1
|
Gómez-Bra A, Gude L, Arias-Pérez MS. Synthesis, structural study and antitumor activity of novel alditol-based imidazophenanthrolines (aldo-IPs). Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 99:117563. [PMID: 38215623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
A series of 1H-imidazo [4,5-f][1,10] phenanthroline derivatives functionalized at 2-position with chiral, and conformationally flexible polyhydroxy alkyl chains derived from carbohydrates (alditol-based imidazophenanthrolines, aldo-IPs) is presented herein. These novel glycomimetics showed relevant and differential cytotoxic activity against several cultured tumor cell lines (PC3, HeLa and HT-29), dependent on the nature and stereochemistry of the polyhydroxy alkyl chain. The mannose-based aldo-IP demonstrated the higher cytotoxicity in the series, substantially better than cisplatin metallo-drug in all cell lines tested, and better than G-quadruplex ligand 360A in HeLa and HT29 cells. Cell cycle experiments and Annexin V-PI assays revealed that aldo-IPs induce apoptosis in HeLa cells. Initial study of DNA interactions by DNA FRET melting assays proved that the aldo-IPs produce only a slight thermal stabilization of DNA secondary structures, more pronounced in the case of quadruplex DNA. Viscosity titrations with CT dsDNA suggest that the compounds behave as DNA groove binders, whereas equilibrium dialysis assays showed that the compounds bind CT with Ka values in the range 104-105 M-1. The aldo-IP derivatives were obtained with synthetically useful yields through a feasible one-pot multistep process, by aerobic oxidative cyclization of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-diamine with a selection of unprotected aldoses using (NH4)2SO4 as promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gómez-Bra
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), 28805-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Grupo DISCOBAC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Spain
| | - Lourdes Gude
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), 28805-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Grupo DISCOBAC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Spain.
| | - María-Selma Arias-Pérez
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), 28805-Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vásquez B, Bayas M, Dreyse P, Palma JL, Cabrera AR, Rossin E, Natali M, Saldias C, González-Pavez I. Synthesis and Characterization of Iridium(III) Complexes with Substituted Phenylimidazo(4,5- f)1,10-phenanthroline Ancillary Ligands and Their Application in LEC Devices. Molecules 2023; 29:53. [PMID: 38202636 PMCID: PMC10779995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report on the synthesis and characterization of six new iridium(III) complexes of the type [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ using 2-phenylpyridine (C1-3) and its fluorinated derivative (C4-6) as cyclometalating ligands (C^N) and R-phenylimidazo(4,5-f)1,10-phenanthroline (R = H, CH3, F) as the ancillary ligand (N^N). These luminescent complexes have been fully characterized through optical and electrochemical studies. In solution, the C4-6 series exhibits quantum yields (Ф) twice as high as the C1-3 series, exceeding 60% in dichloromethane and where 3MLCT/3LLCT and 3LC emissions participate in the phenomenon. These complexes were employed in the active layer of light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). Device performance of maximum luminance values of up to 21.7 Lx at 14.7 V were observed for the C2 complex and long lifetimes for the C1-3 series. These values are counterintuitive to the quantum yields observed in solution. Thus, we established that the rigidity of the system and the structure of the solid matrix dramatically affect the electronic properties of the complex. This research contributes to understanding the effects of the modifications in the ancillary and cyclometalating ligands, the photophysics of the complexes, and their performance in LEC devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Vásquez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Chile;
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemática y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Max Bayas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Chile (A.R.C.)
| | - Paulina Dreyse
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Juan Luis Palma
- Engineering School, Universidad Central de Chile, Santa Isabel 1186, Santiago 8330601, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago 9170124, Chile
| | - Alan R. Cabrera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Chile (A.R.C.)
| | - Elena Rossin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (M.N.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Farmaceutiche ed Agrarie, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy (M.N.)
