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Harshithkumar R, Shah P, Jadaun P, Mukherjee A. ROS Chronicles in HIV Infection: Genesis of Oxidative Stress, Associated Pathologies, and Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:8852-8873. [PMID: 39194740 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widely regarded as signaling molecules and play essential roles in various cellular processes, but when present in excess, they can lead to oxidative stress (OS). Growing evidence suggests that the OS plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection and is associated with several comorbidities in HIV-infected individuals. ROS, generated both naturally during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and as a response to various cellular processes, can trigger host antiviral responses but can also promote viral replication. While the multifaceted roles of ROS in HIV pathophysiology clearly need more investigation, this review paper unravels the mechanisms of OS generation in the context of HIV infections, offering insights into HIV viral protein-mediated and antiretroviral therapy-generated OS. Though the viral protein Tat is significantly attributed to the endogenous cellular increase in ROS post HIV infection, this paper sums up the contribution of other viral proteins in HIV-mediated elicitation of ROS. Given the investigations recognizing the significant role of ROS in the onset and progression of diverse pathologies, the paper also explores the critical function of ROS in the mediation of an of array of pathologies associated with HIV infection and retroviral therapy. HIV patients are observed with disruption to the antioxidant defense system, the antioxidant therapy is gaining focus as a potential therapeutic intervention and is well discussed. While ROS play a significant role in the HIV scenario, further exploratory studies are imperative to identifying alternative therapeutic strategies that could mitigate the toxicities and pathologies associated with ART-induced OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Harshithkumar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, India
| | - Prachibahen Shah
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, India
| | - Pratiksha Jadaun
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, India
| | - Anupam Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Translational Virology and AIDS Research, Pune 411026, India
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Rosa L, Ianiro G, Niro A, Musci G, Paesano R, Cutone A, Valenti P. Valpalf ®: A New Nutraceutical Formulation Containing Bovine Lactoferrin That Exhibits Potentiated Biological Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8559. [PMID: 39201246 PMCID: PMC11354537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
As a nutraceutical, bovine lactoferrin (bLf), an iron-binding glycoprotein involved in innate immunity, is gaining elevated attention for its ability to exert pleiotropic functions and to be exceptionally tolerated even at high dosages. Some of bLf's activities, including its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, are tightly linked to its ability to both chelate iron and enter inside the cell nucleus. Here, we present data about Valpalf®, a new formulation containing bLf, sodium citrate, and sodium bicarbonate at a molar ratio of 10-3. In the present study, Valpalf® exhibits superior iron-binding capacity, resistance to tryptic digestion, and a greater capacity to accumulate into the nucleus over time when compared to the native bLf alone. In agreement, Valpalf® effectively reduces interleukin(IL)-6 levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and modulates the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-stimulated monocytes. Of note, this potentiated bioactivity was corroborated in a retrospective study on the treatment of anemia of inflammation in hereditary thrombophilic pregnant and non-pregnant women, demonstrating that Valpalf® improves hematological parameters and reduces serum IL-6 levels to a higher extent than bLf alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Giusi Ianiro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonella Niro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
| | | | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (P.V.)
- Microbo s.r.l., 00153 Rome, Italy;
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Rosa L, Ianiro G, Conte AL, Conte MP, Ottolenghi L, Valenti P, Cutone A. Antibacterial, anti-invasive, and anti-inflammatory activity of bovine lactoferrin extracted from milk or colostrum versus whole colostrum. Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 102:331-341. [PMID: 38810276 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2024-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a multifunctional cationic glycoprotein extracted from milk or colostrum, is able to chelate two ferric ions per molecule, inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species, interact with the anionic components of bacteria or host cells, and enter inside host cell nucleus, thereby exerting antibacterial, anti-invasive, and anti-inflammatory activities. By virtue of Lf presence, bovine colostrum is expected to perform analogous functions to pure Lf, along with additional activities attributable to other bioactive constituents. The present research aims to compare the antibacterial, anti-invasive, and anti-inflammatory activities of bovine Lf purified from milk (mbLf) and colostrum (cbLf) in comparison to those exhibited by whole bovine colostrum (wbc). The results demonstrated a major efficacy of mbLf in inhibiting pathogenic bacteria and in exerting anti-invasive and anti-survival activities with respect to cbLf and wbc. Furthermore, mbLf lowered IL-6 levels to those of uninfected cells, while a less evident decrease was observed upon cbLf treatment. Conversely, wbc managed to slightly lower IL-6 levels compared to those synthesized by infected cells. These data demonstrate that, to obtain maximum effectiveness in such activities, Lf should be formulated/used without addition of other substances and should be sourced from bovine milk rather than colostrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giusi Ianiro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
| | | | - Maria Pia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Livia Ottolenghi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, Pesche, Italy
