|
1
|
Rahimian S, Najafi H, Webber CA, Jalali H. Advances in Exosome-Based Therapies for the Repair of Peripheral Nerve Injuries. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1905-1925. [PMID: 38807021 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are the term used to describe injuries that occur to the nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Such injuries may be caused by trauma, infection, or aberrant immunological response. Although the peripheral nervous system has a limited capacity for self-repair, in cases of severe damage, this process is either interrupted entirely or is only partially completed. The evaluation of variables that promote the repair of peripheral nerves has consistently been a focal point. Exosomes are a subtype of extracellular vesicles that originate from cellular sources and possess abundant proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, play a critical role in facilitating intercellular communication. Due to their modifiable composition, they possess exceptional capabilities as carriers for therapeutic compounds, including but not limited to mRNAs or microRNAs. Exosome-based therapies have gained significant attention in the treatment of several nervous system diseases due to their advantageous properties, such as low toxicity, high stability, and limited immune system activation. The objective of this review article is to provide an overview of exosome-based treatments that have been developed in recent years for a range of PNIs, including nerve trauma, diabetic neuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), glaucoma, and Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). It was concluded that exosomes could provide favorable results in the improvement of peripheral PNIs by facilitating the transfer of regenerative factors. The development of bioengineered exosome therapy for PNIs should be given more attention to enhance the efficacy of exosome treatment for PNIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Rahimian
- Division of Nanobiotehnology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najafi
- Division of Nanobiotehnology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Christine A Webber
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hanieh Jalali
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, No. 43, South Moffateh Ave, Tehran, 15719-14911, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Tati V, Mitra S, Basu S, Shukla S. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote corneal epithelial repair and suppress apoptosis via modulation of Caspase-3 in vitro. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:968-982. [PMID: 38684330 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Corneal injuries are the major cause of blindness and visual impairment. Available treatments are limited by their efficacy and side effects. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles are presumed as functional equivalents and potential candidates for cell-free therapy. This study reports isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and evaluates their role in mediating epithelial repair and apoptosis in cultured corneal epithelial cells through scratch assay, PCR, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry in vitro. The isolated extracellular vesicles were spherical, < 150 nm in diameter, and characterized as CD9+, CD63+, CD81+, TSG101+, and Calnexin-. Further, these vesicles promoted corneal epithelial repair by enhancing proliferation and suppressed apoptosis by regulating the expression of BAD, P53, BCL-2, and cleaved CASPASE-3. Thus, our results suggest that BM-MSC-EVs might have the potential to be used for the treatment of injury-induced corneal epithelial defects. Clinical translation of this work would require further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vasudeva Tati
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Centre for Ocular Regeneration, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sreya Mitra
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Centre for Ocular Regeneration, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sayan Basu
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Centre for Ocular Regeneration, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sachin Shukla
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Sudhakar and Sreekanth Ravi Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Centre for Ocular Regeneration, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Shiju TM, Yuan A. Extracellular vesicle biomarkers in ocular fluids associated with ophthalmic diseases. Exp Eye Res 2024; 241:109831. [PMID: 38401855 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released as highly stable lipid bilayer particles carrying proteins, lipids, glycans and miRNAs. The contents of EVs vary based on the cellular origin, biogenesis route and the functional state of the cell suggesting certain diseased conditions. A growing body of evidence show that EVs carry important molecules implicated in the development and progression of ophthalmic diseases. EVs associated with ophthalmic diseases are mainly carried by one of the three ocular biofluids which include tears, aqueous humor and vitreous humor. This review summarizes the list of EV derived biomarkers identified thus far in ocular fluids for ophthalmic disease diagnosis. Further, the methods used for sample collection, sample volume and the sample numbers used in these studies have been highlighted. Emphasis has been given to describe the EV isolation and the characterization methods used, EV size profiled and the EV concentrations analyzed by these studies, thus providing a roadmap for future EV biomarker studies in ocular fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Yuan
