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Durán CE, Bustamante M, Barbosa M, Useche EM, Triviño J, Sandoval L, Moncayo PA, Rivas AM, Zapata JS, Hernández Quintero JD, Meza S, Bolaños JS, Schweineberg J, Mesa L, Posada JG. Evaluation of aldosterone to direct renin ratio, low renin and related Phenotypes in Afro-Colombian patients with apparent treatment resistant hypertension. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18091. [PMID: 39103362 PMCID: PMC11300880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Apparent resistant hypertension (aTRH) is a significant public health issue. Once low adherence to antihypertensive treatment has been ruled out and true resistant hypertension is diagnosed, aldosterone-direct-renin-ratio (ADRR) aids in the screening of an aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and primary aldosteronism (PA). Once PA and other secondary causes have been ruled out, the values of aldosterone and renin allow patients to be classified into phenotypes such as low renin hypertension (LRH), Liddle's-like (LLph), and primary hyperaldosteronism (PAph). These classifications could aid in the treatment decision-making process. However, optimal cut-off points for these classifications remain uncertain. This study aims to assess the prevalence of these phenotypes and the behavior of different cut-offs of the ADRR in an Afro-Colombian population with apparent resistant hypertension, as well to describe their sodium consumption. Afro-descendant individuals 18 years of age or older, diagnosed with resistant hypertension and attending to a primary care center in Colombia were recruited as volunteers. As part of the study, their plasma renin concentration (PRC) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) were measured. The phenotypes were categorized into three groups based on multiple cut-off points from different authors: low renin and low aldosterone phenotype (LLph), low renin and high aldosterone phenotype (PAph), and high renin and high aldosterone phenotype, referred to as the renal phenotype (Rph). The prevalence of ADRR values exceeding the cut-off and phenotypes were calculated. A linear regression model was derived to assess the effect of sodium consumption with PAC, PRC and ADRR. A total of 88 patients with aTRH were included. Adherence to at least 3 antihypertensive medications was 62.5%. The median age was 56 years (IQR 48-60), 44% were female, and 20% had diabetes. The study found that the prevalence of ADRR values exceeding the cut-off ranged from 4.5 to 23%, while low-renin hypertension (LRH) varied from 15 to 74%, Rph was found in approximately 30 to 34% of patients, PAph in 30 to 51%, and the LLph in 15 to 41%, respectively, depending on the specific cut-off value by different authors. Notably, sodium consumption was associated with lower aldosterone (β - 0.15, 95% CI [- 0.27, - 0.03]) and renin concentrations (β - 0.75, 95% CI [- 1.5, - 0.02]), but ADRR showed no significant association with sodium consumption. There were no significant differences in prevalences between the groups taking < 3 vs ≥ 3 antihypertensive medications. Altered aldosterone-direct-renin-ratio, low renin hypertension, Liddle's-like, and primary hyperaldosteronism are prevalent phenotypes in patients within Afro-Colombian patients with apparent treatment-Resistant hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Durán
- Servicio de Nefrología, Fundación Valle del Lili, Carrera 98 No.18-49, 760032, Cali, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 # 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - M Bustamante
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 # 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - M Barbosa
- Centro de Investigaciones Clínicas (CIC), Fundación Valle del Lili, Carrera 98 No.18-49, Valle del Cauca, 760032, Cali, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 # 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - E M Useche
- Centro de Investigaciones Clínicas (CIC), Fundación Valle del Lili, Carrera 98 No.18-49, Valle del Cauca, 760032, Cali, Colombia
| | - J Triviño
- Centro de Investigaciones Clínicas (CIC), Fundación Valle del Lili, Carrera 98 No.18-49, Valle del Cauca, 760032, Cali, Colombia.
