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Chakraborty R, Mukherjee AK, Bala A. Breakthroughs in road mapping IL-35 mediated immunotherapy for type-1 and autoimmune diabetes mellitus. Cytokine 2024; 181:156692. [PMID: 38986251 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
IL-35 is a recently discovered protein made up of IL-12α and IL-27β chains. It is encoded by IL12A and EBI3 genes. Interest in researching IL-35 has significantly increased in recent years, as evidenced by numerous scientific publications. Diabetes is on the rise globally, causing more illness and death in developing countries. The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) reports that diabetes is increasingly affecting children and teenagers, with varying rates across different regions. Therefore, scientists seek new diabetes treatments despite the growth of drug research. Recent research aims to emphasize IL-35 as a critical regulator of diabetes, especially type 1 and autoimmune diabetes. This review provides an overview of recent research on IL-35 and its link to diabetes and its associated complications. Studies suggest that IL-35 can offer protection against type-1 diabetes and autoimmune diabetes by regulating macrophage polarization, T-cell-related cytokines, and regulatory B cells (Bregs). This review will hopefully assist biomedical scientists in exploring the potential role of IL-35-mediated immunotherapy in treating diabetes. However, further research is necessary to determine the exact mechanism and plan clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratul Chakraborty
- Pharmacology and Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Vigyan Path, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR (an Indian Institute of National Importance), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Ashis K Mukherjee
- Microbial Biotechnology and Protein Research Laboratory, Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Vigyan Path, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India
| | - Asis Bala
- Pharmacology and Drug Discovery Research Laboratory, Division of Life Sciences, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST), Vigyan Path, Guwahati 781035, Assam, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR (an Indian Institute of National Importance), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.
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Yuksek T, Gonul M, Kartal SP, Gungor EB, Hatil SI. Elucidating the role of T-Reg related cytokines: serum transforming growth factor beta and interleukin-35 in alopecia areata. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:205. [PMID: 38787409 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-02901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that Th1 cytokines like IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ have initiatory role in alopecia areata (AA) and positive correlation with disease severity. They informed that serum levels of Th17 cytokines, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23 increased in active AA patients and corelated, particularly IL-17, with disease severity. In recent reports it was showed the balance between Th17 and Treg cells is crucial for maintaining tolerance to self-antigens, and an imbalance towards Th17 may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases like AA. But research on serum Treg markers in AA is limited. It was aimed to investigate whether the Treg cells have a role in the pathogenesis of AA analyzing the serum levels of Treg cytokines IL-35 and TGF-β in the patients with AA. 42 AA patients and 38 healthy controls were enrolled. Patient demographics, clinical data, disease severity assessed by Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) scores were recorded. Serum samples were collected and analyzed for TGF-β and IL-35 levels using ELISA kits. The cytokine levels in both groups were statistically compared. Their relation with parameters of demographic and severity of disease was evaluated. The patient and control groups had no statistically significant difference, there was 71.4% males and 28.6% females in patient group, while the control group had 63.2% males and 36.8% females, Severity analysis classified 18 patients with mild AA, 19 with moderate AA, and 5 with alopecia totalis/areata universalis. While TGF-β levels exhibited no significant difference between groups, IL-35 levels were significantly elevated in AA patients (p = 0.002). Logistic regression identified IL-35 as a significant parameter influencing disease status (OR = 1.055). Correlation analysis revealed a weak positive correlation between patient age and IL-35 levels (r = 0.436; p = 0.004). Notably, IL-35 levels displayed a significant decrease in individuals with antinuclear antibody (ANA) positivity. No correlations were identified between cytokine levels and disease severity, prognosis, or disease activity. Elevated IL-35 levels suggest that IL-35 and specific Treg cell subsets can play a role in AA pathogenesis. The nuanced roles of TGF-β and IL-35 highlight the need for comprehensive studies to interpret their implications in the complex immunopathogenesis of AA. These findings open avenues for further research, positioning IL-35 as a prospective target for investigating and potentially intervening in AA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugcan Yuksek
- Department of Dermatology, Girne Dr. Akcicek State Hosiptal, Kyrenia, Cyprus.
