Exogenous Kinetin Modulates ROS Homeostasis to Affect Heat Tolerance in Rice Seedlings

How Rice Responds to Temperature Changes and Defeats Heat Stress

With the intensification of the greenhouse effect, a series of natural phenomena, such as global warming, are gradually recognized; when the ambient temperature increases to the extent that it causes heat stress in plants, agricultural production will inevitably be affected. Therefore, several issues associated with heat stress in crops urgently need to be solved. Rice is one of the momentous food crops for humans, widely planted in tropical and subtropical monsoon regions. It is prone to high temperature stress in summer, leading to a decrease in yield and quality. Understanding how rice can tolerate heat stress through genetic effects is particularly vital. This article reviews how rice respond to rising temperature by integrating the molecular regulatory pathways and introduce its physiological mechanisms of tolerance to heat stress from the perspective of molecular biology. In addition, genome selection and genetic engineering for rice heat tolerance were emphasized to provide a theoretical basis for the sustainability and stability of crop yield-quality structures under high temperatures from the point of view of molecular breeding.

An integrated physiological indicator and transcriptomic analysis reveals the response of soybean buds to high-temperature stress

BACKGROUND

Under global warming, high temperature (HT) has become a major meteorological factor affecting soybean production. To explore the candidate genes and regulatory mechanism of the soybean bud response to HT stress, previously identified as HT-tolerant ('Handou14'; HD14) and HT-sensitive ('Jiadou36'; JD36) were treated for 5 days in an artificial climate incubator either with HT (43 °C (day)/ 33 °C (night), 16 h light/8 h darkness) or the non-stress growth condition (25 °C, 16 h light/8 h darkness) as the control at the bud stage were used as experimental materials in this study. After HT treatment, changes in physiological indicators including hypocotyl length, enzyme activity and hormone content were detected; at the same time, the cotyledons, hypocotyls, and main roots were collected for transcriptome sequencing analysis. Analyzing the mechanisms of HT stress response in the bud stage of HD14 and JD36 at physiological and transcription levels.

RESULTS

Analysis of physiological indicator showed that the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased 47.4% and 41.2% in the cotyledon of HD14 and the main root of JD36, and the contents of peroxidase (POD) were significantly increased 61.5% and 125% in the hypocotyl of HD14 and JD36; the contents of malonaldehyde (MDA) were significantly increased 44.8% and 22.2% in the main root of HD14 and JD36 after HT treatment. The content of abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly increased 1.9 fold and 1.2 fold in the root of HD14 and JD36 in response to HT treatment, whereas the content of gibberellin (GA) were decreased 2.2 fold and 1.3 fold in the cotyledon and root, and increased 1.6 fold in the hypocotyl in HD14 (P < 0.05). Thus, higher SOD and POD activities, higher ABA content, and a smaller increase in MDA content may improve tolerance to HT stress. The HT-tolerant cultivar may have stronger GA signal transduction in the hypocotyl to combat the negative effects of HT. RNA-sequencing was performed to analyze the differential expression of genes in buds of the two cultivars under the HT treatment and control condition. In total, 3,633, 1,964, 9,934, and 3,036 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the CH (control group of HD14) vs. TH (HT-treatment group of HD14), CJ (control group of JD36) vs. TJ (HT-treatment group of JD36), TJ vs. TH, and CJ vs. CH comparison groups, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that most DEGs were mainly involved in metabolic processes, catalytic activity, carbohydrate, energy transduction, and signaling pathways. The results of qRT-PCR validation (86.67%) and changes in physiological indicators were consistent with the RNA-sequencing data. Five DEGs were selected as candidate genes in the response to HT stress at the bud stage.

CONCLUSION

In summary, soybean cells are protected from oxidative damage by an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities and accumulation of hormone content under HT stress. Concomitantly, changes in the expression of crucial genes and signal transmission processes are induced, thus initiating adaptive and protective mechanisms. This study provides a theoretical basis for clarification of the physiological and molecular mechanisms in the response to HT stress of soybean bud.

