3
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Garnham R, Geh D, Nelson R, Ramon-Gil E, Wilson L, Schmidt EN, Walker L, Adamson B, Buskin A, Hepburn AC, Hodgson K, Kendall H, Frame FM, Maitland N, Coffey K, Strand DW, Robson CN, Elliott DJ, Heer R, Macauley M, Munkley J, Gaughan L, Leslie J, Scott E. ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (ST3Gal1) synthesis of Siglec ligands mediates anti-tumour immunity in prostate cancer. Commun Biol 2024; 7:276. [PMID: 38448753 PMCID: PMC10918101 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade has yet to produce robust anti-cancer responses for prostate cancer. Sialyltransferases have been shown across several solid tumours, including breast, melanoma, colorectal and prostate to promote immune suppression by synthesising sialoglycans, which act as ligands for Siglec receptors. We report that ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (ST3Gal1) levels negatively correlate with androgen signalling in prostate tumours. We demonstrate that ST3Gal1 plays an important role in modulating tumour immune evasion through the synthesises of sialoglycans with the capacity to engage the Siglec-7 and Siglec-9 immunoreceptors preventing immune clearance of cancer cells. Here, we provide evidence of the expression of Siglec-7/9 ligands and their respective immunoreceptors in prostate tumours. These interactions can be modulated by enzalutamide and may maintain immune suppression in enzalutamide treated tumours. We conclude that the activity of ST3Gal1 is critical to prostate cancer anti-tumour immunity and provide rationale for the use of glyco-immune checkpoint targeting therapies in advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Garnham
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Daniel Geh
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ryan Nelson
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Erik Ramon-Gil
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Laura Wilson
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Edward N Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Laura Walker
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Beth Adamson
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Adriana Buskin
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Anastasia C Hepburn
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Kirsty Hodgson
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Hannah Kendall
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Fiona M Frame
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Norman Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Kelly Coffey
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Craig N Robson
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Matthew Macauley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Luke Gaughan
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Jack Leslie
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Emma Scott
- Newcastle University, Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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4
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Orozco-Moreno M, Visser EA, Hodgson K, Hipgrave Ederveen AL, Bastian K, Goode EA, Öztürk Ö, Pijnenborg JFA, Eerden N, Moons SJ, Rossing E, Wang N, de Haan N, Büll C, Boltje TJ, Munkley J. Targeting aberrant sialylation and fucosylation in prostate cancer cells using potent metabolic inhibitors. Glycobiology 2023; 33:1155-1171. [PMID: 37847613 PMCID: PMC10876042 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer and is not just a consequence, but also a driver of a malignant phenotype. In prostate cancer, changes in fucosylated and sialylated glycans are common and this has important implications for tumor progression, metastasis, and immune evasion. Glycans hold huge translational potential and new therapies targeting tumor-associated glycans are currently being tested in clinical trials for several tumor types. Inhibitors targeting fucosylation and sialylation have been developed and show promise for cancer treatment, but translational development is hampered by safety issues related to systemic adverse effects. Recently, potent metabolic inhibitors of sialylation and fucosylation were designed that reach higher effective concentrations within the cell, thereby rendering them useful tools to study sialylation and fucosylation as potential candidates for therapeutic testing. Here, we investigated the effects of global metabolic inhibitors of fucosylation and sialylation in the context of prostate cancer progression. We find that these inhibitors effectively shut down the synthesis of sialylated and fucosylated glycans to remodel the prostate cancer glycome with only minor apparent side effects on other glycan types. Our results demonstrate that treatment with inhibitors targeting fucosylation or sialylation decreases prostate cancer cell growth and downregulates the expression of genes and proteins important in the trajectory of disease progression. We anticipate our findings will lead to the broader use of metabolic inhibitors to explore the role of fucosylated and sialylated glycans in prostate tumor pathology and may pave the way for the development of new therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Orozco-Moreno
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eline A Visser
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kirsty Hodgson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Agnes L Hipgrave Ederveen
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kayla Bastian
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Archer Goode
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Özden Öztürk
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nienke Eerden
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- GlycoTherapeutics B.V., Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam J Moons
- Synvenio B.V., Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rossing
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Wang
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Medical School, Beech Hill Rd, Sheffield, Yorkshire S10 2RX, United Kingdom
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Büll
- Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Boltje
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Central Parkway, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 3BZ, United Kingdom
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5
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Girigoswami K, Pallavi P, Girigoswami A. Intricate subcellular journey of nanoparticles to the enigmatic domains of endoplasmic reticulum. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2284684. [PMID: 37990530 PMCID: PMC10987057 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2284684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It is evident that site-specific systemic drug delivery can reduce side effects, systemic toxicity, and minimal dosage requirements predominantly by delivering drugs to particular pathological sites, cells, and even subcellular structures. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and associated cell organelles play a vital role in several essential cellular functions and activities, such as the synthesis of lipids, steroids, membrane-associated proteins along with intracellular transport, signaling of Ca2+, and specific response to stress. Therefore, the dysfunction of ER is correlated with numerous diseases where cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes mellitus, hepatic disorder, etc., are very common. To achieve satisfactory therapeutic results in certain diseases, it is essential to engineer delivery systems that can effectively enter the cells and target ER. Nanoparticles are highly biocompatible, contain a variety of cargos or payloads, and can be modified in a pliable manner to achieve therapeutic effectiveness at the subcellular level when delivered to specific organelles. Passive targeting drug delivery vehicles, or active targeting drug delivery systems, reduce the nonselective accumulation of drugs while reducing side effects by modifying them with small molecular compounds, antibodies, polypeptides, or isolated bio-membranes. The targeting of ER and closely associated organelles in cells using nanoparticles, however, is still unsymmetrically understood. Therefore, here we summarized the pathophysiological prospect of ER stress, involvement of ER and mitochondrial response, disease related to ER dysfunctions, essential therapeutics, and nanoenabled modulation of their delivery to optimize therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyeli Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Pragya Pallavi
