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Tamo AK, Djouonkep LDW, Selabi NBS. 3D Printing of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132123. [PMID: 38761909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, 3D printing represents a versatile technology employing inks to construct three-dimensional living structures, mimicking natural biological systems. This technology efficiently translates digital blueprints into highly reproducible 3D objects. Recent advances have expanded 3D printing applications, allowing for the fabrication of diverse anatomical components, including engineered functional tissues and organs. The development of printable inks, which incorporate macromolecules, enzymes, cells, and growth factors, is advancing with the aim of restoring damaged tissues and organs. Polysaccharides, recognized for their intrinsic resemblance to components of the extracellular matrix have garnered significant attention in the field of tissue engineering. This review explores diverse 3D printing techniques, outlining distinctive features that should characterize scaffolds used as ideal matrices in tissue engineering. A detailed investigation into the properties and roles of polysaccharides in tissue engineering is highlighted. The review also culminates in a profound exploration of 3D polysaccharide-based hydrogel applications, focusing on recent breakthroughs in regenerating different tissues such as skin, bone, cartilage, heart, nerve, vasculature, and skeletal muscle. It further addresses challenges and prospective directions in 3D printing hydrogels based on polysaccharides, paving the way for innovative research to fabricate functional tissues, enhancing patient care, and improving quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, CNRS, UMR 5223, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France.
| | - Lesly Dasilva Wandji Djouonkep
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China; Key Laboratory of Drilling and Production Engineering for Oil and Gas, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Naomie Beolle Songwe Selabi
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
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Peniche H, Razonado IA, Alcouffe P, Sudre G, Peniche C, Osorio-Madrazo A, David L. Wet-Spun Chitosan-Sodium Caseinate Fibers for Biomedicine: From Spinning Process to Physical Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1768. [PMID: 38339046 PMCID: PMC10855522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
We designed and characterized chitosan-caseinate fibers processed through wet spinning for biomedical applications such as drug delivery from knitted medical devices. Sodium caseinate was either incorporated directly into the chitosan dope or allowed to diffuse into the chitosan hydrogel from a coagulation bath containing sodium caseinate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The latter route, where caseinate was incorporated in the neutralization bath, produced fibers with better mechanical properties for textile applications than those formed by the chitosan-caseinate mixed collodion route. The latter processing method consists of enriching a pre-formed chitosan hydrogel with caseinate, preserving the structure of the semicrystalline hydrogel without drastically affecting interactions involved in the chitosan self-assembly. Thus, dried fibers, after coagulation in a NaOH/sodium caseinate aqueous bath, exhibited preserved ultimate mechanical properties. The crystallinity ratio of chitosan was not significantly impacted by the presence of caseinate. However, when caseinate was incorporated into the chitosan dope, chitosan-caseinate fibers exhibited lower ultimate mechanical properties, possibly due to a lower entanglement density in the amorphous phase of the chitosan matrix. A standpoint is to optimize the chitosan-caseinate composition ratio and processing route to find a good compromise between the preservation of fiber mechanical properties and appropriate fiber composition for potential application in drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Peniche
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Universite J. Monnet, CNRS, UMR 5223, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (H.P.); (I.A.R.); (P.A.); (G.S.)
- Biomaterials Center, University of Havana, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Ivy Ann Razonado
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Universite J. Monnet, CNRS, UMR 5223, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (H.P.); (I.A.R.); (P.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Pierre Alcouffe
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Universite J. Monnet, CNRS, UMR 5223, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (H.P.); (I.A.R.); (P.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Guillaume Sudre
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Universite J. Monnet, CNRS, UMR 5223, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (H.P.); (I.A.R.); (P.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Carlos Peniche
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Havana 10600, Cuba;
| | - Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), and Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC), Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Laboratory of Organ Printing, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Laurent David
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Universite J. Monnet, CNRS, UMR 5223, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France; (H.P.); (I.A.R.); (P.A.); (G.S.)