| | - Cesar Saldias
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Chile;
| | - Iván González-Pavez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemática y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sabithakala T, Reddy CVR. DNA-binding, cleavage, antibacterial and in vitro anticancer activity of copper(II) mixed ligand complexes of 2-(((6-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)amino)aceticacid and polypyridyl ligands. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:1309-1321. [PMID: 34963412 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.2019121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A tridentate ligand(A), 2-(((6-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)amino) aceticacid (Cl-BIGH) was synthesised by the Phillips condensation of 4-chlorobenzene-1,2-diamine and iminodiaceticacid in 1:2 molar ratio. Its Cu(II) mixed ligand complexes[Cu(II)-A-L] were obtained by involving other co-ligands(L): 2,2΄-bipyridine(L1), 4,4΄-dimethyl-2,2΄-bipyridyl(L2), 5,5΄-dimethyl-2,2΄-bipyridyl(L3) and 1,10 phenanthroline(L4). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, thermal analysis, molar conductance, magnetic moment measurements, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, UV-Visible, ESR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry. From the spectral and analytical data, the ternary complexes [Cu(Cl-BIGH)(L1-4)]ClO4 were found to form in 1:1:1(Cu(II): Cl-BIGH: L) molar ratio. The geometry of the mixed-ligand complexes were found to be 5-coordinated square pyramidal or trigonal bipyramidal with polycrystalline natures. The DNA binding and cleaving abilities, antibacterial and the in vitro cytotoxicity of the complexes were explored. The molecular docking was used to predict the efficiency of binding of the metal complexes with COX- 2.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thatituri Sabithakala
- Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seidler B, Tran JH, Hniopek J, Traber P, Görls H, Gräfe S, Schmitt M, Popp J, Schulz M, Dietzek-Ivanšić B. Photophysics of Anionic Bis(4H-imidazolato)Cu I Complexes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202697. [PMID: 36148551 PMCID: PMC10092831 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the photophysical behavior of four panchromatically absorbing, homoleptic bis(4H-imidazolato)CuI complexes, with a systematic variation in the electron-withdrawing properties of the imidazolate ligand, were studied by wavelength-dependent time-resolved femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Excitation at 400, 480, and 630 nm populates metal-to-ligand charge transfer, intraligand charge transfer, and mixed-character singlet states. The pump wavelength-dependent transient absorption data were analyzed by a recently established 2D correlation approach. Data analysis revealed that all excitation conditions yield similar excited-state dynamics. Key to the excited-state relaxation is fast, sub-picosecond pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion, which is accompanied by the relocalization of electron density onto a single ligand from the initially delocalized state at Franck-Condon geometry. Subsequent intersystem crossing to the triplet manifold is followed by a sub-100 ps decay to the ground state. The fast, nonradiative decay is rationalized by the low triplet-state energy as found by DFT calculations, which suggest perspective treatment at the strong coupling limit of the energy gap law.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jens H Tran
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Julian Hniopek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Albert-Einstein-Str. 6, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Traber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Albert-Einstein-Str. 6, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Albert-Einstein-Str. 6, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Albert-Einstein-Str. 6, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), Albert-Einstein-Str. 6, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Centre for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Owen Bonello R, Pitak MB, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Fallis IA, Pope SJ. Aryl, bi-functionalised imidazo[4,5-f]-1,10-phenanthroline ligands and their luminescent rhenium(I) complexes. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
6
|
Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang Y, Doettinger F, Kleeberg C, Frey W, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. How the Way a Naphthalimide Unit is Implemented Affects the Photophysical and -catalytic Properties of Cu(I) Photosensitizers. Front Chem 2022; 10:936863. [PMID: 35783217 PMCID: PMC9247301 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.936863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by the great potential of solar energy conversion this study comprises the evaluation and comparison of two different design approaches for the improvement of copper based photosensitizers. In particular, the distinction between the effects of a covalently linked and a directly fused naphthalimide unit was assessed. For this purpose, the two heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes CuNIphen (NIphen = 5-(1,8-naphthalimide)-1,10-phenanthroline) and Cubiipo (biipo = 16H-benzo-[4′,5′]-isoquinolino-[2′,1′,:1,2]-imidazo-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-phenanthroline-16-one) were prepared and compared with the novel unsubstituted reference compound Cuphen (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). Beside a comprehensive structural characterization, including two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray analysis, a combination of electrochemistry, steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy was used to determine the electrochemical and photophysical properties in detail. The nature of the excited states was further examined by (time-dependent) density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. It was found that CuNIphen exhibits a greatly enhanced absorption in the visible and a strong dependency of the excited state lifetimes on the chosen solvent. For example, the lifetime of CuNIphen extends from 0.37 µs in CH2Cl2 to 19.24 µs in MeCN, while it decreases from 128.39 to 2.6 µs in Cubiipo. Furthermore, CuNIphen has an exceptional photostability, allowing for an efficient and repetitive production of singlet oxygen with quantum yields of about 32%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingya Yang
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Doettinger
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Karnahl, ; Stefanie Tschierlei,
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Karnahl, ; Stefanie Tschierlei,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gratal P, Arias-Pérez MS, Gude L. 1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline carbohydrate conjugates: synthesis, DNA interactions and cytotoxic activity. Bioorg Chem 2022; 125:105851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
9
|
Kumar S, Singh S, Kumar A, Murthy K, Kumar Singh A. pH-Responsive luminescence sensing, photoredox catalysis and photodynamic applications of ruthenium(II) photosensitizers bearing imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline scaffolds. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
10
|
Szłapa-Kula A, Palion-Gazda J, Ledwon P, Erfurt K, Machura B. A fundamental role of solvent polarity and remote substitution of 2-(4-R-phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline framework in controlling of ground- and excited-state properties of Re(I) chromophores [ReCl(CO) 3(R-C 6H 4-imphen)]. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14466-14481. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of Re(I) carbonyl chromophores with 1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (imphen) ligand functionalized with electron-donating amine groups attached to the imidazole ring via phenylene linkage was designed to investigate the impact of...
