1
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Kallmeier F, Matthews AJR, Nelmes GR, Lawson NR, Hicks J. Mechanochemical synthesis of iron aluminyl complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12450-12454. [PMID: 39011575 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
A series of iron aluminyl complexes have been synthesised in good crystalline yields from reactions between bulky diamido aluminium iodide complexes and K[Fe(CO)2Cp] in the solid state. The series of metal-metal bonded complexes have been characterised by X-ray crystallography and were investigated using density functional theory to probe the effects of ligand substitution on the Al-Fe bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Kallmeier
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Aidan J R Matthews
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Gareth R Nelmes
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Nina R Lawson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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2
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Wenger LE, Hanusa TP. Synthesis without solvent: consequences for mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14210-14222. [PMID: 37953718 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solvents are so nearly omnipresent in synthetic chemistry that a classic question for their use has been: "What is the best solvent for this reaction?" The increasing use of mechanochemical approaches to synthesis-by grinding, milling, extrusion, or other means-and usually with no, or only limited, amounts of solvent, has raised an alternative question for the synthetic chemist: "What happens if there is no solvent?" This review focuses on a three-part answer to that question: when there is little change ("solvent-optional" reactions); when solvent needs to be present in some form, even if only in the amounts provided by liquid-assisted (LAG) or solvate-assisted grinding; and those cases in which mechanochemistry allows access to compounds that cannot be obtained from solution-based routes. The emphasis here is on inorganic and organometallic systems, including selected examples of mechanosynthesis and mechanocatalysis. Issues of mechanochemical depictions and the adequacy of LAG descriptions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
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3
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Helling C, Jones C. Schlenk-Type Equilibria of Grignard-Analogous Arylberyllium Complexes: Steric Effects. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302222. [PMID: 37528538 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of complex Schlenk equilibria is a central property of synthetically invaluable Grignard reagents substantially affecting their reactivity and selectivity in chemical transformations. In this work, the steric effects of aryl substituents on the Schlenk-type equilibria of their lighter congeners, arylberyllium bromides, are systematically studied. Combination of diarylberyllium complexes Ar2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Ar, Ar=Tip, Tcpp; Tip=2,4,6-iPr3 C6 H3 , Tcpp=2,4,6-Cyp3 C6 H3 , Cyp=c-C5 H9 ), containing sterically demanding aryl groups, and BeBr2 (OEt2 )2 (2) affords the Grignard-analogous arylberyllium bromides ArBeBr(OEt2 ) (3Ar, Ar=Tip, Tcpp). In contrast, Mes2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Mes, Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H3 ) and 2 exist in a temperature-dependent equilibrium with MesBeBr(OEt2 ) (3Mes) and free OEt2 . Ph2 Be(OEt2 ) (1Ph) reacts with 2 to afford dimeric [PhBeBr(OEt2 )]2 ([3Ph]2 ). Moreover, the influence of replacing the OEt2 donor by an N-heterocyclic carbene, IPr2 Me2 (IPr2 Me2 =C(iPrNCMe)2 ), on the redistribution reactions was investigated. The solution- and solid-state structures of the diarylberyllium and arylberyllium bromide complexes were comprehensively characterized using multinuclear (1 H, 9 Be, 13 C) NMR spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, while DFT calculations were employed to support the experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Helling
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
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4
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Sengupta S, Schüler P, Görls H, Liebing P, Krieck S, Westerhausen M. In Situ Grignard Metalation Method for the Synthesis of Hauser Bases. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201359. [PMID: 35686618 PMCID: PMC9546396 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The in situ Grignard Metalation Method (iGMM) is a straightforward one‐pot procedure to quickly produce multigram amounts of Hauser bases R2N‐MgBr which are valuable and vastly used metalation reagents and novel electrolytes for magnesium batteries. During addition of bromoethane to a suspension of Mg metal and secondary amine at room temperature in an ethereal solvent, a smooth reaction yields R2N‐MgBr under evolution of ethane within a few hours. A Schlenk equilibrium is operative, interconverting the Hauser bases into their solvated homoleptic congeners Mg(NR2)2 and MgBr2 depending on the solvent. Scope and preconditions are studied, and side reactions limiting the yield have been investigated. DOSY NMR experiments and X‐ray crystal structures of characteristic examples clarify aggregation in solution and the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Sengupta
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Philipp Schüler
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Phil Liebing
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Sven Krieck
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
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5
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Jędrzkiewicz D, Langer J, Harder S. Low‐valent Mg(I) complexes by ball‐milling. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Jędrzkiewicz
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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6
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DeGroot HP, Hanusa TP. Solvate-Assisted Grinding: Metal Solvates as Solvent Sources in Mechanochemically Driven Organometallic Reactions. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry P. DeGroot
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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7
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Koby RF, Doerr AM, Rightmire NR, Schley ND, Brennessel WW, Long BK, Hanusa TP. Mechanochemical Formation, Solution Rearrangements, and Catalytic Behavior of a Polymorphic Ca/K Allyl Complex. Chemistry 2021; 27:8195-8202. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996–1600 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - William W. Brennessel
- X-ray Crystallographic Facility, Department of Chemistry University of Rochester Rochester NY 14627 USA
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996–1600 USA
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
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8
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Buchanan JK, Plieger PG. The Design of Tetradentate Ligands for Beryllium Encapsulation. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenna K. Buchanan
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul G. Plieger
