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Zhu M, Tang Y, Xie Y, He B, Ding G, Zhou X. Research progress on differentiation and regulation of plant chromoplasts. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:810. [PMID: 39001942 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids, natural tetraterpenoids found abundantly in plants, contribute to the diverse colors of plant non-photosynthetic tissues and provide fragrance through their cleavage products, which also play crucial roles in plant growth and development. Understanding the synthesis, degradation, and storage pathways of carotenoids and identifying regulatory factors represents a significant strategy for enhancing plant quality. Chromoplasts serve as the primary plastids responsible for carotenoid accumulation, and their differentiation is linked to the levels of carotenoids, rendering them a subject of substantial research interest. The differentiation of chromoplasts involves alterations in plastid structure and protein import machinery. Additionally, this process is influenced by factors such as the ORANGE (OR) gene, Clp proteases, xanthophyll esterification, and environmental factors. This review shows the relationship between chromoplast and carotenoid accumulation by presenting recent advances in chromoplast structure, the differentiation process, and key regulatory factors, which can also provide a reference for rational exploitation of chromoplasts to enhance plant quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Zhu
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yunxia Tang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yiqing Xie
- Institute of Economic Forestry, Fujian Academy of Forestry, Fuzhou, 350012, China
| | - BingBing He
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Guochang Ding
- College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Xingwen Zhou
- College of Architecture and Planning, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou, 350118, China.
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Fernandes de Oliveira A, Piga GK, Najoui S, Becca G, Marceddu S, Rigoldi MP, Satta D, Bagella S, Nieddu G. UV light and adaptive divergence of leaf physiology, anatomy, and ultrastructure drive heat stress tolerance in genetically distant grapevines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1399840. [PMID: 38957604 PMCID: PMC11217527 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1399840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The genetic basis of plant response to light and heat stresses had been unveiled, and different molecular mechanisms of leaf cell homeostasis to keep high physiological performances were recognized in grapevine varieties. However, the ability to develop heat stress tolerance strategies must be further elucidated since the morpho-anatomical and physiological traits involved may vary with genotype × environment combination, stress intensity, and duration. A 3-year experiment was conducted on potted plants of Sardinian red grapevine cultivars Cannonau (syn. Grenache) and Carignano (syn. Carignan), exposed to prolonged heat stress inside a UV-blocking greenhouse, either submitted to low daily UV-B doses of 4.63 kJ m-2 d-1 (+UV) or to 0 kJ m-2 d-1 (-UV), and compared to a control (C) exposed to solar radiation (4.05 kJ m-2 d-1 average UV-B dose). Irrigation was supplied to avoid water stress, and canopy light and thermal microclimate were monitored continuously. Heat stress exceeded one-third of the duration inside the greenhouse and 6% in C. In vivo spectroscopy, including leaf reflectance and fluorescence, allowed for characterizing different patterns of leaf traits and metabolites involved in oxidative stress protection. Cannonau showed lower stomatal conductance under C (200 mmol m-2 s-1) but more than twice the values inside the greenhouse (400 to 900 mmol m-2 s-1), where water use efficiency was reduced similarly in both varieties. Under severe heat stress and -UV, Cannonau showed a sharper decrease in primary photochemical activity and higher leaf pigment reflectance indexes and leaf mass area. UV-B increased the leaf pigments, especially in Carignano, and different leaf cell regulatory traits to prevent oxidative damage were observed in leaf cross-sections. Heat stress induced chloroplast swelling, plastoglobule diffusion, and the accumulation of secretion deposits in both varieties, aggravated in Cannonau -UV by cell vacuolation, membrane dilation, and diffused leaf blade spot swelling. Conversely, in Carignano UV-B, cell wall barriers and calcium oxalate crystals proliferated in mesophyll cells. These responses suggest an adaptive divergence among cultivars to prolonged heat stress and UV-B light. Further research on grapevine biodiversity, heat, and UV-B light interactions may give new insights on the extent of stress tolerance to improve viticulture adaptive strategies in climate change hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Soumiya Najoui
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Becca
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Marceddu
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Rigoldi
