Various Oxygen-Centered Phosphanegold(I) Cluster Cations Formed by Polyoxometalate (POM)-Mediated Clusterization: Effects of POMs and Phosphanes

Cyclodextrin-Assisted Hierarchical Aggregation of Dawson-type Polyoxometalate in the Presence of {Re6Se8} Based Clusters

The association of metallic clusters (CLUS) and polyoxometalates (POM) into hierarchical architectures is achieved using γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) as a supramolecular connector. The new self-assembled systems, so-called CLUSPOM, are formed from Dawson-type polyoxometalate [P₂W₁₈O₆₂]^6- and electron-rich rhenium clusters. It is worth noting that a cluster-based cation [{Re₆Se₈}(H₂O)₆]²⁺ on one hand and a cluster-based anion on the other hand [{Re₆Se₈}(CN)₆]^4- can be associated with the anionic POM. In the absence of the supramolecular connector, a "CLUSPOM salt" was obtained from aqueous solution of the cationic cluster and the polyoxometalate. In this solid, the arrangement between the polymetallic building blocks is mainly governed by long-range Coulombic interactions. In the presence of γ-CD, the Dawson anion and the cationic cluster are assembled differently, forming a hierarchical supramolecular solid, K₂[{Re₆Se₈}(H₂O)₆]₂{[P₂W₁₈O₆₂]@2γ-CD}·42H₂O, where the organic macrocycle acts as a ditopic linker between the inorganic building blocks. In such an edifice, the short-range molecular recognition dominates the long-range Coulombic interactions leading to a specific three-dimensional organization. Interestingly, the assembling of anionic POM [P₂W₁₈O₆₂]^6- with the anionic rhenium cluster [{Re₆Se₈}(CN)₆]^4- is also achieved with γ-CD despite the repulsive forces between the nanosized anions. The resulting solid, K₁₀{[{Re₆Se₈}(CN)₆]@2γ-CD}[P₂W₁₈O₆₂]·33H₂O, is built from 1:2 inclusion complexes {[{Re₆Se₈}(CN)₆]@2γ-CD}^4- linked by a POM unit interacting with the exterior wall of the organic macrocycle. Multinuclear NMR and small-angle X-ray scattering investigations support supramolecular preorganization in aqueous solution prior to crystallization.

Polyoxometalate-Assisted, One-Pot Synthesis of a Pentakis[(triphenylphosphane)gold]ammonium(2+) Cation Containing Regular Trigonal-Bipyramidal Geometries of Five Bonds to Nitrogen

Novel intercluster compounds consisting of pentakis[(triphenylphosphane)gold]ammonium(2+) cation (1) and Keggin polyoxometalate (POM) anions, i.e., {[Au(PPh₃)]₅(μ₅-N)}₃[α-PM₁₂O₄₀]₂ (1-PW for M = W; 1-PMo for M = Mo), were synthesized in 30-36% yield by one-pot reaction of the protonic acid form of the Keggin POMs, H₃[α-PM₁₂O₄₀]·nH₂O (n = 13 for M = W; n = 15 for M = Mo) with monomeric (triphenylphosphane)gold(I) carboxylate [Au(RS-pyrrld)(PPh₃)] [RS-Hpyrrld = (RS)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid] in the presence of aqueous NH₃ at a molar ratio of 2:15:x (x = 3 for 1-PW; x = 7.5 for 1-PMo). These compounds resulted from the nitrogen-centered phosphanegold(I) clusterization of in situ generated monomeric phosphanegold(I) units, [Au(PPh₃)]⁺ or [Au(L)(PPh₃)]⁺ (L = NH₃ or solvent), during the carboxylate elimination of [Au(RS-pyrrld)(PPh₃)] in the presence of the Keggin POMs and aqueous NH₃. The products 1-PW and 1-PMo were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TGA/DTA), X-ray crystallography, and solid-state cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning (CPMAS) (³¹P and ¹⁵N) and solution (³¹P{¹H} and ¹H) NMR spectroscopy. The lattice contained three independent {[Au(PPh₃)]₅(μ₅-N)}²⁺ cations, of which two took regular trigonal-bipyramidal (TBP) geometries and the third took a distorted, square-pyramidal (SP) geometry. These geometries are in contrast to those reported by Schmidbaur's group for {[Au(PPh₃)]₅(μ₅-N)}²⁺ cations as BF₄ salts. Density functional theory and ONIOM calculations for {[(L₃P)Au]_nN}^(n-3)+ (L = H or Ph; n = 4-6) showed that the pentacoordinate cluster is energetically most stable and its TBP structure is only 1.6 kcal mol^-1 more stable than its SP structure, in accordance with the experimental facts.