Collapse
|
11
|
Seidler B, Sittig M, Zens C, Tran JH, Müller C, Zhang Y, Schneider KRA, Görls H, Schubert A, Gräfe S, Schulz M, Dietzek B. Modulating the Excited-State Decay Pathways of Cu(I) 4 H-Imidazolate Complexes by Excitation Wavelength and Ligand Backbone. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11498-11511. [PMID: 34617757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes are excellent photosensitizers with broad and intense light absorption properties, based on an earth-abundant metal, and hold great promise as photosensitizers in artificial photosynthesis and for accumulation of redox equivalents. In this study, the excited-state relaxation dynamics of three novel heteroleptic Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes with phenyl, tolyl, and mesityl side groups are systematically investigated by femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical methods, complemented by steady-state absorption spectroscopy and (spectro)electrochemistry. After photoexcitation into the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and intraligand charge transfer absorption band, fast (0.6-1 ps) intersystem crossing occurs into the triplet MLCT manifold. The triplet-state population relaxes via the geometrical planarization of the N-aryl rings on the Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes. Depending on the initial Franck-Condon state, the remaining small singlet state population relaxes into two geometrically distinct minima geometries with similar energy, S1/2,relax and S3/4,relax. Subsequent ground-state recovery from S1/2,relax and internal conversion from S3/4,relax to S1/2,relax take place on a 100 ps time scale. The internal conversion can be understood as hole transfer from a dyz-orbital to a dxz-orbital, which is accompanied with the structural reorganization of the coordination environment. Generally, the photophysical processes are determined by the steric hindrance of the side groups on the ligands. And the excited singlet-state pathways are dependent on the excitation wavelength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Sittig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Clara Zens
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jens H Tran
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kilian R A Schneider
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schubert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (Fraunhofer IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str.7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Centre for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Doettinger F, Yang Y, Schmid MA, Frey W, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. Cross-Coupled Phenyl- and Alkynyl-Based Phenanthrolines and Their Effect on the Photophysical and Electrochemical Properties of Heteroleptic Cu(I) Photosensitizers. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5391-5401. [PMID: 33764043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the aims of increasing the antenna system and improving the photophysical properties of Cu(I)-based photosensitizers, the backbone of 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline was selectively extended in the 5,6-position. Applying specifically tailored Suzuki-Miyaura and "chemistry-on-the-complex" Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions enabled the development of two sets of structurally related diimine ligands with a broad variety of different phenyl- and alkynyl-based substituents. The resulting 11 novel heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes, including five solid-state structures, were studied with respect to their structure-property relationships. Both sets of substituents are able to red-shift the absorption maxima and to increase the absorptivity. For the alkynyl-based complexes, this is accompanied by a significant anodic shift of the reduction potentials. The phenyl-based substituents strongly influence the emission wavelength and quantum yield of the resulting Cu(I) complexes and lead to an increase in the emission lifetime of up to 504 ns, which clearly indicates competition with the benchmark system [(xantphos)Cu(bathocuproine)]PF6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Doettinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Yingya Yang
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marie-Ann Schmid
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Brauschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Müller C, Schulz M, Obst M, Zedler L, Gräfe S, Kupfer S, Dietzek B. Role of MLCT States in the Franck-Condon Region of Neutral, Heteroleptic Cu(I)-4 H-imidazolate Complexes: A Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6607-6616. [PMID: 32701275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the electronic structure of a series of 4H-imidazolate ligands in neutral, heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes is investigated. Remarkable broad and strong ligand-dependent absorption in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum renders the studied complexes promising photosensitizers for photocatalytic applications. The electronic structure of the Cu(I) complexes and the localization of photoexcited states in the Franck-Condon region are unraveled by means of UV-vis absorption and resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The visible absorption bands stem from a superposition of bright metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and π-π* as well as weakly absorbing MLCT states. Additionally, the analysis of involved molecular orbitals and rR spectra upon excitation of MLCT and π-π* states highlights the impact of the electronic structure of the 4H-imidazolate ligands on the properties of the corresponding Cu(I) complexes to avail a toolbox for predictive studies and efficient complex design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Obst