- School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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9
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Fiss BG, Richard AJ, Douglas G, Kojic M, Friščić T, Moores A. Mechanochemical methods for the transfer of electrons and exchange of ions: inorganic reactivity from nanoparticles to organometallics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8279-8318. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00918k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For inorganic metathesis and reduction reactivity, mechanochemistry is demonstrating great promise towards both nanoparticles and organometallics syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine G. Fiss
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Austin J. Richard
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Georgia Douglas
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Monika Kojic
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- McGill University
- Montréal
- Canada
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10
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Buchanan JK, Plieger PG. 9Be nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy trends in discrete complexes: an update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
9Be solution NMR spectroscopy is a useful tool for the characterisation of beryllium complexes. An updated comprehensive table of the 9Be NMR chemical shifts of beryllium complexes in solution is presented. The recent additions span a greater range of chemical shifts than those previously reported, and more overlap is observed between the chemical shift regions of four-coordinate complexes and those with lower coordination numbers. Four-coordinate beryllium species have smaller ω
1/2 values than the two- and three-coordinate species due to their higher order symmetry. In contrast to previous studies, no clear relationship is observed between chemical shift and the size and number of chelate rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna K. Buchanan
- School of Fundamental Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11222 , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - Paul G. Plieger
- School of Fundamental Sciences , Massey University , Private Bag 11222 , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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11
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Koby RF, Doerr AM, Rightmire NR, Schley ND, Long BK, Hanusa TP. An η
3
‐Bound Allyl Ligand on Magnesium in a Mechanochemically Generated Mg/K Allyl Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9542-9548. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
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12
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Koby RF, Doerr AM, Rightmire NR, Schley ND, Long BK, Hanusa TP. An η
3
‐Bound Allyl Ligand on Magnesium in a Mechanochemically Generated Mg/K Allyl Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Alicia M. Doerr
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | | | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
| | - Brian K. Long
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-1600 USA
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235 USA
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13
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Koby RF, Rightmire NR, Schley ND, Hanusa TP, Brennessel WW. Halide metathesis in overdrive: mechanochemical synthesis of a heterometallic group 1 allyl complex. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1856-1863. [PMID: 31467607 PMCID: PMC6693392 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a synthesis technique, halide metathesis (n RM + M'Xn → RnM' + n MX) normally relies for its effectiveness on the favorable formation of a metal halide byproduct (MX), often aided by solubility equilibria in solution. Owing to the lack of significant thermodynamic driving forces, intra-alkali metal exchange is one of the most challenging metathetical exchanges to attempt, especially when conducted without solvent. Nevertheless, grinding together the bulky potassium allyl [KA']∞ (A' = [1,3-(SiMe3)2C3H3]–) and CsI produces the heterometallic complex [CsKA'2]∞ in low yield, which was crystallographically characterized as a coordination polymer that displays site disorder of the K+ and Cs+ ions. The entropic benefits of mixed Cs/K metal centers, but more importantly, the generation of multiple intermolecular K…CH3 and Cs…CH3 interactions in [CsKA'2]∞, enable an otherwise unfavorable halide metathesis to proceed with mechanochemical assistance. From this result, we demonstrate that ball milling and unexpected solid-state effects can permit seemingly unfavored reactions to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross F Koby
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Nicholas R Rightmire
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Nathan D Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, PO Box 1822, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - William W Brennessel
- X-ray Crystallographic Facility, B51 Hutchison Hall, Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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14
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Tan D, García F. Main group mechanochemistry: from curiosity to established protocols. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2274-2292. [PMID: 30806391 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00813a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, mechanochemistry has become rapidly established as a powerful tool enabling environmentally-benign and sustainable chemical syntheses. Not only have these techniques been demonstrated as viable alternatives to traditional solution-based syntheses, but they have also received attention for their ability to enable new reactivity and "unlocking" novel compounds inaccessible by conventional methods. Reflecting the rising popularity of mechanochemistry, many excellent reviews highlighting its benefits have recently been published. Whilst the scope of most of these focuses on organic chemistry, transition-metal catalysis, porous framework materials, coordination compounds and supramolecular synthesis, few have addressed the use of mechanochemical ball milling for the synthesis of compounds containing s- and p-block elements. This tutorial review turns the spotlight towards mechanochemical research in the field of inorganic main group chemistry, highlighting significant advantages that solid-state inorganic reactions often possess, and the potential for these to drive the development of greener methodologies within the modern main group arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore.
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15
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Koby RF, Hanusa TP, Schley ND. Mechanochemically Driven Transformations in Organotin Chemistry: Stereochemical Rearrangement, Redox Behavior, and Dispersion-Stabilized Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15934-15942. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross F. Koby
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Timothy P. Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Nathan D. Schley
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B #351822, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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