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Heo JI, Ryu J. Exosomal noncoding RNA: A potential therapy for retinal vascular diseases. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102128. [PMID: 38356865 PMCID: PMC10865410 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that can contain DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites. They are secreted by cells and play a regulatory role in various biological responses by mediating cell-to-cell communication. Moreover, exosomes are of interest in developing therapies for retinal vascular disorders because they can deliver various substances to cellular targets. According to recent research, exosomes can be used as a strategy for managing retinal vascular diseases, and they are being investigated for therapeutic purposes in eye conditions, including glaucoma, dry eye syndrome, retinal ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. However, the role of exosomal noncoding RNA in retinal vascular diseases is not fully understood. Here, we reviewed the latest research on the biological role of exosomal noncoding RNA in treating retinal vascular diseases. Research has shown that noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs, circular RNAs, and long noncoding RNAs play a significant role in the regulation of retinal vascular diseases. Furthermore, through exosome engineering, the expression of relevant noncoding RNAs in exosomes can be controlled to regulate retinal vascular diseases. Therefore, this review suggests that exosomal noncoding RNA could be considered as a biomarker for diagnosis and as a therapeutic target for treating retinal vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ik Heo
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Juhee Ryu
- Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Amin S, Massoumi H, Tewari D, Roy A, Chaudhuri M, Jazayerli C, Krishan A, Singh M, Soleimani M, Karaca EE, Mirzaei A, Guaiquil VH, Rosenblatt MI, Djalilian AR, Jalilian E. Cell Type-Specific Extracellular Vesicles and Their Impact on Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2730. [PMID: 38473976 PMCID: PMC10931654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a diverse group of cell-derived exocytosed particles, are pivotal in mediating intercellular communication due to their ability to selectively transfer biomolecules to specific cell types. EVs, composed of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, are taken up by cells to affect a variety of signaling cascades. Research in the field has primarily focused on stem cell-derived EVs, with a particular focus on mesenchymal stem cells, for their potential therapeutic benefits. Recently, tissue-specific EVs or cell type-specific extracellular vesicles (CTS-EVs), have garnered attention for their unique biogenesis and molecular composition because they enable highly targeted cell-specific communication. Various studies have outlined the roles that CTS-EVs play in the signaling for physiological function and the maintenance of homeostasis, including immune modulation, tissue regeneration, and organ development. These properties are also exploited for disease propagation, such as in cancer, neurological disorders, infectious diseases, autoimmune conditions, and more. The insights gained from analyzing CTS-EVs in different biological roles not only enhance our understanding of intercellular signaling and disease pathogenesis but also open new avenues for innovative diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for a wide spectrum of medical conditions. This review comprehensively outlines the current understanding of CTS-EV origins, function within normal physiology, and implications in diseased states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sohil Amin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
| | - Hamed Massoumi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Deepshikha Tewari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
| | - Arnab Roy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
| | - Madhurima Chaudhuri
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
| | - Cedra Jazayerli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
| | - Abhi Krishan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
| | - Mannat Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
| | - Mohammad Soleimani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
| | - Emine E. Karaca
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Arash Mirzaei
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medical Sciences, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran 13366 16351, Iran;
| | - Victor H. Guaiquil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
| | - Mark I. Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
| | - Ali R. Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
| | - Elmira Jalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.A.); (H.M.); (D.T.); (A.R.); (M.C.); (C.J.); (A.K.); (M.S.); (M.S.); (E.E.K.); (V.H.G.); (M.I.R.); (E.J.)