An insight into heat stress response and adaptive mechanism in cotton

The growing worldwide population is driving up demand for cotton fibers, but production is hampered by unpredictable temperature rises caused by shifting climatic conditions. Numerous research based on breeding and genomics have been conducted to increase the production of cotton in environments with high and low-temperature stress. High temperature (HT) is a major environmental stressor with global consequences, influencing several aspects of cotton plant growth and metabolism. Heat stress-induced physiological and biochemical changes are research topics, and molecular techniques are used to improve cotton plants' heat tolerance. To preserve internal balance, heat stress activates various stress-responsive processes, including repairing damaged proteins and membranes, through various molecular networks. Recent research has investigated the diverse reactions of cotton cultivars to temperature stress, indicating that cotton plant adaptation mechanisms include the accumulation of sugars, proline, phenolics, flavonoids, and heat shock proteins. To overcome the obstacles caused by heat stress, it is crucial to develop and choose heat-tolerant cotton cultivars. Food security and sustainable agriculture depend on the application of genetic, agronomic, and, biotechnological methods to lessen the impacts of heat stress on cotton crops. Cotton producers and the textile industry both benefit from increased heat tolerance. Future studies should examine the developmental responses of cotton at different growth stages, emphasize the significance of breeding heat-tolerant cultivars, and assess the biochemical, physiological, and molecular pathways involved in seed germination under high temperatures. In a nutshell, a concentrated effort is required to raise cotton's heat tolerance due to the rising global temperatures and the rise in the frequency of extreme weather occurrences. Furthermore, emerging advances in sequencing technologies have made major progress toward successfully se sequencing the complex cotton genome.

Adaptive roles of cytokinins in enhancing plant resilience and yield against environmental stressors

Innovative agricultural strategies are essential for addressing the urgent challenge of food security in light of climate change, population growth, and various environmental stressors. Cytokinins (CKs) play a pivotal role in enhancing plant resilience and productivity. These compounds, which include isoprenoid and aromatic types, are synthesized through pathways involving key enzymes such as isopentenyl transferase and cytokinin oxidase. Under abiotic stress conditions, CKs regulate critical physiological processes by improving photosynthetic efficiency, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, and optimizing root architecture. They also reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, resulting in improved plant performance and yield. CKs interact intricately with other phytohormones, including abscisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid, to modulate stress-responsive pathways. This hormonal cross-talk is vital for finely tuning plant responses to stress. Additionally, CKs influence nutrient uptake and enhance responses to heavy metal stress, thereby bolstering overall plant resilience. The application of CKs helps plants maintain higher chlorophyll levels, boost antioxidant systems, and promote root and shoot growth. The strategic utilization of CKs presents an adaptive approach for developing robust crops capable of withstanding diverse environmental stressors, thus contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and global food security. Ongoing research into the mechanisms of CK action and their interactions with other hormones is essential for maximizing their agricultural potential. This underscores the necessity for continued innovation and research in agricultural practices, in alignment with global goals of sustainable productivity and food security.

Identification of Drought Stress-Responsive Genes in Rice by Random Walk with Multi-Restart Probability on MultiPlex Biological Networks

Exploring drought stress-responsive genes in rice is essential for breeding drought-resistant varieties. Rice drought resistance is controlled by multiple genes, and mining drought stress-responsive genes solely based on single omics data lacks stability and accuracy. Multi-omics correlation analysis and biological molecular network analysis provide robust solutions. This study proposed a random walk with a multi-restart probability (RWMRP) algorithm, based on the Restarted Random Walk (RWR) algorithm, to operate on rice MultiPlex biological networks. It explores the interactions between biological molecules across various levels and ranks potential genes. RWMRP uses eigenvector centrality to evaluate node importance in the network and adjusts the restart probabilities accordingly, diverging from the uniform restart probability employed in RWR. In the random walk process, it can be better to consider the global relationships in the network. Firstly, we constructed a MultiPlex biological network by integrating the rice protein-protein interaction, gene pathway, and gene co-expression network. Then, we employed RWMRP to predict the potential genes associated with rice tolerance to drought stress. Enrichment and correlation analyses resulted in the identification of 12 drought-related genes. We further conducted quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis on these 12 genes, ultimately identifying 10 genes responsive to drought stress.

