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Al-Karmalawy AA, Alnajjar R, Elmaaty AA, Binjubair FA, Al-Rashood ST, Mansour BS, Elkamhawy A, Eldehna WM, Mansour KA. Investigating the promising SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitory activity of secoiridoids isolated from Jasminum humile; in silico and in Vitro assessments with structure-activity relationship. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:6941-6953. [PMID: 37505066 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2240419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic enzyme 3 C-like protease (3Clpro or Mpro) is considered the most important target for SARS-CoV-2 which could be attributed to its crucial role in viral maturation and/or replication. Besides, natural phytoconstituents from plant origin are always promising lead compounds in the drug discovery area. Herein, the previously isolated and identified seven compounds from Jasminum humile (J. humile) were examined in vitro and in silico against the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. First, the Vero E6 cells were utilized to pursue the potential of the investigated compounds (both in fractions and individual isolates) using the MTT assay. The total extract (T1) displayed the most significant activity against SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 = 29.36 µg/mL. Besides, the fractions (Fr1 and Fr3) showed good activity against the SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 values of 70.42, and 73.09 µg/mL, respectively. Then, the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitory assay was utilized to emphasize the inhibitory potential of the investigated isolates. MJN, JMD, and IJM candidates displayed prominent Mpro inhibitory potentials with IC50 = 30.44, 30.24, and 56.25 µM, respectively. Moreover, molecular docking of the identified seven compounds against the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 showed that the five secoiridoids achieved superior results. MJN, JSM, IJM, and JMD showed higher affinities towards the Mpro target compared to the co-crystallized antagonist. Furthermore, the most active complexes (MJN, JSM, IJM, and JMD-Mpro) were subjected to MD simulations run for 150 ns and MM-GBSA calculations, compared to the co-crystallized inhibitor (O6K-Mpro). Finally, the SAR study clarified that JMD achieved the best anti-SARS-CoV-2 Mpro activity followed by MJN.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
- PharmD, Faculty of Pharmacy, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Faizah A Binjubair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara T Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma S Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt
| | - Khaled Ahmed Mansour
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University in Egypt, New Damietta, Egypt
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Latarissa IR, Meiliana A, Sormin IP, Sugiono E, Wathoni N, Barliana MI, Lestari K. The efficacy of herbal medicines on the length of stay and negative conversion time/rate outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1383359. [PMID: 38873430 PMCID: PMC11169809 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1383359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, diverse initiatives have been carried out to control the COVID-19 pandemic, ranging from measures restricting social activities to analyzing drugs and vaccines. Studies on herbal medicines are also increasingly conducted in various countries as an adjuvant therapy or supplement. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to investigate the efficacy of herbal medicines analyzed from various countries through clinical trials with the randomized controlled trial method. The outcomes of Length of Stay (LOS), Negative Conversion Time (NCT), and Negative Conversion Rate (NCR) were the main focus. Methods An extensive review of literature spanning from 2019 to 2023 was carried out using well-known databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane. The search included relevant keywords such as "randomized controlled trial," "COVID-19," and "herbal medicine." Results A total of 8 articles were part of the inclusion criteria with outcomes of LOS, NCT, and NCR. In terms of LOS outcomes, all types of herbal medicines showed significant results, such as Persian Medicine Herbal (PM Herbal), Persian Barley Water (PBW), Jingyin Granules (JY granules), Reduning Injection, and Phyllanthus emblica (Amla). However, only JY granules showed significant results in NCR outcome, while JY granules and Reduning Injection showed significant results in reducing NCT. Conclusion These findings enrich our understanding of the potential benefits of herbal medicines in influencing LOS, NCR and NCT parameters in COVID-19 patients. Herbal medicines worked to treat COVID-19 through antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Rahayu Latarissa
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Ida Paulina Sormin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of 17 August 1945 Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Prodia Diacro Laboratory, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Melisa Intan Barliana
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Keri Lestari
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