- Agris Sardegna, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Satta
- Agris Sardegna, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia, Sassari, Italy
| | - Simonetta Bagella
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Nieddu
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Banerjee S, Agarwal P, Choudhury SR, Roy S. MYB4, a member of R2R3-subfamily of MYB transcription factor functions as a repressor of key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and repair of UV-B induced DNA double strand breaks in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108698. [PMID: 38714132 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Plants accumulate flavonoids as part of UV-B acclimation, while a high level of UV-B irradiation induces DNA damage and leads to genome instability. Here, we show that MYB4, a member of the R2R3-subfamily of MYB transcription factor plays important role in regulating plant response to UV-B exposure through the direct repression of the key genes involved in flavonoids biosynthesis and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Our results demonstrate that MYB4 inhibits seed germination and seedling establishment in Arabidopsis following UV-B exposure. Phenotype analyses of atmyb4-1 single mutant line along with uvr8-6/atmyb4-1, cop1-6/atmyb4-1, and hy5-215/atmyb4-1 double mutants indicate that MYB4 functions downstream of UVR8 mediated signaling pathway and negatively affects UV-B acclimation and cotyledon expansion. Our results indicate that MYB4 acts as transcriptional repressor of two key flavonoid biosynthesis genes, including 4CL and FLS, via directly binding to their promoter, thus reducing flavonoid accumulation. On the other hand, AtMYB4 overexpression leads to higher accumulation level of DSBs along with repressed expression of several key DSB repair genes, including AtATM, AtKU70, AtLIG4, AtXRCC4, AtBRCA1, AtSOG1, AtRAD51, and AtRAD54, respectively. Our results further suggest that MYB4 protein represses the expression of two crucial DSB repair genes, AtKU70 and AtXRCC4 through direct binding with their promoters. Together, our results indicate that MYB4 functions as an important coordinator to regulate plant response to UV-B through transcriptional regulation of key genes involved in flavonoids biosynthesis and repair of UV-B induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Banerjee
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India
| | - Puja Agarwal
- Constituent College in Purnea University, Purnia, 854301, Bihar, India
| | - Swarup Roy Choudhury
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Sujit Roy
- Department of Botany, UGC Center for Advanced Studies, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag Campus, Burdwan, West Bengal, 713104, India.
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Ren H, Yang W, Jing W, Shahid MO, Liu Y, Qiu X, Choisy P, Xu T, Ma N, Gao J, Zhou X. Multi-omics analysis reveals key regulatory defense pathways and genes involved in salt tolerance of rose plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae068. [PMID: 38725456 PMCID: PMC11079482 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Salinity stress causes serious damage to crops worldwide, limiting plant production. However, the metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying the response to salt stress in rose (Rosa spp.) remain poorly studied. We therefore performed a multi-omics investigation of Rosa hybrida cv. Jardin de Granville (JDG) and Rosa damascena Mill. (DMS) under salt stress to determine the mechanisms underlying rose adaptability to salinity stress. Salt treatment of both JDG and DMS led to the buildup of reactive oxygen species (H2O2). Palisade tissue was more severely damaged in DMS than in JDG, while the relative electrolyte permeability was lower and the soluble protein content was higher in JDG than in DMS. Metabolome profiling revealed significant alterations in phenolic acid, lipids, and flavonoid metabolite levels in JDG and DMS under salt stress. Proteome analysis identified enrichment of flavone and flavonol pathways in JDG under salt stress. RNA sequencing showed that salt stress influenced primary metabolism in DMS, whereas it substantially affected secondary metabolism in JDG. Integrating these datasets revealed that the phenylpropane pathway, especially the flavonoid pathway, is strongly enhanced in rose under salt stress. Consistent with this, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) identified the key regulatory gene chalcone synthase 1 (CHS1), which is important in the phenylpropane pathway. Moreover, luciferase assays indicated that the bHLH74 transcription factor binds to the CHS1 promoter to block its transcription. These results clarify the role of the phenylpropane pathway, especially flavonoid and flavonol metabolism, in the response to salt stress in rose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weikun Jing
- Flower Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Muhammad Owais Shahid
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuming Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianhan Qiu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Patrick Choisy