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Djouonkep LDW, Tamo CT, Simo BE, Issah N, Tchouagtie MN, Selabi NBS, Doench I, Kamdem Tamo A, Xie B, Osorio-Madrazo A. Synthesis by Melt-Polymerization of a Novel Series of Bio-Based and Biodegradable Thiophene-Containing Copolyesters with Promising Gas Barrier and High Thermomechanical Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:1825. [PMID: 36838821 PMCID: PMC9965281 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile global oil prices, owing to the scarcity of fossil resources, have impacted the cost of producing petrochemicals. Therefore, there is a need to seek novel, renewable chemicals from biomass feedstocks that have comparable properties to petrochemicals. In this study, synthesis, thermal and mechanical properties, and degradability studies of a novel series of sustainable thiophene-based copolyesters like poly(hexylene 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate-co-bis(2-hydroxyethoxybenzene) (PTBxHy) were conducted via a controlled melt polymerization method. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy techniques elucidated the degree of randomness and structural properties of copolyesters. Meanwhile, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis showed a high average molecular weight in the range of 67.4-78.7 × 103 g/mol. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was between 69.4 and 105.5 °C, and the melting point between 173.7 and 194.2 °C. The synthesized polymers outperformed poly(ethylene 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate) (PETF) and behaved similarly to polyethylene terephthalate. The copolyesters exhibited a high tensile strength of 46.4-70.5 MPa and a toughness of more than 600%, superior to their corresponding homopolyesters. The copolyesters, which ranged from 1,4-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)benzene thiophenedicarboxylate (TBB)-enriched to hexylene thiophenedicarboxylate (THH)-enriched, offered significant control over crystallinity, thermal and mechanical properties. Enzymatic hydrolysis of synthetized polymers using porcine pancreatic lipase (PP-L) over a short period resulted in significant weight losses of 9.6, 11.4, 30.2, and 35 wt%, as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with perforations visible on all surfaces of the films. Thus, thiophene-based polyesters with cyclic aromatic structures similar to terephthalic acid (TPA) show great promise as PET mimics. At the same time, PP-L appears to be a promising biocatalyst for the degradation of bioplastic waste and its recycling via re-synthesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesly Dasilva Wandji Djouonkep
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Applied Chemistry in Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
- Lost Circulation Control Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Petroleum Drilling Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
- Key Laboratory of Drilling and Production Engineering for Oil and Gas, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Christian Tatchum Tamo
- National Advanced School of Engineering, University of Maroua, Maroua P.O. Box 46, Cameroon
| | - Belle Elda Simo
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 96, Cameroon
| | - Nasiru Issah
- Department of Biochemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kabwe P.O. Box 80404, Ghana
| | | | - Naomie Beolle Songwe Selabi
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| | - Ingo Doench
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials, Institute of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies—FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center—FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials, Institute of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies—FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center—FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Binqiang Xie
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Applied Chemistry in Oil and Gas Fields, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
- Lost Circulation Control Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Petroleum Drilling Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China
- Key Laboratory of Drilling and Production Engineering for Oil and Gas, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials, Institute of Microsystems Engineering—IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies—FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center—FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Mechanical Amorphization of Chitosan with Different Molecular Weights. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204438. [PMID: 36298017 PMCID: PMC9606905 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical amorphization of three chitosan samples with high, medium, and low molecular weight was studied. It is shown that there are no significant differences between the course of amorphization process in a planetary ball mill of chitosan with different molecular weights, and the maximum degree of amorphization was achieved in 600 s of high intensity mechanical action. Specific energy consumption was 28 kJ/g, being comparable to power consumption for amorphization of cellulose determined previously (29 kJ/g) and 5–7-fold higher than that for amorphization of starch (4–6 kJ/g). Different techniques for determining the crystallinity index (CrI) of chitosan (analysis of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) data, the peak height method, the amorphous standard method, peak deconvolution, and full-profile Rietveld analysis) were compared. The peak height method is characterized by a broader working range but provides deviated CrI values. The peak deconvolution method (with the amorphous Voigt function) makes it possible to calculate the crystallinity index of chitosan with greater accuracy, but the analysis becomes more difficult with samples subjected to mechanical processing. In order to refine the structure and calculation of CrI by the Rietveld method, an attempt to optimize the structure file by the density functional theory (DFT) method was performed. The averaged profile of amorphous chitosan approximated by an eighth-order Fourier model improved the correctness of the description of the amorphous contribution for XRD data processing. The proposed equation may be used as a universal standard model of amorphous chitosan to determine the crystallinity index both for the amorphous standard method and for peak deconvolution of XRD patterns for arbitrary chitosan samples.
