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Li Q, Song X, Pan YT, Sun J, Bifulco A, Yang R. Dual function of carboxymethyl cellulose scaffold: A one-stone-two-birds strategy to prepare double-layer hollow ZIF-67 derivates for flame retardant epoxy composites. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 674:445-458. [PMID: 38941937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.06.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) has been used as a flame retardant for a long time. Previous studies about AHP employed in flame retardant materials mostly focus on coating, modification, and complex system. It is valuable to explore simple experimental steps to prepare nano hybrids with AHP and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). We found acidic substances could etch zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) to obtain MOF derivatives. Unfortunately, AHP and ZIF-67 could not directly form a hybrid. Therefore, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is introduced as a dual function layer (buffer and support). The CMC resists the complete conversion of ZIF-67 etched by phosphoric acid to amorphous cobalt phosphate hydrate (ACP). Meanwhile, CMC containing hydroxyl groups combines with AHP through electrostatic interaction and coordination bonds. A double-layer hollow MOF derivative is synthesized through this one-stone-two-birds strategy. Due to multiple flame retardant elements and unique nanostructure, this MOF derivative endows epoxy (EP) resin with excellent flame retardancy. With 2.0 wt% addition, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of EP/AHP/ACP@CMC are decreased by 47.8 and 21.0 %, respectively. This study proposes a novel scheme that converts AHP into MOF derivatives as high-performance FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianlong Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaoning Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Ye-Tang Pan
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Aurelio Bifulco
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, PR China
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Li J, Yan Z, Liu M, Han X, Lu T, Liu R, Zhao S, Lv Q, Li B, Zhao S, Wang H. Triple Silicon, Phosphorous, and Nitrogen-Grafted Lignin-Based Flame Retardant and Its Vulcanization Promotion for Styrene Butadiene Rubber. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21549-21558. [PMID: 37360429 PMCID: PMC10286291 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present an innovative environmental silicon-, phosphorus-, and nitrogen-triple lignin-based flame retardant (Lig-K-DOPO). Lig-K-DOPO was successfully prepared by condensation of lignin with flame retardant intermediate DOPO-KH550 synthesized via Atherton-Todd reaction between 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (KH550A). The presence of silicon, phosphate, and nitrogen groups was characterized by FTIR, XPS, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Lig-K-DOPO exhibited advanced thermal stability compared with pristine lignin supported by TGA analysis. The curing characteristic measurement showed that addition of Lig-K-DOPO promoted the curing rate and crosslink density to styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Moreover, the cone calorimetry results indicated Lig-K-DOPO conferred impressive flame retardancy and smoke suppression. The addition of 20 phr Lig-K-DOPO reduced SBR blends 19.1% peak heat release rate (PHRR), 13.2% total heat release (THR), 53.2% smoke production rate (SPR), and 45.7% peak smoke production rate (PSPR). This strategy provides insights into multifunctional additives and greatly extends the comprehensive utilization of industrial lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Li
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zepei Yan
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaokun Han
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Tianyun Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ruiyin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shugao Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Jiangyin
Haida Rubber and Plastic Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214424, China
| | - Bo Li
- Jiangyin
Haida Rubber and Plastic Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214424, China
| | - Shengqin Zhao
- Chair
of Composite Engineering (CCe), Technische
Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - He Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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Zhao S, Xu B, Shan H, Zhang Q, Wang X. How Do Phosphorus Compounds with Different Valence States Affect the Flame Retardancy of PET? Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15081917. [PMID: 37112063 PMCID: PMC10146855 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of different valence states of phosphorus-containing compounds on thermal decomposition and flame retardancy of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Three polyphosphates-PBPP with +3-valence P, PBDP with +5-valence P and PBPDP with both +3/+5-valence P-were synthesized. The combustion behaviors of flame-retardant PET were studied and the structure-property relationships between the phosphorus-based structures with different valence states and flame-retardant properties were further explored. It was found that phosphorus valence states significantly affected the flame-retardant modes of action of polyphosphate in PET. For the phosphorus structures with +3-valence, more phosphorus-containing fragments were released in the gas phase, inhibiting polymer chain decomposition reactions; by contrast, those with +5-valence phosphorus retained more P in the condensed phase, promoting the formation of more P-rich char layers. It is worth noting that the polyphosphate containing both +3/+5-valence phosphorous tended to combine the advantage of phosphorus structures with two valence states and balance the flame-retardant effect in the gas phase and condensed phase. These results contribute to guiding the design of specified phosphorus-based structures of flame-retardant compounds in polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siheng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hao Shan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qinglei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing 100048, China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants, Beijing 100048, China
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Yu L, Huo S, Wang C, Ye G, Song P, Feng J, Fang Z, Wang H, Liu Z. Flame-retardant poly(L-lactic acid) with enhanced UV protection and well-preserved mechanical properties by a furan-containing polyphosphoramide. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123707. [PMID: 36796568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite good biodegradability and mechanical strength, the intrinsic flammability of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) impede its practical application. Introducing phosphoramide is an effective method to enhance the flame retardancy of PLA. However, most of the reported phosphoramides derive from petroleum resources, and their addition tends to deteriorate the mechanical properties, especially toughness, of PLA. Herein, a bio-based, furan-containing polyphosphoramide (DFDP) with high flame-retardant efficiency was synthesized for PLA. Our study found that 2 wt% DFDP enabled PLA to pass a UL-94 V-0 rating, and 4 wt% DFDP increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 30.8 %. DFDP effectively maintained the mechanical strength and toughness of PLA. The tensile strength of PLA with 2 wt% DFDP reached 59.9 MPa, and its elongation at break and impact strength were increased by 15.8 % and 34.3 %, respectively, relative to those of virgin PLA. The UV protection of PLA was significantly enhanced by introducing DFDP. Hence, this work provides a sustainable and comprehensive strategy for the creation of flame-retardant biomaterials with improved UV protection and well-preserved mechanical properties, which possess a broad prospect in industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Yu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic and New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Siqi Huo
- Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia; Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic and New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Guofeng Ye
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic and New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Pingan Song
- Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia
| | - Jiabing Feng
- Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Center for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield 4300, Australia
| | - Zhitian Liu
- Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center of Optoelectronic and New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China.