Assembly of titanium-oxo cations with copper-halide anions to form supersalt-type cluster-based materials

A facile approach for the synthesis of binary titanium-oxo and copper-halide cluster-based crystalline materials with salt-like packing has been successfully established.

The effect of counteranions on the molecular structures of phosphanegold(i) cluster cations formed by polyoxometalate (POM)-mediated clusterization

The effect of counteranions on the molecular structures of phosphanegold(i) cluster cations formed by polyoxometalate (POM)-mediated clusterization was investigated. A novel intercluster compound, [{(AuLCl)2(μ-OH)}2]3[α-PMo12O40]2·3EtOH (1-PMo12), was obtained as orange-yellow plate crystals in 12.0% yield from a 6 : 1 molar ratio reaction of the monomeric phosphanegold(i) carboxylato complex [Au(RS-pyrrld)(LCl)] (RS-Hpyrrld = RS-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid; LCl = tris(4-chlorophenyl)phosphane) in CH2Cl2 with the free acid-form of Keggin polyoxometalate (POM), H3[α-PMo12O40]·14H2O. An EtOH/H2O (5 : 1, v/v) solvent mixture was used. The dimeric cation [{(AuLCl)2(μ-OH)}2](2+) in 1-PMo12 was in a parallel-edge arrangement that was formed by self-assembly through the inter-cationic aurophilic interactions of the μ-OH-bridged dinuclear phosphanegold(i) cation. The POM anion in 1-PMo12 was successfully exchanged with a smaller PF6(-) anion by the use of an anion-exchange resin. POM-free, colorless block crystals of [{(AuLCl)3(μ3-O)}2](PF6)2·4CH2Cl2 (2-PF6) were obtained by vapor diffusion in 14.1% yield. During the synthesis of 2-PF6, a compound with mixed counteranions (one POM and one PF6(-) anion), i.e. [{(AuLCl)4(μ4-O)}]2[α-PMo12O40]PF6 (3-PMo12PF6), was obtained in 66.4% yield. Both products were characterized by elemental analysis, TG/DTA, FT-IR, (31)P{(1)H} NMR, (1)H NMR, and X-ray crystallography. X-ray crystallography revealed that the countercation in 2-PF6 was the dimeric cation of the μ3-O-bridged tris{phosphanegold(i)} species, whereas that in 3-PMo12PF6 consisted of an unusual μ4-O-bridged tetragonal-pyramidal tetrakis{phosphanegold(i)} cation. Therefore, we concluded that the POM anion significantly contributed to the stabilization of these countercations (parallel-edged arrangement in 1-PMo12 and μ4-O-bridged tetragonal-pyramid in 3-PMo12PF6). Moreover, the previously reported yellow crystals of [{(AuLF)2(μ-OH)}2]3[PMo12O40]2·3EtOH (4-PMo12: LF = tris(4-fluoro phenyl)phosphane) were successfully converted to the POM-free crystalline OTf(-) salt [{(AuLF)2(μ-OH)}2](OTf)2·0.5Et2O (4-OTf) by the use of an anion-exchange resin. X-ray crystallography also revealed that the parallel-edge arrangement of the dimeric cation in 4-PMo12 was converted to the crossed-edge arrangement of that in 4-OTf. These results illustrate that the AuOPOM and hydrogen-bonding (C-HOPOM and O-HOPOM) interactions between the phosphanegold(i) cluster cation and the Keggin POM anion in the solid state significantly contribute to the structure, composition, and stability of the phosphane gold(i) cluster cations in 4-PMo12.