| | - L Sandoval
- Centro de Investigaciones Clínicas (CIC), Fundación Valle del Lili, Carrera 98 No.18-49, Valle del Cauca, 760032, Cali, Colombia
| | - P A Moncayo
- Centro de Investigaciones Clínicas (CIC), Fundación Valle del Lili, Carrera 98 No.18-49, Valle del Cauca, 760032, Cali, Colombia
| | - A M Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Clínicas (CIC), Fundación Valle del Lili, Carrera 98 No.18-49, Valle del Cauca, 760032, Cali, Colombia
| | - J S Zapata
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 # 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - S Meza
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 # 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - J S Bolaños
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 # 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - J Schweineberg
- Servicio de Nefrología, Fundación Valle del Lili, Carrera 98 No.18-49, 760032, Cali, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 # 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - L Mesa
- Servicio de Nefrología, Fundación Valle del Lili, Carrera 98 No.18-49, 760032, Cali, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 # 122-135, Cali, Colombia
| | - J G Posada
- Servicio de Nefrología, Fundación Valle del Lili, Carrera 98 No.18-49, 760032, Cali, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Calle 18 # 122-135, Cali, Colombia
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Sasidharan A, Grosche A, Xu X, Kinane TB, Angoli D, Vidyasagar S. Select amino acids recover cytokine-altered ENaC function in human bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307809. [PMID: 39052685 PMCID: PMC11271875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium plays a pivotal role in regulating mucosal immunity and inflammation. Epithelial barrier function, homeostasis of luminal fluid, and mucociliary clearance are major components of mucosal defense mechanisms. The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is one of the key players in controlling airway fluid volume and composition, and characteristic cytokines cause ENaC and barrier dysfunctions following pulmonary infections or allergic reactions. Given the limited understanding of the requisite duration and magnitude of cytokines to affect ENaC and barrier function, available treatment options for restoring normal ENaC activity are limited. Previous studies have demonstrated that distinct amino acids can modulate epithelial ion channel activities and barrier function in intestines and airways. Here, we have investigated the time- and concentration-dependent effect of representative cytokines for Th1- (IFN-γ and TNF-α), Th2- (IL-4 and IL-13), and Treg-mediated (TGF-β1) immune responses on ENaC activity and barrier function in human bronchial epithelial cells. When cells were exposed to Th1 and Treg cytokines, ENaC activity decreased gradually while barrier function remained largely unaffected. In contrast, Th2 cytokines had an immediate and profound inhibitory effect on ENaC activity that was subsequently followed by epithelial barrier disruption. These functional changes were associated with decreased membrane protein expression of α-, β-, and γ-ENaC, and decreased mRNA levels of β- and γ-ENaC. A proprietary blend of amino acids was developed based on their ability to prevent Th2 cytokine-induced ENaC dysfunction. Exposure to the select amino acids reversed the inhibitory effect of IL-13 on ENaC activity by increasing mRNA levels of β- and γ-ENaC, and protein expression of γ-ENaC. This study indicates the beneficial effect of select amino acids on ENaC activity in an in vitro setting of Th2-mediated inflammation suggesting these amino acids as a novel therapeutic approach for correcting this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusree Sasidharan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Astrid Grosche
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - T. Bernard Kinane
- Pediatric Pulmonary Division, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Damiano Angoli
- Pediatric Pulmonary Division, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sadasivan Vidyasagar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Dartois V, Bonfield TL, Boyce JP, Daley CL, Dick T, Gonzalez-Juarrero M, Gupta S, Kramnik I, Lamichhane G, Laughon BE, Lorè NI, Malcolm KC, Olivier KN, Tuggle KL, Jackson M. Preclinical murine models for the testing of antimicrobials against Mycobacterium abscessus pulmonary infections: Current practices and recommendations. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 147:102503. [PMID: 38729070 PMCID: PMC11168888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus, a rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterium, is increasingly recognized as an important pathogen of the human lung, disproportionally affecting people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and other susceptible individuals with non-CF bronchiectasis and compromised immune functions. M. abscessus infections are extremely difficult to treat due to intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics, including most anti-tuberculous drugs. Current standard-of-care chemotherapy is long, includes multiple oral and parenteral repurposed drugs, and is associated with significant toxicity. The development of more effective oral antibiotics to treat M. abscessus infections has thus emerged as a high priority. While murine models have proven instrumental in predicting the efficacy of therapeutic treatments for M. tuberculosis infections, the preclinical evaluation of drugs against M. abscessus infections has proven more challenging due to the difficulty of establishing a progressive, sustained, pulmonary infection with this pathogen in mice. To address this issue, a series of three workshops were hosted in 2023 by the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to review the current murine models of M. abscessus infections, discuss current challenges and identify priorities toward establishing validated and globally harmonized preclinical models. This paper summarizes the key points from these workshops. The hope is that the recommendations that emerged from this exercise will facilitate the implementation of informative murine models of therapeutic efficacy testing across laboratories, improve reproducibility from lab-to-lab and accelerate preclinical-to-clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Dartois
- Center for Discovery and Innovation & Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA.
