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Kirby TJ, Zahr HC, Fong EHH, Lammerding J. Eliminating elevated p53 signaling fails to rescue skeletal muscle defects or extend survival in lamin A/C-deficient mice. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:245. [PMID: 38778055 PMCID: PMC11111808 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01998-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Lamins A and C, encoded by the LMNA gene, are nuclear intermediate filaments that provide structural support to the nucleus and contribute to chromatin organization and transcriptional regulation. LMNA mutations cause muscular dystrophies, dilated cardiomyopathy, and other diseases. The mechanisms by which many LMNA mutations result in muscle-specific diseases have remained elusive, presenting a major hurdle in the development of effective treatments. Previous studies using striated muscle laminopathy mouse models found that cytoskeletal forces acting on mechanically fragile Lmna-mutant nuclei led to transient nuclear envelope rupture, extensive DNA damage, and activation of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways in skeletal muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, hearts of Lmna mutant mice have elevated activation of the tumor suppressor protein p53, a central regulator of DDR signaling. We hypothesized that elevated p53 activation could present a pathogenic mechanism in striated muscle laminopathies, and that eliminating p53 activation could improve muscle function and survival in laminopathy mouse models. Supporting a pathogenic function of p53 activation in muscle, stabilization of p53 was sufficient to reduce contractility and viability in wild-type muscle cells in vitro. Using three laminopathy models, we found that increased p53 activity in Lmna-mutant muscle cells primarily resulted from mechanically induced damage to the myonuclei, and not from altered transcriptional regulation due to loss of lamin A/C expression. However, global deletion of p53 in a severe muscle laminopathy model did not reduce the disease phenotype or increase survival, indicating that additional drivers of disease must contribute to the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Kirby
- Department of Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Hind C Zahr
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ern Hwei Hannah Fong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Piñol-Jurado P, Verdú-Díaz J, Fernández-Simón E, Domínguez-González C, Hernández-Lain A, Lawless C, Vincent A, González-Chamorro A, Villalobos E, Monceau A, Laidler Z, Mehra P, Clark J, Filby A, McDonald D, Rushton P, Bowey A, Alonso Pérez J, Tasca G, Marini-Bettolo C, Guglieri M, Straub V, Suárez-Calvet X, Díaz-Manera J. Imaging mass cytometry analysis of Becker muscular dystrophy muscle samples reveals different stages of muscle degeneration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3365. [PMID: 38336890 PMCID: PMC10858026 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is characterised by fiber loss and expansion of fibrotic and adipose tissue. Several cells interact locally in what is known as the degenerative niche. We analysed muscle biopsies of controls and BMD patients at early, moderate and advanced stages of progression using Hyperion imaging mass cytometry (IMC) by labelling single sections with 17 markers identifying different components of the muscle. We developed a software for analysing IMC images and studied changes in the muscle composition and spatial correlations between markers across disease progression. We found a strong correlation between collagen-I and the area of stroma, collagen-VI, adipose tissue, and M2-macrophages number. There was a negative correlation between the area of collagen-I and the number of satellite cells (SCs), fibres and blood vessels. The comparison between fibrotic and non-fibrotic areas allowed to study the disease process in detail. We found structural differences among non-fibrotic areas from control and patients, being these latter characterized by increase in CTGF and in M2-macrophages and decrease in fibers and blood vessels. IMC enables to study of changes in tissue structure along disease progression, spatio-temporal correlations and opening the door to better understand new potential pathogenic pathways in human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Piñol-Jurado
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - José Verdú-Díaz
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - Esther Fernández-Simón
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - Cristina Domínguez-González
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, imas12 Research Institute, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Hernández-Lain
- Neuropathology Unit, imas12 Research Institute, Hospital Universitario, 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Conor Lawless
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Amy Vincent
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Welcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alejandro González-Chamorro
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - Elisa Villalobos
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - Alexandra Monceau
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - Zoe Laidler
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - Priyanka Mehra
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - James Clark
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - Andrew Filby
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute and Innovation Methodology and Application Research Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - David McDonald
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute and Innovation Methodology and Application Research Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Rushton
- Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery, Great North Children's Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew Bowey
- Department of Orthopaedic Spine Surgery, Great North Children's Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jorge Alonso Pérez
- Neuromuscular Disease Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Fundación Canaria Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Canarias (FIISC), Tenerife, Spain
| | - Giorgio Tasca
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - Chiara Marini-Bettolo
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - Michela Guglieri
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - Volker Straub
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK
| | - Xavier Suárez-Calvet
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IBB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Díaz-Manera
- John Walton Muscular Dystrophy Research Centre, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Center for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE13BZ, UK.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IBB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.