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN, India
| | - Agnishwar Girigoswami
- Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, TN, India
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6
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Scott E, Hodgson K, Calle B, Turner H, Cheung K, Bermudez A, Marques FJG, Pye H, Yo EC, Islam K, Oo HZ, McClurg UL, Wilson L, Thomas H, Frame FM, Orozco-Moreno M, Bastian K, Arredondo HM, Roustan C, Gray MA, Kelly L, Tolson A, Mellor E, Hysenaj G, Goode EA, Garnham R, Duxfield A, Heavey S, Stopka-Farooqui U, Haider A, Freeman A, Singh S, Johnston EW, Punwani S, Knight B, McCullagh P, McGrath J, Crundwell M, Harries L, Bogdan D, Westaby D, Fowler G, Flohr P, Yuan W, Sharp A, de Bono J, Maitland NJ, Wisnovsky S, Bertozzi CR, Heer R, Guerrero RH, Daugaard M, Leivo J, Whitaker H, Pitteri S, Wang N, Elliott DJ, Schumann B, Munkley J. Upregulation of GALNT7 in prostate cancer modifies O-glycosylation and promotes tumour growth. Oncogene 2023; 42:926-937. [PMID: 36725887 PMCID: PMC10020086 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and it is estimated that over 350,000 men worldwide die of prostate cancer every year. There remains an unmet clinical need to improve how clinically significant prostate cancer is diagnosed and develop new treatments for advanced disease. Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer implicated in tumour growth, metastasis, and immune evasion. One of the key drivers of aberrant glycosylation is the dysregulated expression of glycosylation enzymes within the cancer cell. Here, we demonstrate using multiple independent clinical cohorts that the glycosyltransferase enzyme GALNT7 is upregulated in prostate cancer tissue. We show GALNT7 can identify men with prostate cancer, using urine and blood samples, with improved diagnostic accuracy than serum PSA alone. We also show that GALNT7 levels remain high in progression to castrate-resistant disease, and using in vitro and in vivo models, reveal that GALNT7 promotes prostate tumour growth. Mechanistically, GALNT7 can modify O-glycosylation in prostate cancer cells and correlates with cell cycle and immune signalling pathways. Our study provides a new biomarker to aid the diagnosis of clinically significant disease and cements GALNT7-mediated O-glycosylation as an important driver of prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Scott
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Kirsty Hodgson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Beatriz Calle
- The Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Helen Turner
- Cellular Pathology, The Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Kathleen Cheung
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Abel Bermudez
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Fernando Jose Garcia Marques
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Hayley Pye
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward Christopher Yo
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Khirul Islam
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Urszula L McClurg
- Institute for Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Laura Wilson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Huw Thomas
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Fiona M Frame
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Margarita Orozco-Moreno
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Kayla Bastian
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Hector M Arredondo
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Chloe Roustan
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
| | - Melissa Anne Gray
- Sarafan Chem-H and Departemnt of Chemistry, Stanford University, 424 Santa Teresa St, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lois Kelly
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Aaron Tolson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ellie Mellor
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Gerald Hysenaj
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Emily Archer Goode
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Rebecca Garnham
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Adam Duxfield
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Susan Heavey
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Urszula Stopka-Farooqui
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aiman Haider
- Department of Pathology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Freeman
- Department of Pathology, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Saurabh Singh
- UCL Centre for Medical Imaging, Charles Bell House, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward W Johnston
- UCL Centre for Medical Imaging, Charles Bell House, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shonit Punwani
- UCL Centre for Medical Imaging, Charles Bell House, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bridget Knight
- NIHR Exeter Clinical Research Facility, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul McCullagh
- Department of Pathology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - John McGrath
- Exeter Surgical Health Services Research Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Malcolm Crundwell
- Exeter Surgical Health Services Research Unit, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Lorna Harries
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Medical School, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Denisa Bogdan
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Daniel Westaby
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Gemma Fowler
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Penny Flohr
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Wei Yuan
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Adam Sharp
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Johann de Bono
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Simon Wisnovsky
- University of British Columbia, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 424 Santa Teresa St, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Ramon Hurtado Guerrero
- University of Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, Zaragoza, Spain; Fundación ARAID, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Janne Leivo
- Department of Life Technologies, Division of Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Hayley Whitaker
- Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics Group, Charles Bell House, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sharon Pitteri
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Ning Wang
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Benjamin Schumann
- The Chemical Glycobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT, London, UK
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University Institute of Biosciences, Newcastle, NE1 3BZ, UK.
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