| | - Tracey L Bonfield
- Genetics and Genome Sciences and National Center for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jim P Boyce
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles L Daley
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Thomas Dick
- Center for Discovery and Innovation & Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA
| | - Shashank Gupta
- Laboratory of Chronic Airway Infection, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Igor Kramnik
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Barbara E Laughon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicola I Lorè
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Kenneth C Malcolm
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth N Olivier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, University of North Carolina, USA; Marsico Lung Institute, Chapel Hill, 27599-7248, NC, USA
| | | | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1682, USA.
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Pang JJ. The Variety of Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Retinal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4877. [PMID: 38732096 PMCID: PMC11084373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Alterations in intraocular and external pressure critically involve the pathogenesis of glaucoma, traumatic retinal injury (TRI), and other retinal disorders, and retinal neurons have been reported to express multiple mechanical-sensitive channels (MSCs) in recent decades. However, the role of MSCs in visual functions and pressure-related retinal conditions has been unclear. This review will focus on the variety and functional significance of the MSCs permeable to K+, Na+, and Ca2+, primarily including the big potassium channel (BK); the two-pore domain potassium channels TRAAK and TREK; Piezo; the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC); and the transient receptor potential channels vanilloid TRPV1, TRPV2, and TRPV4 in retinal photoreceptors, bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and ganglion cells. Most MSCs do not directly mediate visual signals in vertebrate retinas. On the other hand, some studies have shown that MSCs can open in physiological conditions and regulate the activities of retinal neurons. While these data reasonably predict the crossing of visual and mechanical signals, how retinal light pathways deal with endogenous and exogenous mechanical stimulation is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Jie Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Sure F, Einsiedel J, Gmeiner P, Duchstein P, Zahn D, Korbmacher C, Ilyaskin AV. The small molecule activator S3969 stimulates the epithelial sodium channel by interacting with a specific binding pocket in the channel's β-subunit. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105785. [PMID: 38401845 PMCID: PMC11065748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is essential for mediating sodium absorption in several epithelia. Its impaired function leads to severe disorders, including pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 and respiratory distress. Therefore, pharmacological ENaC activators have potential therapeutic implications. Previously, a small molecule ENaC activator (S3969) was developed. So far, little is known about molecular mechanisms involved in S3969-mediated ENaC stimulation. Here, we identified an S3969-binding site in human ENaC by combining structure-based simulations with molecular biological methods and electrophysiological measurements of ENaC heterologously expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We confirmed a previous observation that the extracellular loop of β-ENaC is essential for ENaC stimulation by S3969. Molecular dynamics simulations predicted critical residues in the thumb domain of β-ENaC (Arg388, Phe391, and Tyr406) that coordinate S3969 within a binding site localized at the β-γ-subunit interface. Importantly, mutating each of these residues reduced (R388H; R388A) or nearly abolished (F391G; Y406A) the S3969-mediated ENaC activation. Molecular dynamics simulations also suggested that S3969-mediated ENaC stimulation involved a movement of the α5 helix of the thumb domain of β-ENaC away from the palm domain of γ-ENaC. Consistent with this, the introduction of two cysteine residues (βR437C - γS298C) to form a disulfide bridge connecting these two domains prevented ENaC stimulation by S3969 unless the disulfide bond was reduced by DTT. Finally, we demonstrated that S3969 stimulated ENaC endogenously expressed in cultured human airway epithelial cells (H441). These new findings may lead to novel (patho-)physiological and therapeutic concepts for disorders associated with altered ENaC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Sure
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Einsiedel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Patrick Duchstein
- Theoretical Chemistry/Computer Chemistry Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Zahn
- Theoretical Chemistry/Computer Chemistry Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Korbmacher
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandr V Ilyaskin
