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Goren AY, Gungormus E, Vatanpour V, Yoon Y, Khataee A. Recent Progress on Synthesis and Properties of Black Phosphorus and Phosphorene As New-Age Nanomaterials for Water Decontamination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38604807 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Concerted efforts have been made in recent years to find solutions to water and wastewater treatment challenges and eliminate the difficulties associated with treatment methods. Various techniques are used to ensure the recycling and reuse of water resources. Owing to their excellent chemical, physical, and biological properties, nanomaterials play an important role when integrated into water/wastewater treatment technologies. Black phosphorus (BP) is a potential nanomaterial candidate for water and wastewater treatment, especially its monolayer 2D derivative called phosphorene. Phosphorene offers relative adjustability in its direct bandgap, high charge carrier mobility, and improved in-plane anisotropy compared to the most extensively studied 2D nanomaterials. In this study, we examined the physical and chemical characteristics and synthetic processes of BP and phosphorene. We provide an overview of the latest advancements in the main applications of BP and phosphorene in water/wastewater treatment, which are categorized as photocatalytic, adsorption, and membrane filtration processes. Additionally, we explore the existing difficulties in the integration of BP and phosphorene into water/wastewater treatment technologies and prospects for future research in this field. In summary, this review highlights the ongoing necessity for significant research efforts on the integration of BP and phosphorene in water and wastewater applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yagmur Goren
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla 35430, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Elif Gungormus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla 35430, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Vahid Vatanpour
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran
- Environmental Engineering Department & National Research Center on Membrane Technologies (MEM-TEK), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Yeojoon Yoon
- Department of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Alireza Khataee
- Department of Chemical Engineering & ITU Synthetic Fuels and Chemicals Technology Center (ITU-SENTEK), Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Research Laboratory of Advanced Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51666-16471, Iran
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Passaglia E, Sgarbossa A. Innovative Phosphorene Nanoplatform for Light Antimicrobial Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2748. [PMID: 38140089 PMCID: PMC10747032 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, antibiotic resistance has reached global dimensions as a major threat to public health. Consequently, there is a pressing need to find effective alternative therapies and therapeutic agents to combat drug-resistant pathogens. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), largely employed as a clinical treatment for several malignant pathologies, has also gained importance as a promising antimicrobial approach. Antimicrobial PDT (aPDT) relies on the application of a photosensitizer able to produce singlet oxygen (1O2) or other cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon exposure to appropriate light, which leads to cell death after the induced photodamage. Among different types of 2D nanomaterials with antimicrobial properties, phosphorene, the exfoliated form of black phosphorus (bP), has the unique property intrinsic photoactivity exploitable for photothermal therapy (PTT) as well as for PDT against pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Passaglia
- National Research Council-Institute of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Antonella Sgarbossa
- National Research Council-Nanoscience Institute (CNR-NANO) and NEST-Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Nocchetti M, Donnadio A, Vischini E, Posati T, Albonetti C, Campoccia D, Arciola CR, Ravaioli S, Mariani V, Montanaro L, Vivani R. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Antibacterial Properties of Silver-Functionalized Low-Dimensional Layered Zirconium Phosphonates. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2251-2264. [PMID: 35044759 PMCID: PMC9946290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
New insoluble layered zirconium phosphate carboxyaminophosphonates (ZPs), with the general formula Zr2(PO4)H5[(O3PCH2)2N(CH2)nCOO]2·mH2O (n = 3, 4, and 5), have been prepared and characterized. The crystal structure for n = 3 and 4 samples was determined ab initio from X-ray powder diffraction data. The structure for n = 3 was monoclinic in space group C2/c with the following unit cell parameters: a = 34.346(1) Å, b = 8.4930(2) Å, c = 9.0401(2) Å, and β = 97.15(1)°. The structure for n = 4 was triclinic in space group P1̅ with the following unit cell parameters: a = 17.9803(9) Å, b = 8.6066(4) Å, c = 9.0478(3) Å, α = 90.466(3)°, β = 94.910(4)°, and γ = 99.552(4)°. The two structures had the same connectivity as Zr phosphate glycine diphosphonate (n = 1), as previously reported. By intercalation of short amines, these layered compounds were exfoliated in single lamella or packets of a few lamellae, which formed colloidal dispersions in water. After a thorough characterization, the dispersed lamellae were functionalized with Ag nanoparticles, which were grown in situ on the surface of exfoliated lamellae. Finally, their antimicrobial activity was tested on several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All of these systems were found to be active against the four pathogens most frequently isolated from orthopedic prosthetic infections and often causative of nosocomial infections. Interestingly, they were found to express powerful inhibitory activity even against bacterial strains exhibiting a relevant profile of antibiotic resistance such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 700699.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Nocchetti
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Donnadio
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vischini
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tamara Posati
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiano Albonetti
- Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo
Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNRISMN), 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Campoccia
- Laboratorio
di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Renata Arciola
- Laboratorio
di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Laboratorio
di Immunoreumatologia e Rigenerazione Tissutale, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano, 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ravaioli
- Laboratorio
di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Mariani
- Laboratorio
di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Montanaro
- Laboratorio
di Patologia delle Infezioni Associate all’Impianto, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Department
of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, via San Giacomo 14, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vivani