- LVMH Recherche, 185 avenue de Verdun F-45800 St., Jean de Braye, France
| | - Tao Xu
- LVMH Recherche, 185 avenue de Verdun F-45800 St., Jean de Braye, France
| | - Nan Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Qian L, Huang S, Song Z, Fahad S, Dawar K, Danish S, Saif H, Shahzad K, Ansari MJ, Salmen SH. Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose and gibberellic acid-enriched biochar on osmotic stress tolerance in cotton. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:137. [PMID: 38408939 PMCID: PMC10895763 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04792-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The deleterious impact of osmotic stress, induced by water deficit in arid and semi-arid regions, poses a formidable challenge to cotton production. To protect cotton farming in dry areas, it's crucial to create strong plans to increase soil water and reduce stress on plants. The carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), gibberellic acid (GA3) and biochar (BC) are individually found effective in mitigating osmotic stress. However, combine effect of CMC and GA3 with biochar on drought mitigation is still not studied in depth. The present study was carried out using a combination of GA3 and CMC with BC as amendments on cotton plants subjected to osmotic stress levels of 70 (70 OS) and 40 (40 OS). There were five treatment groups, namely: control (0% CMC-BC and 0% GA3-BC), 0.4%CMC-BC, 0.4%GA3-BC, 0.8%CMC-BC, and 0.8%GA3-BC. Each treatment was replicated five times with a completely randomized design (CRD). The results revealed that 0.8 GA3-BC led to increase in cotton shoot fresh weight (99.95%), shoot dry weight (95.70%), root fresh weight (73.13%), and root dry weight (95.74%) compared to the control group under osmotic stress. There was a significant enhancement in cotton chlorophyll a (23.77%), chlorophyll b (70.44%), and total chlorophyll (35.44%), the photosynthetic rate (90.77%), transpiration rate (174.44%), and internal CO2 concentration (57.99%) compared to the control group under the 40 OS stress. Thus 0.8GA3-BC can be potential amendment for reducing osmotic stress in cotton cultivation, enhancing agricultural resilience and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Qian
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Shoucheng Huang
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Zhihua Song
- College of Food Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Khadim Dawar
- Department of Soil and Environmental Science, the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Subhan Danish
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Hina Saif
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Woman University Multan, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Shahzad
- Department of Soil Science, University College of Dera Murad Jamali, LUAWMS, Dera Murad Jamali, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (MJP Rohilkhand University Bareilly), Moradabad, 244001, India
| | - Saleh H Salmen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box -2455, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia
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Yin Y, Cui D, Chi Q, Xu H, Guan P, Zhang H, Jiao T, Wang X, Wang L, Sun H. Reactive oxygen species may be involved in the distinctive biological effects of different doses of 12C 6+ ion beams on Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1337640. [PMID: 38312361 PMCID: PMC10835405 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1337640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Heavy ion beam is a novel approach for crop mutagenesis with the advantage of high energy transfer line density and low repair effect after injury, however, little investigation on the biological effect on plant was performed. 50 Gy irradiation significantly stimulated the growth of Arabidopsis seedlings, as indicated by an increase in root and biomass, while 200 Gy irradiation significantly inhibited the growth of seedlings, causing a visible decrease in plant growth. Methods The Arabidopsis seeds were irradiated by 12C6+. Monte Carlo simulations were used to calculate the damage to seeds and particle trajectories by ion implantation. The seed epidermis received SEM detection and changes in its organic composition were detected using FTIR. Evidence of ROS and antioxidant systems were analyzed. RNA-seq and qPCR were used to detect changes in seedling transcript levels. Results and discussion Monte Carlo simulations revealed that high-dose irradiation causes various damage. Evidence of ROS and antioxidant systems implies that the emergence of phenotypes in plant cells may be associated with oxidative stress. Transcriptomic analysis of the seedlings demonstrated that 170 DEGs were present in the 50 Gy and 200 Gy groups and GO enrichment indicated that they were mainly associated with stress resistance and cell wall homeostasis. Further GO enrichment of DEGs unique to 50 Gy and 200 Gy revealed 58 50Gy-exclusive DEGs were enriched in response to oxidative stress and jasmonic acid entries, while 435 200 Gy-exclusive DEGs were enriched in relation to oxidative stress, organic cyclic compounds, and salicylic acid. This investigation advances our insight into the biological effects of heavy ion irradiation and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongjie Cui
