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Jones RT, Fagbohun IK, Spencer FI, Chen-Hussey V, Paris LA, Logan JG, Hiscox A. A review of Musca sorbens (Diptera: Muscidae) and Musca domestica behavior and responses to chemical and visual cues. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024:tjae070. [PMID: 38795384 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Musca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) have been found culpable in the mechanical transmission of several infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, and helminths, particularly in low-income settings in tropical regions. In large numbers, these flies can negatively impact the health of communities and their livestock through the transmission of pathogens. In some parts of the world, Musca sorbens is of particular importance because it has been linked with the transmission of trachoma, a leading cause of preventable and irreversible blindness or visual impairment caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, but the contribution these flies make to trachoma transmission has not been quantified and even less is known for other pathogens. Current tools for control and monitoring of house flies remain fairly rudimentary and have focused on the use of environmental management, insecticides, traps, and sticky papers. Given that the behaviors of flies are triggered by chemical cues from their environment, monitoring approaches may be improved by focusing on those activities that are associated with nuisance behaviors or with potential pathogen transmission, and there are opportunities to improve fly control by exploiting behaviors toward semiochemicals that act as attractants or repellents. We review current knowledge on the odor and visual cues that affect the behavior of M. sorbens and Musca domestica, with the aim of better understanding how these can be exploited to support disease monitoring and guide the development of more effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Jones
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, UK
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Ifeoluwa K Fagbohun
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, UK
| | - Freya I Spencer
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, UK
| | - Vanessa Chen-Hussey
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, UK
| | - Laura A Paris
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, UK
| | - James G Logan
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, UK
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Hiscox
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Yew Tree Avenue, Dagenham, UK
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Escobedo-Quevedo K, Lankheet MJ, Pen I, Trienens M, Helsen HHM, Wertheim B. Studying foraging behavior to improve bait sprays application to control Drosophila suzukii. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:60. [PMID: 38734594 PMCID: PMC11088012 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foraging behavior in insects is optimised for locating scattered resources in a complex environment. This behavior can be exploited for use in pest control. Inhibition of feeding can protect crops whereas stimulation can increase the uptake of insecticides. For example, the success of a bait spray, depends on either contact or ingestion, and thus on the insect finding it. METHODS To develop an effective bait spray against the invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii, we investigated aspects of foraging behavior that influence the likelihood that the pest interacts with the baits, in summer and winter morphotypes. We video-recorded the flies' approach behavior towards four stimuli in a two-choice experiment on strawberry leaflets. To determine the most effective bait positioning, we also assessed where on plants the pest naturally forages, using a potted raspberry plant under natural environmental conditions. We also studied starvation resistance at 20 °C and 12 °C for both morphs. RESULTS We found that summer morph flies spent similar time on all baits (agar, combi-protec, yeast) whereas winter morphs spent more time on yeast than the other baits. Both morphs showed a preference to feed at the top of our plant's canopy. Colder temperatures enhanced survival under starvation conditions in both morphs, and mortality was reduced by food treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings on feeding behavior support informed decisions on the type and placement of a bait to increase pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Escobedo-Quevedo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - M J Lankheet
- Wageningen University & Research, Experimental Zoology WIAS, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - I Pen
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Trienens
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H H M Helsen
- Wageningen University & Research, Field crops, Randwijk, The Netherlands
| | - B Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Reason A, Bulgarella M, Lester PJ. Identity, Prevalence, and Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Fungi Infecting Invasive Polistes (Vespidae: Polistinae) Paper Wasps in New Zealand. INSECTS 2022; 13:922. [PMID: 36292870 PMCID: PMC9604194 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two species of entomogenous fungi were discovered infecting the invasive paper wasp Polistes chinensis during an ecological study on Farewell Spit, New Zealand. We sequenced two nuclear ribosomal RDNA genes, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the small ribosomal subunit 18S, and one protein-coding gene, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (ef1 α). Combining sequence information with morphological examination, we identified these species as Beauveria malawiensis and Ophiocordyceps humbertii. We estimated that these fungi produce infection in approximately 3.3% of colonies in our study population. In bioassays, we successfully infected P. chinensis individuals from healthy colonies with B. malawiensis, with significant effects on adult mortality. This is the first record of both B. malawiensis and O. humbertii from Polistine hosts in New Zealand, and the first investigation into disease causality by these pathogens in P. chinensis. Our findings may contribute to the future development of biological control agents for paper wasps in New Zealand and elsewhere around the world.