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Bencze M, Periou B, Punzón I, Barthélémy I, Taglietti V, Hou C, Zaidan L, Kefi K, Blot S, Agbulut O, Gervais M, Derumeaux G, Authier F, Tiret L, Relaix F. Receptor interacting protein kinase-3 mediates both myopathy and cardiomyopathy in preclinical animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2520-2531. [PMID: 37909859 PMCID: PMC10751447 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive muscle degenerative disorder, culminating in a complete loss of ambulation, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a fatal cardiorespiratory failure. Necroptosis is the form of necrosis that is dependent upon the receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3; it is involved in several inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions. We previously identified RIPK3 as a key player in the acute myonecrosis affecting the hindlimb muscles of the mdx dystrophic mouse model. Whether necroptosis also mediates respiratory and heart disorders in DMD is currently unknown. METHODS Evidence of activation of the necroptotic axis was examined in dystrophic tissues from Golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs and R-DMDdel52 rats. A functional assessment of the involvement of necroptosis in dystrophic animals was performed on mdx mice that were genetically depleted for RIPK3. Dystrophic mice aged from 12 to 18 months were analysed by histology and molecular biology to compare the phenotype of muscles from mdxRipk3+/+ and mdxRipk3-/- mice. Heart function was also examined by echocardiography in 40-week-old mice. RESULTS RIPK3 expression in sartorius and biceps femoris muscles from GRMD dogs positively correlated to myonecrosis levels (r = 0.81; P = 0.0076). RIPK3 was also found elevated in the diaphragm (P ≤ 0.05). In the slow-progressing heart phenotype of GRMD dogs, the phosphorylated form of RIPK1 at the Serine 161 site was dramatically increased in cardiomyocytes. A similar p-RIPK1 upregulation characterized the cardiomyocytes of the severe DMDdel52 rat model, associated with a marked overexpression of Ripk1 (P = 0.007) and Ripk3 (P = 0.008), indicating primed activation of the necroptotic pathway in the dystrophic heart. MdxRipk3-/- mice displayed decreased compensatory hypertrophy of the heart (P = 0.014), and echocardiography showed a 19% increase in the relative wall thickness (P < 0.05) and 29% reduction in the left ventricle mass (P = 0.0144). Besides, mdxRipk3-/- mice presented no evidence of a regenerative default or sarcopenia in skeletal muscles, moreover around 50% less affected by fibrosis (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight molecular and histological evidence that the necroptotic pathway is activated in degenerative tissues from dystrophic animal models, including the diaphragm and the heart. We also provide the genetic proof of concept that selective inhibition of necroptosis in dystrophic condition improves both histological features of muscles and cardiac function, suggesting that prevention of necroptosis is susceptible to providing multiorgan beneficial effects for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien Bencze
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Baptiste Periou
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Isabel Punzón
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Inès Barthélémy
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Valentina Taglietti
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Cyrielle Hou
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Louai Zaidan
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Kaouthar Kefi
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Stéphane Blot
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Institut de Biologie Paris‐Seine (IBPS), CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and AgeingSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Marianne Gervais
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Geneviève Derumeaux
- Team Derumeaux, Department of Physiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, FHU‐SENEC, AP‐HPU955‐IMRB, Université Paris‐Est Créteil (UPEC)CréteilFrance
| | - François‐Jérôme Authier
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Laurent Tiret
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
| | - Fréderic Relaix
- Team Relaix, Biology of the Neuromuscular SystemU955‐IMRB, Inserm, UPEC, ENVA, EFSCréteilFrance
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Tejedera-Villafranca A, Montolio M, Ramón-Azcón J, Fernández-Costa JM. Mimicking sarcolemmal damage in vitro: a contractile 3D model of skeletal muscle for drug testing in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Biofabrication 2023; 15:045024. [PMID: 37725998 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/acfb3d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most prevalent neuromuscular disease diagnosed in childhood. It is a progressive and wasting disease, characterized by a degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscles caused by the lack of dystrophin protein. The absence of this crucial structural protein leads to sarcolemmal fragility, resulting in muscle fiber damage during contraction. Despite ongoing efforts, there is no cure available for DMD patients. One of the primary challenges is the limited efficacy of current preclinical tools, which fail in modeling the biological complexity of the disease. Human-based three-dimensional (3D) cell culture methods appear as a novel approach to accelerate preclinical research by enhancing the reproduction of pathophysiological processes in skeletal muscle. In this work, we developed a patient-derived functional 3D skeletal muscle model of DMD that reproduces the sarcolemmal damage found in the native DMD muscle. These bioengineered skeletal muscle tissues exhibit contractile functionality, as they responded to electrical pulse stimulation. Sustained contractile regimes induced the loss of myotube integrity, mirroring the pathological myotube breakdown inherent in DMD due to sarcolemmal instability. Moreover, damaged DMD tissues showed disease functional phenotypes, such as tetanic fatigue. We also evaluated the therapeutic effect of utrophin upregulator drug candidates on the functionality of the skeletal muscle tissues, thus providing deeper insight into the real impact of these treatments. Overall, our findings underscore the potential of bioengineered 3D skeletal muscle technology to advance DMD research and facilitate the development of novel therapies for DMD and related neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainoa Tejedera-Villafranca