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Lignocellulosic-Based Materials from Bean and Pistachio Pod Wastes for Dye-Contaminated Water Treatment: Optimization and Modeling of Indigo Carmine Sorption. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183776. [PMID: 36145920 PMCID: PMC9504809 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, biomass lignocellulosic materials extracted via chemical and physical treatments from bean and pistachio pod waste were used for the optimized elimination of Indigo Carmine (IC) from aqueous medium, using a design of experiments methodology. The physicochemical properties of the studied materials (raw and treated counterparts) used for the sorption of IC were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with EDX, and thermal analysis. Key variables influencing the adsorption of IC, namely the initial IC concentration, the pH of the solution, the stirring time and the mass of adsorbents, were optimized by the central composite design (CCD) with three center points, the measured response being the amount of IC adsorbed. The optimal conditions obtained from the statistical analysis for the removal of IC were as follows: maximum adsorbed amounts of IC: 1.81 mg/g, 2.05 mg/g, 3.56 mg/g; 7.42 mg/g, 8.95 mg/g, 15.35 mg/g, for raw bean pods (RBS), BST1 and BST2 (bean pods chemically treated), and for raw pistachio pods (RPS), PST1 and PST2 (pistachio pods chemically treated), respectively. The pseudo-second-order nonlinear kinetics model well described the IC adsorption kinetics for RBS, BST1 and BST2, while the Elovich model was properly fitted by RPS, PST1, and PST2 biomaterials data. The Freundlich isotherm best described the shrinkage of IC on different sorbents. The good correlation of the experimental data of the IC with respect to the Freundlich isotherm indicated a multilayer adsorption with heterogeneous adsorption sites and different energies. The interest of this work consisted in developing analytical methods for the treatment of water polluted by dyes by using biosorbents, local biological materials widely available and inexpensive. The results collected in this work highlighted the interesting structural, morphological, and physico-chemical properties of the agro-waste used in the study, which properties allowed an important fixation of the target dye in solution. The research showed that the agro-waste used in the study are possible precursors to locally manufacture adsorbents at low cost, thus allowing the efficient removal of waste and dyes in liquid effluents.
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Pecheu CN, Jiokeng SLZ, Tamo AK, Doungmo G, Doench I, Osorio-Madrazo A, Tonle IK, Ngameni E. Fabrication of an Organofunctionalized Talc-like Magnesium Phyllosilicate for the Electrochemical Sensing of Lead Ions in Water Samples. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2928. [PMID: 36079966 PMCID: PMC9457713 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A talc-like magnesium phyllosilicate functionalized with amine groups (TalcNH2), useful as sensor material in voltammetry stripping analysis, was synthesized by a sol-gel-based processing method. The characterizations of the resulting synthetic organoclay by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, N2 sorption isotherms (BET method), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), CHN elemental analysis and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis-DRS) demonstrated the effectiveness of the process used for grafting of amine functionality in the interlamellar clay. The results indicate the presence of organic moieties covalently bonded to the inorganic lattice of talc-like magnesium phyllosilicate silicon sheet, with interlayer distances of 1568.4 pm. In an effort to use a talc-like material as an electrode material without the addition of a dispersing agent and/or molecular glue, the TalcNH2 material was successfully dispersed in distilled water in contrast to natural talc. Then, it was used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by drop coating. The characterization of the resulting modified electrode by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed its charge selectivity ability. In addition, EIS results showed low charge transfer resistance (0.32 Ω) during the electro-oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]3-. Kinetics studies were also performed by EIS, which revealed that the standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant was (0.019 ± 0.001) cm.s-1, indicating a fast direct electron transfer rate of [Fe(CN)6]3- to the electrode. Using anodic adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), fast and highly sensitive determination of Pb(II) ions was achieved. The peak current of Pb2+ ions on TalcNH2/GCE was about three-fold more important than that obtained on bare GCE. The calculated detection and quantification limits were respectively 7.45 × 10-8 M (S/N = 3) and 24.84 × 10-8 M (S/N 10), for the determination of Pb2+ under optimized conditions. The method was successfully used to tap water with satisfactory results. The results highlight the efficient chelation of Pb2+ ions by the grafted NH2 groups and the potential of talc-like amino-functionalized magnesium phyllosilicate for application in electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chancellin Nkepdep Pecheu
- Electrochemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon
| | - Sherman Lesly Zambou Jiokeng
- Electrochemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS—Université de Lorraine, 405, rue de Vandœuvre, 54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials BMBT, Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK-Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Giscard Doungmo
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ingo Doench
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials BMBT, Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK-Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials BMBT, Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK-Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ignas Kenfack Tonle
- Electrochemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Ngameni
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
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Ebunang DVT, Tajeu KY, Pecheu CN, Jiokeng SLZ, Tamo AK, Doench I, Osorio-Madrazo A, Tonle IK, Ngameni E. Amino-Functionalized Laponite Clay Material as a Sensor Modifier for the Electrochemical Detection of Quercetin. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22166173. [PMID: 36015934 PMCID: PMC9414484 DOI: 10.3390/s22166173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an electrode modified with an amino-functionalized clay mineral was used for the electrochemical analysis and quantification of quercetin (QCT). The resulting amine laponite (LaNH2) was used as modifier for a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The organic-inorganic hybrid material was structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and CHN elemental analysis. The covalent grafting of the organosilane to the clay backbone was confirmed. The charge on the aminated laponite, both without and with the protonation of NH2 groups, was evaluated via cyclic voltammetry. On the protonated amine (LaNH3+)-modified GCE, the cyclic voltammograms for QCT showed two oxidation peaks and one reduction peak in the range of -0.2 V to 1.2 V in a phosphate buffer-ethanol mixture at pH 3. By using the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the modification showed an increase in the electrode performance and a strong pH dependence. The experimental conditions were optimized, with the results showing that the peak current intensity of the DPV increased linearly with the QCT concentration in the range from 2 × 10-7 M to 2 × 10-6 M, leading to a detection limit of 2.63 × 10-8 M (S/N 3). The sensor selectivity was also evaluated in the presence of interfering species. Finally, the proposed aminated organoclay-modified electrode was successfully applied for the detection of QCT in human urine. The accuracy of the results achieved with the sensor was evaluated by comparing the results obtained using UV-visible spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delmas Vidal Tabe Ebunang
- Electrochemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon
| | - Kevin Yemele Tajeu
- Electrochemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon
| | - Chancellin Nkepdep Pecheu
- Electrochemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon
| | - Sherman Lesly Zambou Jiokeng
- Electrochemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environnement (LCPME), UMR 7564 CNRS—Université de Lorraine, 405, Rue de Vandœuvre, 54600 Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials BMBT, Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK-Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Doench
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials BMBT, Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK-Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anayancy Osorio-Madrazo
- Laboratory for Bioinspired Materials BMBT, Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK-Sensors, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.O.-M.); (E.N.); Tel.: +49-761-203-67363 (A.O.-M.); +237-675-311-930 (E.N.)
| | - Ignas Kenfack Tonle
- Electrochemistry and Chemistry of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 67, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Ngameni
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé P.O. Box 812, Cameroon
- Correspondence: (A.O.-M.); (E.N.); Tel.: +49-761-203-67363 (A.O.-M.); +237-675-311-930 (E.N.)
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