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Delivery and effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito and tick control: current knowledge and research challenges. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Dieng H, Satho T, Mohd Radzi NHSB, Abang F, A. Kassim NF, Zuharah WF, Hashim NA, Morales Vargas RE, Morales NP. Flower Mimics Roll Out Multicolored Carpets to Lure and Kill the House Fly. INSECTS 2021; 12:1097. [PMID: 34940185 PMCID: PMC8706000 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flowers and their spatial clustering are important parameters that mediate the foraging behavior and visitation rate of pollinating insects. Visual stimuli are crucial for triggering behavioral changes in the house fly, Musca domestica, which regularly visits plants for feeding and reproduction. The success of bait technology, which is the principal means of combatting flies, is adversely affected by reduced attractiveness and ineffective application techniques. Despite evidence that house flies have color vision capacity, respond to flowers, and exhibit color and pattern preference, the potential of artificial flowers as attractive factors has not been explored. The present study was performed to investigate whether artificial floral designs can lure and kill house flies. Starved wild house flies were presented with equal opportunities to acquire sugar meals, to which boric acid had been added as a toxin, from one flower arrangement (blue-dominated design, BDD; yellow-dominated design, YDD; or pink-dominated design, PDD), and a non-toxic white design (WDD). We also allowed house flies to forage within an enclosure containing two non-toxic floral designs (WDDs). The differences in mortality between the two environments with and without toxicant were examined. The survival rate of Musca domestica was extremely high when WDDs containing non-toxic sugar sources were the only feeding sites available. When given an option to forage in an environment containing a BDD and a WDD, house flies showed a high mortality rate (76%) compared to their counterparts maintained in the WDD environment (2%). When kept in an enclosure containing one YDD and a WDD, flies showed a mortality rate of 88%; however, no mortality occurred among flies confined to a compound with a WDD pair. When provided an even chance of foraging in an enclosure containing a mixed pair of floral arrangements (PDD and WDD) and another with two WDDs, flies showed a higher mortality rate (78%) in the first environment. However, the maximum survival rate (100%) was seen in the WDD environment. Exposure to YDD tended to result in a greater mortality rate than with the two other floral designs. Mortality gradually increased with time among flies exposed to tested artificial floral designs. The results presented here clearly indicated that artificial flower arrangements with a toxic sugar reward were strikingly attractive for house flies when their preferred color (white) was present. These observations offer novel possibilities for future development of flower mimic-based house fly control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamady Dieng
- Mosquito Research and Control Unit (MRCU), George Town KY1-1106, Cayman Islands
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia
| | - Tomomitsu Satho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Nanakuma Jonan-Ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan;
| | | | - Fatimah Abang
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia; (N.H.S.B.M.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Nur Faeza A. Kassim
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (N.F.A.K.); (W.F.Z.)
| | - Wan Fatma Zuharah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (N.F.A.K.); (W.F.Z.)
| | - Nur Aida Hashim
- School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21300, Malaysia;
| | | | - Noppawan P. Morales
- Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Krung Thep Maha Nakhon 10400, Thailand;
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Oliveira IDC, Vieira ÍS, Campos AK, de Araújo JV. In vitro compatibility and nematicidal activity of Monacrosporium sinense and Pochonia chlamydosporia for biological control of bovine parasitic nematodes. Parasitology 2021; 148:956-961. [PMID: 33896425 PMCID: PMC11010130 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The use of nematophagous fungi is an alternative for the biological control of nematodes in ruminants. In this study, the compatibility of joint growth of the fungi Monacrosporium sinense and Pochonia chlamydosporia and the joint nematicidal activity of these fungal isolates on bovine infective larvae were evaluated. For that, tests of direct confrontation, the effect of volatile compounds and antibiosis were conducted. In order to carry out the tests, the fungi were inoculated in potato dextrose agar culture medium and, after the incubation period, the growth of the colonies, the formation of an inhibition halo and the effect of volatile metabolites were verified. The compatibility between fungi isolates M. sinense and P. chlamydosporia was confirmed and the nematicidal evaluation proved the best effectiveness was when both were used together, with a 98.90% reduction in the number of bovine nematode infective larvae under in vitro conditions. It was concluded that M. sinense and P. chlamydosporia presented synergistic action, suggesting that the joint application of the fungi increases the effectiveness of biological control of bovine infective larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela de Castro Oliveira
- Veterinary Department, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Stoupa Vieira
- Veterinary Department, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Artur Kanadani Campos
- Veterinary Department, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jackson Victor de Araújo
- Veterinary Department, Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs, s/n, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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