellobiose production II: Model-based multiobjective optimization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:566-579. [PMID: 37986649 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The inherent complexity of coupled biocatalytic reactions presents a major challenge for process development with one-pot multienzyme cascade transformations. Kinetic models are powerful engineering tools to guide the optimization of cascade reactions towards a performance suitable for scale up to an actual production. Here, we report kinetic model-based window of operation analysis for cellobiose production (≥100 g/L) from sucrose and glucose by indirect transglycosylation via glucose 1-phosphate as intermediate. The two-step cascade transformation is catalyzed by sucrose and cellobiose phosphorylase in the presence of substoichiometric amounts of phosphate (≤27 mol% of substrate). Kinetic modeling was instrumental to uncover the hidden effect of bulk microviscosity due to high sugar concentrations on decreasing the rate of cellobiose phosphorylase specifically. The mechanistic-empirical hybrid model thus developed gives a comprehensive description of the cascade reaction at industrially relevant substrate conditions. Model simulations serve to unravel opposed relationships between efficient utilization of the enzymes and maximized concentration (or yield) of the product within a given process time, in dependence of the initial concentrations of substrate and phosphate used. Optimum balance of these competing key metrics of process performance is suggested from the model-calculated window of operation and is verified experimentally. The evidence shown highlights the important use of kinetic modeling for the characterization and optimization of cascade reactions in ways that appear to be inaccessible to purely data-driven approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sigg
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario Klimacek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Graz, Austria
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3
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Sigg A, Klimacek M, Nidetzky B. Pushing the boundaries of phosphorylase cascade reaction for cellobiose production I: Kinetic model development. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:580-592. [PMID: 37983971 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
One-pot cascade reactions of coupled disaccharide phosphorylases enable an efficient transglycosylation via intermediary α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (G1P). Such transformations have promising applications in the production of carbohydrate commodities, including the disaccharide cellobiose for food and feed use. Several studies have shown sucrose and cellobiose phosphorylase for cellobiose synthesis from sucrose, but the boundaries on transformation efficiency that result from kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of the individual enzyme reactions are not known. Here, we assessed in a step-by-step systematic fashion the practical requirements of a kinetic model to describe cellobiose production at industrially relevant substrate concentrations of up to 600 mM sucrose and glucose each. Mechanistic initial-rate models of the two-substrate reactions of sucrose phosphorylase (sucrose + phosphate → G1P + fructose) and cellobiose phosphorylase (G1P + glucose → cellobiose + phosphate) were needed and additionally required expansion by terms of glucose inhibition, in particular a distinctive two-site glucose substrate inhibition of the cellobiose phosphorylase (from Cellulumonas uda). Combined with mass action terms accounting for the approach to equilibrium, the kinetic model gave an excellent fit and a robust prediction of the full reaction time courses for a wide range of enzyme activities as well as substrate concentrations, including the variable substoichiometric concentration of phosphate. The model thus provides the essential engineering tool to disentangle the highly interrelated factors of conversion efficiency in the coupled enzyme reaction; and it establishes the necessary basis of window of operation calculations for targeted optimizations toward different process tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sigg
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Mario Klimacek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB), Graz, Austria
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4
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Verma S, Paliwal S. Recent Developments and Applications of Biocatalytic and Chemoenzymatic Synthesis for the Generation of Diverse Classes of Drugs. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:448-467. [PMID: 37885105 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010238984231019085154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic biosynthesis are powerful methods of organic chemistry that use enzymes to execute selective reactions and allow the efficient production of organic compounds. The advantages of these approaches include high selectivity, mild reaction conditions, and the ability to work with complex substrates. The utilization of chemoenzymatic techniques for the synthesis of complicated compounds has lately increased dramatically in the area of organic chemistry. Biocatalytic technologies and modern synthetic methods are utilized synergistically in a multi-step approach to a target molecule under this paradigm. Chemoenzymatic techniques are promising for simplifying access to essential bioactive compounds because of the remarkable regio- and stereoselectivity of enzymatic transformations and the reaction diversity of modern organic chemistry. Enzyme kits may include ready-to-use, reproducible biocatalysts. Its use opens up new avenues for the synthesis of active therapeutic compounds and aids in drug development by synthesizing active components to construct scaffolds in a targeted and preparative manner. This study summarizes current breakthroughs as well as notable instances of biocatalytic and chemoenzymatic synthesis. To assist organic chemists in the use of enzymes for synthetic applications, it also provides some basic guidelines for selecting the most appropriate enzyme for a targeted reaction while keeping aspects like cofactor requirement, solvent tolerance, use of whole cell or isolated enzymes, and commercial availability in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, ITS College of Pharmacy, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, India
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sarvesh Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India
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Holtmann D, Hollmann F, Bouchaut B. Contribution of Enzyme Catalysis to the Achievement of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104125. [PMID: 37241865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In September 2015, the United Nations General Assembly established the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Holtmann
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis Group, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Britte Bouchaut
- Safety and Security Science, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Jaffalaan 5, 2628BX Delft, The Netherlands
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Fernández-Lucas J. Biocatalysis: An Eco-Friendly Scenario for the Manufacturing of APIs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054474. [PMID: 36901905 PMCID: PMC10003361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the worldwide demand for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) requires novel, cost-effective, safe, and environmentally friendly synthetic processes [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Biomedical Science School, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, Calle Tajo, s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55–66, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
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7
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Bayesian Optimization for an ATP-Regenerating In Vitro Enzyme Cascade. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme cascades are an emerging synthetic tool for the synthesis of various molecules, combining the advantages of biocatalysis and of one-pot multi-step reactions. However, the more complex the enzyme cascade is, the more difficult it is to achieve adequate productivities and product concentrations. Therefore, the whole process must be optimized to account for synergistic effects. One way to deal with this challenge involves data-driven models in combination with experimental validation. Here, Bayesian optimization was applied to an ATP-producing and -regenerating enzyme cascade consisting of polyphosphate kinases. The enzyme and co-substrate concentrations were adjusted for an ATP-dependent reaction, catalyzed by mevalonate kinase (MVK). With a total of 16 experiments, we were able to iteratively optimize the initial concentrations of the components used in the one-pot synthesis to improve the specific activity of MVK with 10.2 U mg−1. The specific activity even exceeded the results of the reference reaction with stoichiometrically added ATP amounts, with which a specific activity of 8.8 U mg−1 was reached. At the same time, the product concentrations were also improved so that complete yields were achieved.