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Xu B, Zhu S, Zhao S, Wang X. A High-Phosphorus-Content Polyphosphonate with Combined Phosphorus Structures for Flame Retardant PET. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071713. [PMID: 37050327 PMCID: PMC10096606 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A high-phosphorus-content polyphosphonate (PBDA), containing two phosphorus-based structures: phosphaphenanthrene (DOPO) and phenyl phosphonate groups, was synthesized and used in flame retardant polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Good self-extinguishing property (high UL 94 grade and LOI value), superior flame retardancy (lower heat/smoke release), and high quality retention (high carbon residue) were endowed to PET by PBDA. When 10 wt% PDBA was added, the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke rate (TSR) of PDBA/PET were found to be significantly reduced by 80%, 60.5%, and 21%, respectively, compared to the pure PET, and the LOI value jumped from 20.5% for pure PET to 28.7% with a UL-94 V-0 rating. The flame-retardant mode of action in PET was verified by thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared (TGA-FTIR), pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), real-time FTIR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phosphaphenanthrene and phosphonate moieties in PDBA decomposed in sequence during heating, continuously releasing and keeping high-content PO· and PO2· radicals with a quenching effect and simultaneously promoting the formation of viscous crosslinked char layers causing a high barrier effect. PDBA mainly acted in the gas phase but the condensed-phase flame retardant function was also considerable.
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Jia XW, Mu WL, Shao ZB, Xu YJ. Flame-Retardant Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Systems with High Dielectric Performance for Electronic Packaging Materials. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032301. [PMID: 36768624 PMCID: PMC9916824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Flame-retardant cycloaliphatic epoxy systems have long been studied; however, the research suffers from slow and unsatisfactory advances. In this work, we synthesized a kind of phosphorus-containing difunctional cycloaliphatic epoxide (called BCEP). Then, triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) was mixed with BCEP to achieve epoxy systems that are rich in phosphorus and nitrogen elements, which were cured with 4-methylhexahydrobenzene anhydride (MeHHPA) to obtain a series of flame-retardant epoxy resins. Curing behaviors, flame retardancy, thermal behaviors, dielectric performance, and the chemical degradation behaviors of the cured epoxy system were investigated. BCEP-TGIC systems showed a high curing activity, and they can be efficiently cured, in which the incorporation of TGIC decreased the curing activity of the resin. As the ratio of BCEP and TGIC was 1:3, the cured resin (BCEP1-TGIC3) showed a relatively good flame retardancy with a limiting oxygen index value of 25.2%. In the cone calorimeter test, they presented a longer time to ignition and a lower heat release than the commercially available cycloaliphatic epoxy resins (ERL-4221). BCEP-TGIC systems presented good thermal stability, as the addition of TGIC delayed the thermal weight loss of the resin. BCEP1-TGIC3 had high dielectric performance and outperformed ERL-4221 over a frequency range of 1 HZ to 1 MHz. BCEP1-TGIC3 could achieve degradation under mild conditions in an alkali methanol/water solution. Benefiting from the advances, BCEP-TGIC systems have potential applications as electronic packaging materials in electrical and electronic fields.
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Design of Hierarchically Tailored Hybrids Based on Nickle Nanocrystal-Decorated Manganese Dioxides for Enhanced Fire Safety of Epoxy Resin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213711. [PMID: 36430185 PMCID: PMC9697679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and hierarchical hybrid composite (MnO2@CHS@SA@Ni) was synthesized utilizing manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets as the core structure, self-assembly chitosan (CHS), sodium alginate (SA) and nickel species (Ni) as surface layers, and it was further incorporated into an epoxy matrix for achieving fire hazard suppression via surface self-assembly technology. Herein, the resultant hybrid epoxy composite possessed an exceptional nano-barrier and synergistic charring effect to aid the formation of a compact layered structure that enhanced its fire-resistive effectiveness. As a result, the addition of only 2 wt% MnO2@CHS@SA@Ni hybrids led to a dramatic reduction in the peak heat release rate and total heat release values (by ca. 33% and 27.8%) of the epoxy matrix. Notably, the peak smoke production rate and total smoke production values of EP/MnO2@CHS@SA@Ni 2% were decreased by ca. 16.9 and 38.4% compared to the corresponding data of pristine EP. This was accompanied by the suppression of toxic CO, NO release and the diffusion of thermal pyrolysis gases during combustion through TG-IR results. Overall, a significant fire-testing outcome of the proposed hierarchical structure was proven to be effective for epoxy composites in terms of flammability, smoke and toxicity reductions, optimizing their prospects in other polymeric materials in the respective fields.
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