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Mollaamin F. Structural and Functional Characterization of Medicinal Plants as Selective Antibodies towards Therapy of COVID-19 Symptoms. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:38. [PMID: 38804306 PMCID: PMC11130808 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, this research aims to investigate some herbs as probable therapies for this disease. Achillea millefolium (Yarrow), Alkanet, Rumex patientia (Patience dock), Dill, Tarragon, and sweet fennel, including some principal chemical compounds of achillin, alkannin, cuminaldehyde, dillapiole, estragole, and fenchone have been selected. The possible roles of these medicinal plants in COVID-19 treatment have been investigated through quantum sensing methods. The formation of hydrogen bonding between the principal substances selected in anti-COVID natural drugs and Tyr-Met-His (the database amino acids fragment), as the active area of the COVID protein, has been evaluated. The physical and chemical attributes of nuclear magnetic resonance, vibrational frequency, the highest occupied molecular orbital energy and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy, partial charges, and spin density have been investigated using the DFT/TD-DFT method and 6-311+G (2d,p) basis set by the Gaussian 16 revision C.01 program toward the industry of drug design. This research has exhibited that there is relative agreement among the results that these medicinal plants could be efficient against COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mollaamin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu 37150, Turkey
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Albiheyri R, Ahmad V, Khan MI, Alzahrani FA, Jamal QMS. Investigating the Antiviral Properties of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn against the Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, Nipah, and Chikungunya Viruses: A Computational Simulation Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:581. [PMID: 38794151 PMCID: PMC11124395 DOI: 10.3390/ph17050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: The hunt for naturally occurring antiviral compounds to combat viral infection was expedited when COVID-19 and Ebola spread rapidly. Phytochemicals from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn were evaluated as significant inhibitors of these viruses. Methods: Computational tools and techniques were used to assess the binding pattern of phytochemicals from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn to Ebola virus VP35, SARS-CoV-2 protease, Nipah virus glycoprotein, and chikungunya virus. Results: Virtual screening and AutoDock analysis revealed that arborside-C, beta amyrin, and beta-sitosterol exhibited a substantial binding affinity for specific viral targets. The arborside-C and beta-sitosterol molecules were shown to have binding energies of -8.65 and -9.11 kcal/mol, respectively, when interacting with the major protease. Simultaneously, the medication remdesivir exhibited a control value of -6.18 kcal/mol. The measured affinity of phytochemicals for the other investigated targets was -7.52 for beta-amyrin against Ebola and -6.33 kcal/mol for nicotiflorin against Nipah virus targets. Additional molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) conducted on the molecules with significant antiviral potential, specifically the beta-amyrin-VP35 complex showing a stable RMSD pattern, yielded encouraging outcomes. Conclusions: Arborside-C, beta-sitosterol, beta-amyrin, and nicotiflorin could be established as excellent natural antiviral compounds derived from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. The virus-suppressing phytochemicals in this plant make it a compelling target for both in vitro and in vivo research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Albiheyri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Varish Ahmad
- Health Information Technology Department, The Applied College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah 21499, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Faisal A. Alzahrani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Embryonic Stem Cell Unit, King Fahad Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Mendonça SC, Gomes BA, Campos MF, da Fonseca TS, Esteves MEA, Andriolo BV, Cheohen CFDAR, Constant LEC, da Silva Costa S, Calil PT, Tucci AR, de Oliveira TKF, Rosa ADS, Ferreira VNDS, Lima JNH, Miranda MD, da Costa LJ, da Silva ML, Scotti MT, Allonso D, Leitão GG, Leitão SG. Myrtucommulones and Related Acylphloroglucinols from Myrtaceae as a Promising Source of Multitarget SARS-CoV-2 Cycle Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:436. [PMID: 38675398 PMCID: PMC11054083 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The LABEXTRACT plant extract bank, featuring diverse members of the Myrtaceae family from Brazilian hot spot regions, provides a promising avenue for bioprospection. Given the pivotal roles of the Spike protein and 3CLpro and PLpro proteases in SARS-CoV-2 infection, this study delves into the correlations between the Myrtaceae species from the Atlantic Forest and these targets, as well as an antiviral activity through both in vitro and in silico analyses. The results uncovered notable inhibitory effects, with Eugenia prasina and E. mosenii standing out, while E. mosenii proved to be multitarget, presenting inhibition values above 72% in the three targets analyzed. All extracts inhibited viral replication in Calu-3 cells (EC50 was lower than 8.3 µg·mL-1). Chemometric analyses, through LC-MS/MS, encompassing prediction models and molecular networking, identified potential active compounds, such as myrtucommulones, described in the literature for their antiviral activity. Docking analyses showed that one undescribed myrtucommulone (m/z 841 [M - H]-) had a higher fitness score when interacting with the targets of this study, including ACE2, Spike, PLpro and 3CLpro of SARS-CoV-2. Also, the study concludes that Myrtaceae extracts, particularly from E. mosenii and E. prasina, exhibit promising inhibitory effects against crucial stages in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Compounds like myrtucommulones emerge as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, warranting further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simony Carvalho Mendonça
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.M.); (B.A.G.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Brendo Araujo Gomes
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.M.); (B.A.G.); (M.F.C.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mariana Freire Campos
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.M.); (B.A.G.); (M.F.C.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thamirys Silva da Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Maria Eduarda Alves Esteves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (M.E.A.E.); (M.L.d.S.)