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Siedentop R, Dziennus M, Lütz S, Rosenthal K. Debottlenecking of an In Vitro Enzyme Cascade Using a Combined Model‐ and Experiment‐Based Approach. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regine Siedentop
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Marlon Dziennus
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Constructor University Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
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Costa S, Tedeschi P, Ferraro L, Beggiato S, Grandini A, Manfredini S, Buzzi R, Sacchetti G, Valacchi G. Biological activity of new bioactive steroids deriving from biotransformation of cortisone. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:250. [PMID: 36419154 PMCID: PMC9685055 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisone is a metabolite belonging to the corticosteroid class that is used pharmaceutically directly as a drug or prodrug. In addition to its large consumption, its use is linked to several side effects, so pharmaceutical research aims to develop effective drugs with low or no side effects, alternative compounds to cortisone are part of an active investment in ongoing research on drug discovery. Since biotransformation can be considered a source of new molecules with potential therapeutic use, the present work focuses on a preliminary in vitro study aimed at evaluating the mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective activity of SCA and SCB molecules obtained from the biotransformation of cortisone using Rh. Rhodnii strain DSM 43960. The results obtained are very encouraging due to the safety of biotransformed compounds with reference to genotoxicity checked by Ames test, to the very high antioxidant capacity and to the anti-inflammatory activity. In fact, thecompounds inhibited both the TNFα-stimulated expression and secretion of NFkB target cytokines, and COX activity, and can activate the glucocorticoid receptor. Finally SCA and SCB exhibited neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Costa
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy ,grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Tedeschi
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Ferraro
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy ,grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sarah Beggiato
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Grandini
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raissa Buzzi
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Gianni Sacchetti
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- grid.8484.00000 0004 1757 2064Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari, 46 Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy ,grid.40803.3f0000 0001 2173 6074North Carolina Research Campus, Plants for Human Health Institute, Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC 28081 USA ,grid.289247.20000 0001 2171 7818Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447 Korea
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Rosenthal K, Bornscheuer UT, Lütz S. Cascades of Evolved Enzymes for the Synthesis of Complex Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208358. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering TU Dortmund University Emil-Figge-Strasse 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
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11
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Microbial Lipases and Their Potential in the Production of Pharmaceutical Building Blocks. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179933. [PMID: 36077332 PMCID: PMC9456414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes involving lipases in obtaining active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are crucial to increase the sustainability of the industry. Despite their lower production cost, microbial lipases are striking for their versatile catalyzing reactions beyond their physiological role. In the context of taking advantage of microbial lipases in reactions for the synthesis of API building blocks, this review focuses on: (i) the structural origins of the catalytic properties of microbial lipases, including the results of techniques such as single particle monitoring (SPT) and the description of its selectivity beyond the Kazlauskas rule as the “Mirror-Image Packing” or the “Key Region(s) rule influencing enantioselectivity” (KRIE); (ii) immobilization methods given the conferred operative advantages in industrial applications and their modulating capacity of lipase properties; and (iii) a comprehensive description of microbial lipases use as a conventional or promiscuous catalyst in key reactions in the organic synthesis (Knoevenagel condensation, Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reactions, Markovnikov additions, Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, racemization, among others). Finally, this review will also focus on a research perspective necessary to increase microbial lipases application development towards a greener industry.
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12
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Rosenthal K, Bornscheuer UT, Lütz S. Reaktionskaskaden evolvierter Enzyme zur Synthese komplexer Moleküle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Rosenthal
- Fakultät für Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen Technische Universität Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institut für Biochemie, Abt. Biotechnologie & Enzymkatalyse Universität Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 17487 Greifswald Deutschland
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Fakultät für Bio- und Chemieingenieurwesen Technische Universität Dortmund Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
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13
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Sampaio CS, Angelotti JAF, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Hirata DB. Lipase immobilization via cross-linked enzyme aggregates: Problems and prospects - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:434-449. [PMID: 35752332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this review we have focused on the preparation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) from lipases, as these are among the most used enzyme in bioprocesses. This immobilization method is considered very attractive due to preparation simplicity, non-use of supports and the possibility of using crude enzyme extracts. CLEAs provide lipase stabilization under extreme temperature or pH conditions or in the presence of organic solvents, in addition to preventing enzyme leaching in aqueous medium. However, it presents some problems in the preparation and limitations in their use. The problems in preparation refer mainly to the crosslinking step, and may be solved using an aminated feeder. The problems in handling have been tackled designing magnetic-CLEAs or trapping the CLEAs in particles with better mechanical properties, the substrate diffusion problems has been reduced by producing more porous-CLEAs, etc. The enzyme co-immobilization using combi-CLEAs is also a new tendency. Therefore, this review explores the CLEAs methodology aimed at lipase immobilization and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Sampaio
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Joelise A F Angelotti
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Department of Biocatalysis, ICP-CSIC, Campus UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of The External Scientific Advisory Board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Daniela B Hirata
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, 37130-001 Alfenas, MG, Brazil.
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