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Linda Zedler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rentschler M, Iglesias S, Schmid MA, Liu C, Tschierlei S, Frey W, Zhang X, Karnahl M, Moonshiram D. The Coordination Behaviour of Cu I Photosensitizers Bearing Multidentate Ligands Investigated by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2020; 26:9527-9536. [PMID: 32162730 PMCID: PMC7496955 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A systematic series of four novel homo‐ and heteroleptic CuI photosensitizers based on tetradentate 1,10‐phenanthroline ligands of the type X^N^N^X containing two additional donor moieties in the 2,9‐position (X=SMe or OMe) were designed. Their solid‐state structures were assessed by X‐ray diffraction. Cyclic voltammetry, UV‐vis absorption, emission and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy were then used to determine their electrochemical, photophysical and structural features in solution. Following, time‐resolved X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in the picosecond time scale, coupled with time‐dependent density functional theory calculations, provided in‐depth information on the excited state electron configurations. For the first time, a significant shortening of the Cu−X distance and a change in the coordination mode to a pentacoordinated geometry is shown in the excited states of the two homoleptic complexes. These findings are important with respect to a precise understanding of the excited state structures and a further stabilization of this type of photosensitizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rentschler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sirma Iglesias
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en, Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Calle Faraday, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marie-Ann Schmid
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cunming Liu
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dooshaye Moonshiram
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en, Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), Calle Faraday, 9, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Giereth R, Mengele AK, Frey W, Kloß M, Steffen A, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. Copper(I) Phosphinooxazoline Complexes: Impact of the Ligand Substitution and Steric Demand on the Electrochemical and Photophysical Properties. Chemistry 2020; 26:2675-2684. [PMID: 31747089 PMCID: PMC7065177 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of seven homoleptic CuI complexes based on hetero-bidentate P^N ligands was synthesized and comprehensively characterized. In order to study structure-property relationships, the type, size, number and configuration of substituents at the phosphinooxazoline (phox) ligands were systematically varied. To this end, a combination of X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy, steady-state absorption and emission spectroscopy, time-resolved emission spectroscopy, quenching experiments and cyclic voltammetry was used to assess the photophysical and electrochemical properties. Furthermore, time-dependent density functional theory calculations were applied to also analyze the excited state structures and characteristics. Surprisingly, a strong dependency on the chirality of the respective P^N ligand was found, whereas the specific kind and size of the different substituents has only a minor impact on the properties in solution. Most importantly, all complexes except C3 are photostable in solution and show fully reversible redox processes. Sacrificial reductants were applied to demonstrate a successful electron transfer upon light irradiation. These properties render this class of photosensitizers as potential candidates for solar energy conversion issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Giereth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander K Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marvin Kloß
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Zedler L, Karnahl M, Dietzek B. Excited-state dynamics of heteroleptic copper(i) photosensitizers and their electrochemically reduced forms containing a dipyridophenazine moiety – a spectroelectrochemical transient absorption study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10716-10725. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00412b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic copper(i) dipyridophenazine complexes were investigated by transient absorption spectroelectrochemistry to examine their multi-electron photoaccumulation properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces
| | - Linda Zedler
- Department Functional Interfaces
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (IPHT)
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces
| |
Collapse
|