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), C/Baldiri Reixac 10-12, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marisol Montolio
- Duchenne Parent Project España, E28032 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, E08027 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Ramón-Azcón
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), C/Baldiri Reixac 10-12, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Reserca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, E08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan M Fernández-Costa
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), C/Baldiri Reixac 10-12, E08028 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Nieves-Rodriguez S, Barthélémy F, Woods JD, Douine ED, Wang RT, Scripture-Adams DD, Chesmore KN, Galasso F, Miceli MC, Nelson SF. Transcriptomic analysis of paired healthy human skeletal muscles to identify modulators of disease severity in DMD. Front Genet 2023; 14:1216066. [PMID: 37576554 PMCID: PMC10415210 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1216066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle damage and fibro-fatty replacement of skeletal muscles is a main pathologic feature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) with more proximal muscles affected earlier and more distal affected later in the disease course, suggesting that different skeletal muscle groups possess distinctive characteristics that influence their susceptibility to disease. To explore transcriptomic factors driving differential gene expression and modulating DMD skeletal muscle severity, we characterized the transcriptome of vastus lateralis (VL), a more proximal and susceptible muscle, relative to tibialis anterior (TA), a more distal and protected muscle, in 15 healthy individuals using bulk RNA sequencing to identify gene expression differences that may mediate their relative susceptibility to damage with loss of dystrophin. Matching single nuclei RNA sequencing data was generated for 3 of the healthy individuals, to infer cell composition in the bulk RNA sequencing dataset and to improve mapping of differentially expressed genes to their cell source of expression. A total of 3,410 differentially expressed genes were identified and mapped to cell type using single nuclei RNA sequencing of muscle, including long non-coding RNAs and protein coding genes. There was an enrichment of genes involved in calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, particularly in the myofibers and these myofiber genes were higher in the VL. There was an enrichment of genes in "Collagen-Containing Extracellular Matrix" expressed by fibroblasts, endothelial, smooth muscle and pericytes, with most genes higher in the TA, as well as genes in "Regulation Of Apoptotic Process" expressed across all cell types. Previously reported genetic modifiers were also enriched within the differentially expressed genes. We also identify 6 genes with differential isoform usage between the VL and TA. Lastly, we integrate our findings with DMD RNA sequencing data from the TA, and identify "Collagen-Containing Extracellular Matrix" and "Negative Regulation Of Apoptotic Process" as differentially expressed between DMD compared to healthy. Collectively, these findings propose novel candidate mechanisms that may mediate differential muscle susceptibility in muscular dystrophies and provide new insight into potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Nieves-Rodriguez
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Florian Barthélémy
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, David Geffen School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy D. Woods
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Emilie D. Douine
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Richard T. Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Deirdre D. Scripture-Adams
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, David Geffen School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kevin N. Chesmore
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Francesca Galasso
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - M. Carrie Miceli
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, David Geffen School of Medicine and College of Letters and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stanley F. Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Center for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Ortega-Gutiérrez S. New Pharmacological Approaches for Rare Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087275. [PMID: 37108436 PMCID: PMC10139002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression "rare disease" describes a group of diseases whose individual prevalence is low (between 3.9 and 6.6 in 10,000 subjects depending on the country) but which in total affect up to the 3-6% of the worldwide population [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ortega-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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