Transcriptome and photosynthetic analyses provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress tolerance in Rhododendron × pulchrum Sweet

Rhododendron species provide excellent ornamental use worldwide, yet heat stress (HS) is one of the major threats to their cultivation. However, the intricate mechanisms underlying the photochemical and transcriptional regulations associated with the heat stress response in Rhododendron remain relatively unexplored. In this study, the analyses of morphological characteristics and chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) kinetics showed that HS (40 °C/35 °C) had a notable impact on both the donor's and acceptor's sides of photosystem II (PSII), resulting in reduced PSII activity and electron transfer capacity. The gradual recovery of plants observed following a 5-day period of culture under normal conditions indicates the reversible nature of the HS impact on Rhododendron × pulchrum. Analysis of transcriptome data unveiled noteworthy trends: four genes associated with photosynthesis-antenna protein synthesis (LHCb1, LHCb2 and LHCb3) and the antioxidant system (glutamate-cysteine ligase) experienced significant down-regulation in the leaves of R. × pulchrum during HS. Conversely, aseorbate peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase TAU 8 demonstrated an up-regulated pattern. Furthermore, six down-regulated genes (phos-phoenolpyruvate carboxylase 4, sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase, ribose-5-phosphate isomerase 2, high cyclic electron flow 1, beta glucosidase 32 and starch synthase 2) and two up-regulated genes (beta glucosidase 2 and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2) implicated in photosynthetic carbon fixation and starch/sucrose metabolism were identified during the recovery process. To augment these insights, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis yielded a co-expression network, pinpointing the hub genes correlated with ChlF dynamics' variation trends. The cumulative results showed that HS inhibited the synthesis of photosynthesis-antenna proteins in R. × pulchrum leaves. This disruption subsequently led to diminished photochemical activities in both PSII and PSI, albeit with PSI exhibiting heightened thermostability. Depending on the regulation of the reactive oxygen species scavenging system and heat dissipation, photoprotection sustained the recoverability of R. × pulchrum to HS.

Exogenous abscisic acid improves grain filling capacity under heat stress by enhancing antioxidative defense capability in rice

BACKGROUND

Heat stress is a major restrictive factor that causes yield loss in rice. We previously reported the priming effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on rice for enhanced thermotolerance at the germination, seedling and heading stages. In the present study, we aimed to understand the priming effect and mechanism of ABA on grain filling capacity in rice under heat stress.

RESULTS

Rice plants were pretreated with distilled water, 50 μM ABA and 10 μM fluridone by leaf spraying at 8 d or 15 d after initial heading (AIH) stage and then were subjected to heat stress conditions of 38 °C day/30 °C night for 7 days, respectively. Exogenous ABA pretreatment significantly super-activated the ABA signaling pathway and improved the SOD, POD, CAT and APX enzyme activity levels, as well as upregulated the ROS-scavenging genes; and decreased the heat stress-induced ROS content (O2- and H2O2) by 15.0-25.5% in rice grain under heat stress. ABA pretreatment also increased starch synthetase activities in rice grain under heat stress. Furthermore, ABA pretreatment significantly improved yield component indices and grain yield by 14.4-16.5% under heat stress. ABA pretreatment improved the milling quality and the quality of appearance and decreased the incidence of chalky kernels and chalkiness in rice grain and improved the rice grain cooking quality by improving starch content and gel consistence and decreasing the amylose percentage under heat stress. The application of paraquat caused overaccumulation of ROS, decreased starch synthetase activities and ultimately decreased starch content and grain yield. Exogenous antioxidants decreased ROS overaccumulation and increased starch content and grain yield under heat stress.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, these results suggest that exogenous ABA has a potential priming effect for enhancing rice grain filling capacity under heat stress at grain filling stage mainly by inhibiting ROS overaccumulation and improving starch synthetase activities in rice grain.

Exogenous Abscisic Acid Affects the Heat Tolerance of Rice Seedlings by Influencing the Accumulation of ROS

Heat stress (HS) has become one of the major abiotic stresses that severely constrain rice growth. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in plant development and stress response. However, the effect of different concentrations of exogenous ABA on HS tolerance in rice still needs to be further elucidated. Here, we found that high concentrations of exogenous ABA increased HS damage in seedlings, whereas 10^-12 M ABA treatment increased fresh and dry weight under HS relative to mock seedlings. Our further data showed that, in response to HS, 10^-5 M, ABA-treated seedlings exhibited a lower chlorophyll content, as well as transcript levels of chlorophyll biosynthesis and antioxidant genes, and increased the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the transcript abundance of some heat-, defense-, and ABA-related genes was downregulated on 10^-5 M ABA-treated seedlings under HS. In conclusion, high concentrations of exogenous ABA reduced the HS tolerance of rice seedlings, and this negative effect could be achieved by regulating the accumulation of ROS, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and the transcription levels of key genes in seedlings under HS.