| | - Muzeyyen Gonul
- Ankara Etlik City Hospital Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selda Pelin Kartal
- Ankara Etlik City Hospital Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Bengu Gungor
- Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Department of Clinic Biochemistry, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semra Isikoglu Hatil
- Ankara Etlik City Hospital, Department of Clinic Biochemistry, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
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Kalogeropoulos D, Kanavaros P, Vartholomatos G, Moussa G, Kalogeropoulos C. Cytokines in Immune-mediated "Non-infectious" Uveitis. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2023. [PMID: 38134911 DOI: 10.1055/a-2202-8704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Uveitis is a significant cause of ocular morbidity and accounts for approximately 5 - 10% of visual impairments worldwide, particularly among the working-age population. Infections are the cause of ~ 50% cases of uveitis, but it has been suggested that infection might also be implicated in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated "non-infectious" uveitis. There is growing evidence that cytokines (i.e., interleukins, interferons, etc.) are key mediators of immune-mediated "non-infectious" uveitis. For example, activation of the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 signalling pathway is involved in immune-mediated "non-infectious" uveitis. Studies in animal models have been important in investigating the role of cytokines in uveitis. Recent studies of clinical samples from patients with uveitis have allowed the measurement of a considerable array of cytokines even from very small sample volumes (e.g., aqueous and vitreous humour). The identification of complex patterns of cytokines may contribute to a better understanding of their potential pathogenetic role in uveitis as well as to an improved diagnostic and therapeutic approach to treat these potentially blinding pathologies. This review provides further insights into the putative pathobiological role of cytokines in immune-mediated "non-infectious" uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panagiotis Kanavaros
- Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, University of Ioannina, Faculty of Medicine, Greece
| | - Georgios Vartholomatos
- Hematology Laboratory, Unit of Molecular Biology, University General Hospital of Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Moussa
- Ophthalmology, Birmingham and Midland Eye Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Palacka K, Hermankova B, Javorkova E, Zajicova A, Holan V. Impaired Immunomodulatory Properties of the Retina from the Inflammatory Environment of the Damaged Eye. Inflammation 2023; 46:2320-2331. [PMID: 37581762 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The retina represents a highly specialized structure with the primary function to capture a light signal and to convert it into electrical impulses. Any damage or disease of the retina can cause visual impairment. Since retinal degenerative diseases are generally associated with immune cell infiltration, a local inflammatory reaction, and cytokine burn, there is a need for mechanisms to prevent the retina from damage by a deleterious immune reaction. In this study, we show that mouse retinal explants co-cultivated with stimulated spleen cells, inhibit in a dose-dependent manner the activation of T cells, and suppress the production of cytokines interleukin-2, interleukin-10, and interferon-[Formula: see text]. The immunoregulatory properties of the retina were mainly mediated by a paracrine effect since retinal explants, separated by a semipermeable membrane, or supernatants obtained after the cultivation of retinal explants, inhibited the reactivity of immune cells. A model of retinal damage was established by the application of sodium iodate which selectively destroys photoreceptors, as it was demonstrated by a decrease in the number of rhodopsin-positive cells. This process was accompanied by increased infiltration of the retina with cells of the immune system and by a local inflammatory reaction. The pharmacologically damaged retina had significantly decreased the ability to inhibit T cell activation and production of cytokines by immune cells. Overall, the results showed that the retina possesses immunoregulatory properties and inhibits the activation and functions of T cells. However, the immunomodulatory properties of the retina are decreased if the retina is damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Palacka
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hermankova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Javorkova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Zajicova
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Holan
- Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Du Y, Yan B. Ocular immune privilege and retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:288-304. [PMID: 36805720 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular tissue microenvironment is immune-privileged and uses multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms to prevent the induction of inflammation. The retinal pigment epithelium plays an essential role in ocular immune privilege. In addition to serving as a blood barrier separating the fenestrated choriocapillaris from the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium is a source of immunosuppressive cytokines and membrane-bound negative regulators that modulate the activity of immune cells within the retina. This article reviews the current understanding of how retinal pigment epithelium cells mediate immune regulation, focusing on the changes under pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Du
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, No. 133, Hehua Road, Taibaihu New District, Jining, Shandong 272067, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, No. 133, Hehua Road, Taibaihu New District, Jining, Shandong 272067, People's Republic of China
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Zysk W, Gleń J, Trzeciak M. Current Insight into the Role of IL-35 and Its Potential Involvement in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415709. [PMID: 36555351 PMCID: PMC9779445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 35 (IL-35), a new member of the IL-12 family of heterodimeric cytokines, could induce two different types of regulatory cells including regulatory T and B cells such as IL-35-induced regulatory T cells and IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (IL-10+Bregs), and IL-35-producing regulatory B cells (IL-35+Bregs). These cells appear to play an important role in modulating the immune system in numerous diseases. Several findings suggested that the expression of IL-35 is dysregulated in many autoimmune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases. Due to the functions of IL-35, it seems that this cytokine may act as an efficient therapeutic strategy for numerous conditions including atopic dermatitis (AD). We aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of IL-35 in modulating the immune system. Additionally, we highlight IL-35 as a specific immunological target, discuss its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of AD, and hypothesize that IL-35 may become a novel target for the treatment of AD. However, further studies are required to evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Zysk
- Dermatological Students Scientific Association, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jolanta Gleń
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Trzeciak
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-584-40-10
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