| | - Bruce Veiga Andriolo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Caio Felipe de Araujo Ribas Cheohen
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé 27965-045, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Larissa Esteves Carvalho Constant
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (L.E.C.C.); (S.d.S.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Stephany da Silva Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (L.E.C.C.); (S.d.S.C.); (D.A.)
| | - Pedro Telles Calil
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (P.T.C.); (L.J.d.C.)
| | - Amanda Resende Tucci
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.T.); (T.K.F.d.O.); (A.d.S.R.); (V.N.d.S.F.); (J.N.H.L.); (M.D.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thamara Kelcya Fonseca de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.T.); (T.K.F.d.O.); (A.d.S.R.); (V.N.d.S.F.); (J.N.H.L.); (M.D.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alice dos Santos Rosa
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.T.); (T.K.F.d.O.); (A.d.S.R.); (V.N.d.S.F.); (J.N.H.L.); (M.D.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vivian Neuza dos Santos Ferreira
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.T.); (T.K.F.d.O.); (A.d.S.R.); (V.N.d.S.F.); (J.N.H.L.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Julia Nilo Henrique Lima
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.T.); (T.K.F.d.O.); (A.d.S.R.); (V.N.d.S.F.); (J.N.H.L.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Milene Dias Miranda
- Laboratory of Morphology and Viral Morphogenesis, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil; (A.R.T.); (T.K.F.d.O.); (A.d.S.R.); (V.N.d.S.F.); (J.N.H.L.); (M.D.M.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Jesus da Costa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (P.T.C.); (L.J.d.C.)
| | - Manuela Leal da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Computacional e Sistemas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil; (M.E.A.E.); (M.L.d.S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, RJ, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade NUPEM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé 27965-045, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Marcus Tullius Scotti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58033-455, PB, Brazil;
| | - Diego Allonso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil; (L.E.C.C.); (S.d.S.C.); (D.A.)
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gilda Guimarães Leitão
- Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Suzana Guimarães Leitão
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais e Alimentos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (S.C.M.); (B.A.G.); (M.F.C.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Vegetal e Bioprocessos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
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Singh M, Lo SH, Dubey R, Kumar S, Chaubey KK, Kumar S. Plant-Derived Natural Compounds as an Emerging Antiviral in Combating COVID-19. Indian J Microbiol 2023; 63:429-446. [PMID: 38031604 PMCID: PMC10682353 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-023-01121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a human virus that burst at Wuhan in China and spread quickly over the world, leading to millions of deaths globally. The journey of this deadly virus to different mutant strains is still ongoing. The plethora of drugs and vaccines have been tested to cope up this pandemic. The herbal plants and different spices have received great attention during pandemic, because of their anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties in treating viruses and their symptoms. Also, it has been shown that nano-formulation of phytochemicals has potential therapeutic effect against COVID-19. Furthermore, the plant derived compound nano-formulation specifically increases its antiviral property by enhancing its bioavailability, solubility, and target-specific delivery system. This review highlights the potentiality of herbal plants and their phytochemical against SARS-CoV-2 utilizing different mechanisms such as blocking the ACE-2 receptors, inhibiting the main proteases, binding spike proteins and reducing the cytokine storms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, UP 281406 India
| | - Shih-Hsiu Lo
- Department of Urology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rajni Dubey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wuxing Street, Taipei, 11031 Taiwan
| | - Sudhashekhar Kumar
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP 201310 India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Division of Research and Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Arcadia Grant, P.O. Chandanwari, Premnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007 India
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Sanskriti University, Mathura, UP 281401 India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biological and Bio-Computational Lab, Department of Life Science, Sharda School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP 201310 India
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