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Zhou H, Zhu Y, Liu N, Zhang W, Han J. Effect of iron saturation of bovine lactoferrin on the inhibition of hepatitis B virus in vitro. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17302. [PMID: 38737747 PMCID: PMC11086297 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a major public health problem worldwide. Bovine lactoferrin (bLf) is a natural product that can inhibit HBV, but the effect of iron saturation on its resistance to HBV is unknown. Aims The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of iron saturation of bLf against HBV. Methods HepG2 cells were cultured in DMEM high glucose containing 10% inactivated fetal calf serum, at 37 °C, in 5% CO2. MTT method was used to detect the cytotoxicity of bLf to HepG2 cells. Apo-bLf and holo-bLf were prepared from bLf. Iron saturation of these proteins was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Non-cytotoxic concentrations of candidate proteins were used in anti-HBV tests. Fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect HBV-DNA. Results The TC50 and TC0of bLf were 54.570 mg/ml and 1.997 mg/ml, respectively. The iron saturation of bLf, apo-bLf and holo-bLf were 10.29%, 8.42% and 85.32%, respectively. In this study, four non-cytotoxic concentrations of candidate proteins (1.5, 1.0, 0.5, and 0.1 mg/ml, respectively) were used to inhibit HBV in HepG2 cells. The results showed that 1.5 mg/ml bLf and 0.1 mg/ml holo-bLf effectively impaired the HBV-DNA amplification in HBV-infected HepG2 cells (P < 0.05). However, apo-bLf, and Fe3+ did not show the anti-HBV effects. Conclusion A total of 1.5 mg/ml bLf and 0.1 mg/ml holo-bLf could inhibit HBV-DNA in HepG2 cells. Complete bLf structure, appropriate concentration and iron saturation of bLf are necessary conditions for anti-HBV effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Zhou
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yiwei Zhu
- Chongqing Food Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wencui Zhang
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jianchun Han
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Mohandas S, Milan KL, Anuradha M, Ramkumar KM. Exploring Lactoferrin as a novel marker for disease pathology and ferroptosis regulation in gestational diabetes. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 161:104182. [PMID: 38159430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.104182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Iron overload is linked to heightened susceptibility to ferroptosis, a process increasingly implicated in diabetes pathogenesis. This present study aims to assess the utility of Lactoferrin in predicting different stages of GDM and explore its association with disease pathology and ferroptosis. In this observational study, 72 pregnant women were recruited and categorized into three groups: healthy pregnant women without diabetes (NGDM, n = 24), early gestational diabetes (eGDM, n = 24), and established gestational diabetes (GDM, n = 24), all receiving standard antenatal care at 12 weeks of gestation. Circulating levels of ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTFR), and Lactoferrin using multiplexed bead-based cytokine immunoassay. Gene expression analysis focused on analyzing crucial ferroptosis regulators, SLC7A11 and GPX4, in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). A significant elevation in ferritin levels and a decrease in the sTFR: Ferritin ratio supported iron overload and disrupted iron homeostasis in GDM subjects. Notably, Lactoferrin levels were significantly lower in women with GDM than in the control group and those with eGDM. This decline in Lactoferrin correlated with increased hyperglycemia indicators and reduced expression of ferroptosis regulators among GDM patients. Furthermore ROC curve analysis demonstrated that Lactoferrin shows promise as a valuable marker for distinguishing individuals with GDM from those with eGDM. Lactoferrin shows promise as a biomarker for detecting GDM. These findings indicate its role as a potential biomarker and highlight Lactoferrin as a critical regulator of hyperglycemia and ferroptosis in women with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundhar Mohandas
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kunnath Lakshmanan Milan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Anuradha
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ianiro G, Niro A, Rosa L, Valenti P, Musci G, Cutone A. To Boost or to Reset: The Role of Lactoferrin in Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15925. [PMID: 37958908 PMCID: PMC10650157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathological conditions, including obesity, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and cancer, are associated with abnormal metabolic states. The progressive loss of metabolic control is commonly characterized by insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, inflammation, central obesity, and hypertension, a cluster of metabolic dysregulations usually referred to as the "metabolic syndrome". Recently, nutraceuticals have gained attention for the generalized perception that natural substances may be synonymous with health and balance, thus becoming favorable candidates for the adjuvant treatment of metabolic dysregulations. Among nutraceutical proteins, lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein of the innate immune system, has been widely recognized for its multifaceted activities and high tolerance. As this review shows, Lf can exert a dual role in human metabolism, either boosting or resetting it under physiological and pathological conditions, respectively. Lf consumption is safe and is associated with several benefits for human health, including the promotion of oral and gastrointestinal homeostasis, control of glucose and lipid metabolism, reduction of systemic inflammation, and regulation of iron absorption and balance. Overall, Lf can be recommended as a promising natural, completely non-toxic adjuvant for application as a long-term prophylaxis in the therapy for metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance/type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusi Ianiro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Antonella Niro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (G.I.); (A.N.); (G.M.)
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Cutone A, Musci G, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC. Lactoferrin, the Moonlighting Protein of Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15888. [PMID: 37958871 PMCID: PMC10650585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf), a naturally occurring glycoprotein involved in innate immunity, was first discovered in bovine milk [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (A.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (A.C.); (G.M.)
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