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Demirci M, Hinton A, Kirabo A. Dendritic cell epithelial sodium channel induced inflammation and salt-sensitive hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:145-153. [PMID: 38180118 PMCID: PMC10842661 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) plays a critical role in renal electrolyte and volume regulation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SSBP. This review describes recent advances regarding the role of ENaC-dependent inflammation in the development of SSBP. RECENT FINDINGS We recently found that sodium enters dendritic cells via ENaC, a process regulated by serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid 14,15. Sodium entry activates NADPH oxidase, leading to the production of isolevuglandins (IsoLGs). IsoLGs adduct self-proteins to form neoantigens in dendritic cells that activate T cells and result in the release of cytokines promoting sodium retention, kidney damage, and endothelial dysfunction in SSBP. Additionally, we described a novel mechanistic pathway involving ENaC and IsoLG-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings hold promise for the development of novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic options for SSBP. SUMMARY The exact mechanisms underlying SSBP remain elusive. Recent advances in understanding the extrarenal role of ENaC have opened a new perspective, and further research efforts should focus on understanding the link between ENaC, inflammation, and SSBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Demirci
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Antentor Hinton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
- Vanderbilt Center for Immunobiology
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Marunaka Y. The Role of Ion-Transporting Proteins in Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1726. [PMID: 38339004 PMCID: PMC10855098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue focuses on the significance of ion-transporting proteins, such as ion channels and transporters, providing evidence for their significant contribution to bodily and cellular functions via the regulation of signal transduction and ionic environments [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Marunaka
- Medical Research Institute, Kyoto Industrial Health Association, 67 Kitatsuboi-cho, Nishinokyo, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8472, Japan;
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Sembajwe LF, Ssekandi AM, Namaganda A, Muwonge H, Kasolo JN, Kalyesubula R, Nakimuli A, Naome M, Patel KP, Masenga SK, Kirabo A. Glycocalyx-Sodium Interaction in Vascular Endothelium. Nutrients 2023; 15:2873. [PMID: 37447199 PMCID: PMC10343370 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx generally covers almost all cellular surfaces, where it participates in mediating cell-surface interactions with the extracellular matrix as well as with intracellular signaling molecules. The endothelial glycocalyx that covers the luminal surface mediates the interactions of endothelial cells with materials flowing in the circulating blood, including blood cells. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The cardiovascular risk factors start by causing endothelial cell dysfunction associated with destruction or irregular maintenance of the glycocalyx, which may culminate into a full-blown cardiovascular disease. The endothelial glycocalyx plays a crucial role in shielding the cell from excessive exposure and absorption of excessive salt, which can potentially cause damage to the endothelial cells and underlying tissues of the blood vessels. So, in this mini review/commentary, we delineate and provide a concise summary of the various components of the glycocalyx, their interaction with salt, and subsequent involvement in the cardiovascular disease process. We also highlight the major components of the glycocalyx that could be used as disease biomarkers or as drug targets in the management of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Fred Sembajwe
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Abdul M. Ssekandi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Agnes Namaganda
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Haruna Muwonge
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Josephine N. Kasolo
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Robert Kalyesubula
- Department of Medical Physiology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda; (A.M.S.); (A.N.); (H.M.); (J.N.K.); (R.K.)
| | - Annettee Nakimuli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala P.O. Box 7072, Uganda;
| | - Mwesigwa Naome
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Kaushik P. Patel
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Sepiso K. Masenga
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mulungushi University, Kabwe P.O. Box 80415, Zambia;
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
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Chaudhary M, Sharma V, Bedi O, Kaur A, Singh TG. SGK-1 Signalling Pathway is a Key Factor in Cell Survival in Ischemic Injury. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1117-1126. [PMID: 37904552 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501239948231013072901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinases (SGK) are serine/threonine kinases that belong to AGC. The SGK-1, which responds to stress, controls a range of ion channels, cell growth, transcription factors, membrane transporters, cellular enzymes, cell survival, proliferation and death. Its expression is highly controlled by various factors such as hyperosmotic or isotonic oxidative stress, cell shrinkage, radiation, high blood sugar, neuronal injury, DNA damage, mechanical stress, thermal shock, excitement, dehydration and ischemia. The structural and functional deterioration that arises after a period of ischemia when blood flow is restored is referred to as ischemia/ reperfusion injury (I/R). The current review discusses the structure, expression, function and degradation of SGK-1 with special emphasis on the various ischemic injuries in different organs such as renal, myocardial, cerebral, intestinal and lungs. Furthermore, this review highlights the various therapeutic agents that activate the SGK-1 pathway and slow down the progression of I/R injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Chaudhary
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Veerta Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Onkar Bedi
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401, Punjab, India
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