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Caruso L, Fields M, Rimondi E, Zauli G, Longo G, Marcuzzi A, Previati M, Gonelli A, Zauli E, Milani D. Classical and Innovative Evidence for Therapeutic Strategies in Retinal Dysfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2124. [PMID: 38396799 PMCID: PMC10889839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The human retina is a complex anatomical structure that has no regenerative capacity. The pathogenesis of most retinopathies can be attributed to inflammation, with the activation of the inflammasome protein platform, and to the impact of oxidative stress on the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy/mitophagy in retinal cells. In recent years, new therapeutic approaches to treat retinopathies have been investigated. Experimental data suggest that the secretome of mesenchymal cells could reduce oxidative stress, autophagy, and the apoptosis of retinal cells, and in turn, the secretome of the latter could induce changes in mesenchymal cells. Other studies have evidenced that noncoding (nc)RNAs might be new targets for retinopathy treatment and novel disease biomarkers since a correlation has been found between ncRNA levels and retinopathies. A new field to explore is the interaction observed between the ocular and intestinal microbiota; indeed, recent findings have shown that the alteration of gut microbiota seems to be linked to ocular diseases, suggesting a gut-eye axis. To explore new therapeutical strategies for retinopathies, it is important to use proper models that can mimic the complexity of the retina. In this context, retinal organoids represent a good model for the study of the pathophysiology of the retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Matteo Fields
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Erika Rimondi
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh 11462, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Annalisa Marcuzzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Maurizio Previati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniela Milani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.F.); (G.L.); (A.M.); (M.P.); (D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Meng F, Liu X, Duan H, Li C, Hu Y, Peng X, Zhao G, Lin J. Aspergillus fumigatus-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mitigate Fungal Keratitis by Modulating the Immune Cell Function. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:500-512. [PMID: 38175918 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a refractory global disease characterized by a high incidence of blindness and a lack of effective therapeutic options, and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus, AF) is one of the most common causative fungi. This study aimed to investigate the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from A. fumigatus in the immune cell function and their protective role in A. fumigatus keratitis in order to explore their therapeutic potential. First, we isolated and characterized the EVs (AF-derived EVs). In vitro, we stimulated RAW264.7 cells and polymorphonuclear cells with AF-derived EVs. The expression levels of inflammatory factors increased in both immune cells along with an M1 polarization variation of RAW264.7 cells. After being incubated with AF-derived EVs, both immune cells exhibited an increased conidia-phagocytic index and a decreased conidia survival rate. In vivo, we injected EVs subconjunctivally on mice resulting in a heightened production of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in tear fluid. By the injection of EVs on mice in advance, a significant reduction in severity of A. fumigatus FK was witnessed by lower clinical scores, inflammatory appearances, and mitigated fungal load. Collectively, these results positioned AF-derived EVs as a promising and innovative immune therapy for combating FK, while also providing a platform for further investigation into developing an optimal formulation for modulating inflammation in the context of FK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanyue Meng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huijin Duan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingzhe Hu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Abstract
The remarkable diversity of lymphocytes, essential components of the immune system, serves as an ingenious mechanism for maximizing the efficient utilization of limited host defense resources. While cell adhesion molecules, notably in gut-tropic T cells, play a central role in this mechanism, the counterbalancing molecular details have remained elusive. Conversely, we've uncovered the molecular pathways enabling extracellular vesicles secreted by lymphocytes to reach the gut's mucosal tissues, facilitating immunological regulation. This discovery sheds light on immune fine-tuning, offering insights into immune regulation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Ryu Yashiro
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Cangiano L, Asteriti S. An Ex Vivo Electroretinographic Apparatus for the mL-Scale Testing of Drugs to One Day and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11346. [PMID: 37511106 PMCID: PMC10380068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
When screening new drugs to treat retinal diseases, ex vivo electroretinography (ERG) potentially combines the experimental throughput of its traditional in vivo counterpart, with greater mechanistic insight and reproducible delivery. To date, this technique was used in experiments with open loop superfusion and lasting up to a few hours. Here, we present a compact apparatus that provides continuous and simultaneous recordings of the scotopic a-waves from four mouse retinas for much longer durations. Crucially, each retina can be incubated at 37 °C in only 2 mL of static medium, enabling the testing of very expensive drugs or nano devices. Light sensitivity and response kinetics of these preparations remain in the physiological range throughout incubation, displaying only very slow drifts. As an example application, we showed that barium, a potassium channel blocker used to abolish the glial component of the ERG, displayed no overt side effects on photoreceptors over several hours. In another example, we fully regenerated a partially bleached retina using a minimal quantity of 9-cis-retinal. Finally, we demonstrated that including antibiotic in the incubation medium extends physiological light responses to over one day. This system represents a necessary stepping stone towards the goal of combining ERG recordings with organotypically cultured retinas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cangiano
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Asteriti
- Department of Translational Research, University of Pisa, 56123 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|