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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Mian SA, Khan SU, Hussain A, Rauf A, Ahmed E, Jang J. Molecular Modelling of Optical Biosensor Phosphorene-Thioguanine for Optimal Drug Delivery in Leukemia Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030545. [PMID: 35158813 PMCID: PMC8833433 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nanocarriers have been used to solve the problems associated with conventional antitumor drug delivery systems, including no specificity, severe side effects, burst release and damaging the normal cells. It improves the bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency of antitumor drugs, while providing preferential accumulation at the target site. Various 2D nanomaterials such as graphene, MoS2, and WSe2 have been used as nanocarrier. The recent discovery of phosphorene has introduced new possibilities in designing a sensible drug delivery system, due to low cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, high surface to volume ratio, which can increase its drug loading capacity. The biodegradation of phosphorene inside the human body produces non-toxic intermediates, like phosphate. Phosphate is necessary for the formation of bone and teeth. Phosphate is also used by the cell for energy, cell membranes, and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Therefore, phosphorene nanocarrier is not harmful, especially for the treatment of cancer in vivo applications. Abstract Thioguanine is an anti-cancer drug used for the treatment of leukemia. However, thioguanine has weak aqueous solubility and low biocompatibility, which limits its performance in the treatment of cancer. In the present work, these inadequacies were targeted using density functional theory-based simulations. Three stable configurations were obtained for the adsorption of thioguanine molecules on the phosphorene surface, with adsorption energies in the range of −76.99 to −38.69 kJ/mol, indicating physisorption of the drug on the phosphorene surface. The calculated bandgap energies of the individual and combined geometries of phosphorene and thioguanine were 0.97 eV, 2.81 eV and 0.91 eV, respectively. Owing to the physisorption of the drug molecule on the phosphorene surface, the bandgap energy of the material had a direct impact on optical conductivity, which was significantly altered. All parameters that determine the potential ability for drug delivery were calculated, such as the dipole moment, chemical hardness, chemical softness, chemical potential, and electrophilicity index. The higher dipole moment (1.74 D) of the phosphorene–thioguanine complex reflects its higher biodegradability, with no adverse physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabeer Ahmad Mian
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; (S.U.K.); (A.H.); (A.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.M.); (J.J.)
| | - Shafqat Ullah Khan
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; (S.U.K.); (A.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Akbar Hussain
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; (S.U.K.); (A.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan; (S.U.K.); (A.H.); (A.R.)
| | - Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Joonkyung Jang
- Department of Nano Energy Engineering, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.A.M.); (J.J.)
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Jeong JH, Kang S, Kim N, Joshi RK, Lee GH. Recent trends in covalent functionalization of 2D materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10684-10711. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04831g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of the surface is more crucial in 2D materials than in conventional bulk materials because of their atomic thinness, large surface-to-volume ratio, and uniform surface chemical potential. Because...
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Hess P. Bonding, structure, and mechanical stability of 2D materials: the predictive power of the periodic table. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:856-892. [PMID: 34494064 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00113b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This tutorial review describes the ongoing effort to convert main-group elements of the periodic table and their combinations into stable 2D materials, which is sometimes called modern 'alchemy'. Theory is successfully approaching this goal, whereas experimental verification is lagging far behind in the synergistic interplay between theory and experiment. The data collected here gives a clear picture of the bonding, structure, and mechanical performance of the main-group elements and their binary compounds. This ranges from group II elements, with two valence electrons, to group VI elements with six valence electrons, which form not only 1D structures but also, owing to their variable oxidation states, low-symmetry 2D networks. Outside of these main groups reviewed here, predominantly ionic bonding may be observed, for example in group II-VII compounds. Besides high-symmetry graphene with its shortest and strongest bonds and outstanding mechanical properties, low-symmetry 2D structures such as various borophene and tellurene phases with intriguing properties are receiving increasing attention. The comprehensive discussion of data also includes bonding and structure of few-layer assemblies, because the electronic properties, e.g., the band gap, of these heterostructures vary with interlayer layer separation and interaction energy. The available data allows the identification of general relationships between bonding, structure, and mechanical stability. This enables the extraction of periodic trends and fundamental rules governing the 2D world, which help to clear up deviating results and to estimate unknown properties. For example, the observed change of the bond length by a factor of two alters the cohesive energy by a factor of four and the extremely sensitive Young's modulus and ultimate strength by more than a factor of 60. Since the stiffness and strength decrease with increasing atom size on going down the columns of the periodic table, it is important to look for suitable allotropes of elements and binaries in the upper rows of the periodic table when mechanical stability and robustness are issues. On the other hand, the heavy compounds are of particular interest because of their low-symmetry structures with exotic electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hess
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, INF 253, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dispersion of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus in Binary Polymer Blend and Block Copolymer Matrices. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081996. [PMID: 34443827 PMCID: PMC8398111 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliated black phosphorus (bP) embedded into a polymer is preserved from oxidation, is stable to air, light, and humidity, and can be further processed into devices without degrading its properties. Most of the examples of exfoliated bP/polymer composites involve a single polymer matrix. Herein, we report the preparation of biphasic polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (50/50 wt.%) composites containing few-layer black phosphorus (fl-bP) (0.6–1 wt.%) produced by sonicated-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation. Micro-Raman spectroscopy confirmed the integrity of fl-bP, while scanning electron microscopy evidenced the influence of fl-bP into the coalescence of polymeric phases. Furthermore, the topography of thin films analyzed by atomic force microscopy confirmed the effect of fl-bP into the PS dewetting, and the selective PS etching of thin films revealed the presence of fl-bP flakes. Finally, a block copolymer/fl-bP composite (1.2 wt.%) was prepared via in situ reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization by sonication-assisted exfoliation of bP into styrene. For this sample, 31P solid-state NMR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed an excellent preservation of bP structure.
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