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Sanya Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Sanya Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hangbo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Sanya Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Panfeng Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Sanya Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Jiao
- Asset Management Co., Ltd, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Ion-beam Bioengineering, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Sanya Institute, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Liu B, Wang Y, Han G, Zhu M. Tolerogenic dendritic cells in radiation-induced lung injury. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1323676. [PMID: 38259434 PMCID: PMC10800505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1323676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury is a common complication associated with radiotherapy. It is characterized by early-stage radiation pneumonia and subsequent radiation pulmonary fibrosis. However, there is currently a lack of effective therapeutic strategies for radiation-induced lung injury. Recent studies have shown that tolerogenic dendritic cells interact with regulatory T cells and/or regulatory B cells to stimulate the production of immunosuppressive molecules, control inflammation, and prevent overimmunity. This highlights a potential new therapeutic activity of tolerogenic dendritic cells in managing radiation-induced lung injury. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of tolerogenic dendritic cells in the context of radiation-induced lung injury, which will be valuable for researchers in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yilong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Maoxiang Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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Carmach C, Castro M, Peñaloza P, Guzmán L, Marchant MJ, Valdebenito S, Kopaitic I. Positive Effect of Green Photo-Selective Filter on Graft Union Formation in Tomatoes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3402. [PMID: 37836141 PMCID: PMC10574236 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of green and red photo-selective filters (shade nets) on the process of graft union formation (healing and acclimation) in grafted tomato plants. The research evaluated oxidative stress, physiological characteristics, and anatomical development of graft unions. Plants were subjected to green-netting, red-netting, and no-netting treatments for 28 days, starting 4 days after grafting. Markers of oxidative stress, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as protein concentration of SOD/POD enzyme-enriched extracts, were quantified. The anatomical development of the graft unions was examined using microscopy. The results demonstrated that the red and green photo-selective filters increased ROS production by 5% and 4% after 3 days of exposure, by 58% and 14% after 7 days, and by 30% and 13% after 14 days in comparison to the control treatment. The increase in ROS activates the defense mechanism, enhancing the activity of SOD and POD enzymes. In terms of anatomy, the green netting resulted in enhanced cell proliferation and early differentiation of vascular tissue cells. Notably, at the 28-day mark, when the plants were ready for transplanting, the green-net treatment showed a reduction in lipid peroxidation damage and increases of 20% and 54% in dry weight compared with the control and red-net treatments, respectively. Finally, our results suggest that the use of a green photo-selective filter has a positive effect on oxidative stress, anatomical development, and overall growth of grafted tomato plants during the process of graft union formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Carmach
- Laboratorio de Propagación, Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco S/N, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile;
| | - Mónica Castro
- Laboratorio de Propagación, Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco S/N, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile;
| | - Patricia Peñaloza
- Laboratorio de Semillas e Histología Vegetal, Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco S/N, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (P.P.)
| | - Leda Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (L.G.)
| | - María José Marchant
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (L.G.)
| | - Samuel Valdebenito
- Laboratorio de Semillas e Histología Vegetal, Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, San Francisco S/N, La Palma, Quillota 2260000, Chile; (P.P.)
| | - Iván Kopaitic
- Laboratorio de Fotometría y Control de Calidad, Escuela de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2147, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
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